Bogomolny equations for the BPS Skyrme models with impurity

We show that the BPS Skyrme model, as well as its (2+1) dimensional baby version (restricted), can be coupled with an impurity in the BPS preserving manner. The corresponding Bogomolny equations are derived.


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auxiliary field) were constructed. A supersymmetric extension of the Skyrme term without the problem of the auxiliary field, was constructed in [18]. Some solitons and instantons for supersymmetric Skyrme model were found in [16] (the first pure Skyrme instanton had been presented in [17]).
Usually, coupling of an impurity to an arbitrary BPS model, breaks the BPS property completely, see for example [19]- [23]. Physically it means that static solitons, which in the original BPS theory do not interact with each other, begin to feel an attractive or repulsive force due to the presence of the impurity. In a consequence, the moduli space of energetically equivalent solutions (in the fixed topological sector) disappears as the solitons have energetically preferred positions (basically fixing the mutual distance). This has a nontrivial impact on solvability of the model (no Bogomolny equations) as well as its static and dynamical properties. Some vortex solutions in presence of magnetic impurity, were found in [24].
It has been recently found that there it is possible to couple an impurity to a BPS model, in such a way that half of the BPS property remains preserved [25,26]. It means that half of originally BPS solitons keep this feature also in the presence of impurity [26,27]. Hence, for these solutions there is some well defined moduli space. This was originally applied to (1+1) dimensional models with kinks and to some (2+1) planar solitons models [28].
A theory, where inclusion of impurities seems to be of great importance, is the Skyrme model [29][30][31]. This is one of the most popular effective theories of the low energy QCD describing non-perturbative excitations i.e., baryons and atomic nuclei as coherent solutions in the "mesonic fluid", that is (semiclassically quantized) solitons in a theory with pionic degrees of freedom [32][33][34] (fields in the Lagrangian). Furthermore, the Skyrme model is considered as relevant for description of nuclear matter at high density, where in-medium effects must nontrivially deform the theory. For our purposes it is important to note that at high density regime (relevant for in-medium/impurities effects), the generalized Skyrme model approaches a BPS theory, known as the BPS Skyrme model [35]. This limit of the generalised Skyrme model is considered to be crucial for description of (the inner core of) neutron stars [36,37]. Hence, an obvious question arrises, whether (3+1) dimensional BPS Skyrme model can be coupled with an impurity in a self-duality preserving manner. In [42] some class of models for static magnetic skyrmions, with presence of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, is investigated, and it has been shown, that one can consider impurity as a non-abelian gauge field. BPS Skyrme model describes nucleons, when density is high and finite, for e.g. in a neutron star, where almost all the matter consists on neutrons, so as far as a physical situation, when impurity can appear in the case of BPS Skyrme model, is appearing of protons. However, the BPS Skyrme model is invariant with respect to isospin rotations. On the other hand, one can consider a situation, when breaking of isospin symmetry appears, and this scenario has been considered in [38]. Another source of impurity in nuclear matter, can be Λ hyperon. An impact of such impurities on properties of nuclear matter, was considered among others, in [39] and [40]. Appearing of hypernuclei in nature, i.e. nuclei including among others Λ hyperons, was verified experimentally in 1953 [41].
In this paper, we show that the BPS Skyrme model admits a coupling to an impurity such that the BPS property is kept unchanged. In particular we derive the Bogomolny JHEP09(2020)140 equation for BPS family Skyrme models with a general form of the potential and with the impurity. We do it in a systematic way, namely, we apply the concept of strong necessary conditions (CSNC) presented in [43], and developed in [44][45][46]50]. The application of the concept of CSNC, for deriving Bogomolny decomposition, was included in [47] (there were also described the relations between supersymmetry and Bogomolny decomposition derived by using CSNC).
This paper is organized, as follows. The next section contains a short description of the concept of strong necessary conditions. In the section 3, we derive Bogomolny equation for BPS family Skyrme models, by using this concept. In the section 4, we sum up the results, obtained in this paper.

The concept of strong necessary conditions -a brief description
The derivation of Bogomolny equations for some field theory systems in lower dimension, by using the CSNC method, was presented in [43,45,[48][49][50]. It was also applied to baby Skyrme theories and their gauged version, in [8] and [9], correspondingly.
Here we briefly describe this method. As this is well-known fact, the Euler-Lagrange equations, Instead of considering of (2.1), we consider strong necessary conditions, [43][44][45] F ,u = 0, where Inv is such functional that its local variation vanishes, with respect to u(x, y): δInv ≡ 0. Owing to this feature, the Euler-Lagrange equations (2.1) and the Euler-Lagrange equations resulting from requiring of the extremum of Φ + Inv, are equivalent. On the other hand, the strong necessary conditions (2.3)-(2.5) are not invariant with respect to the gauge transformation (2.6). Hence, now is a chance to obtain non-trivial solutions. Let us note that the order of the system of the partial differential equations, following from strong necessary conditions (2.3)-(2.5), is less than the order of Euler-Lagrange equations (2.1).

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3 The derivation of the BPS equation for two models with impurity Now we show, how to apply the concept of strong necessary conditions in practice. We derive the Bogomolny equation for both models with impurity: BPS Skyrme model and restricted baby BPS Skyrme model.

The case of BPS Skyrme model with impurity
BPS Skyrme model with impurity is a mathematical generalization of the (restricted) baby BPS Skyrme model with impurity. The essence of this generalization is such that there in the hamiltonian appears the additional scalar field χ, so the functions f, V ∈ C 1 are now some unspecified functions of χ, ω, ω * , and each such function depends on three independent variables: x, y, z. Again, we proceed according to the idea of the concept of strong necessary conditions. Namely, we make the gauge transformation of the density of the energy functional of the BPS Skyrme model: H −→H, however, in order to generalize the investigations, we consider where f, V ∈ C 1 are some unspecified functions of χ, ω, ω * and k, l, m, n = 1, 2, 3 (as in the previous model, for the sake of generality, we assume that f is some completely unspecified function, corresponding to a general target space geometry. The usual S 3 target space is obtained for f = sin 4 χ (1+|ω| 2 ) 4 .) Next, we have to establish the general form of the density of JHEP09(2020)140 the topological invariant I 1 = d 3 xI 1 , i.e. δI 1 ≡ 0. It turns out that this density has the following form: where G 1 ∈ C 1 is some arbitrary function of χ, ω, ω * . The density of the gauged energy functional has the following form: where f = f (χ, ω, ω * ), V = V (χ, ω, ω * ) ∈ C 1 , k, l, m, n = 1, 2, 3. I 1 is given by (3.2), and I p+1 are the densities of so-called divergent invariants: I p+1 = D p G p+1 , p = 1, . . . , 3. G 1 , and G p+1 ∈ C 1 , are some functions of χ, ω, ω * , to be determined later. The applying of strong necessary conditions, gives the so-called dual equations:

Summary
In this paper the Bogomolny equations for the BPS Skyrme model and restricted baby BPS Skyrme model, with impurity terms and with the general forms of the potentials V , were derived, by using the concept of strong necessary conditions method. As one can see, in the absence of the impurity term (σ = 0), the found Bogomolny equations and conditions for the functions G 1 become into their versions for BPS Skyrme model [51], and restricted BPS baby Skyrme model without impurity terms [8] (in the last case, C 2 = 0). Analogically, as in [51] (where the impurity term was absent), we re-derive the Bogomolny equation for C 2 = 0 (obviously, if a proper choice of the function f is done) and a non-Bogomolny equation for C 2 > 0. In the case, when C 2 > 0, we have an analogical situation to that one without impurity term, when there is a coincidence with non-zero pressure equation for the BPS Skyrme model [52]. This result provides the first example of BPS preserving impurity model in (3+1) dimension. The (non-)Bogomolny equations were derived for general form of the potential V , when V = V (χ, ω, ω * ), and in this case we have isospin symmetry breaking [38]. So, in such situation, one can expect the situation, when impurity appears, because of protons.
Computational resources. Some part of computations was carried out by using Maple Waterloo Software, owing to the financial support, provided by The Pedagogical University of Cracow, within a research project (the leader of this project: Dr. K. Rajchel).