Factorization for radiative heavy quarkonium decays into scalar Glueball

We establish the factorization formula for scalar Glueball production through radiative decays of vector states of heavy quarkonia, e.g. J/ψ, ψ(2S) and Υ(nS), where the Glueball mass is much less than the parent heavy quarkonium mass. The factorization is demonstrated explicitly at one-loop level through the next-to-leading order (NLO) corrections to the hard kernel, the non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) long-distance matrix elements (LDMEs) of the heavy quarkonium, and the light-cone distribution amplitude (LCDA) of scalar Glueball. The factorization provides a comprehensive theoretical approach to investigate Glueball production in the radiative decays of vector states of heavy quarkonia and determine the physic nature of Glueball. We discuss the scale evolution equation of LCDA for scalar Glueball. In the end, we extract the value of the decay constant of Scalar Glueball from Lattice QCD calculation and analyze the mixing effect among f0(1370), f0(1500) and f0(1710).


Introduction
Glueball, as a kind of color-confined state with two or more than two gluons, is one of the most important expectation in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). The non-Abelian interactions among gluons tell us the existence of Glueball and there is no hidden principle to forbid this kind of state up to now. Many theoretical approaches have been employed to investigate one of the most important quantum numbers of Glueball, i.e. its mass, e.g. Lattice QCD [1][2][3][4], QCD Sum Rules [5][6][7][8][9][10][11], Supergravity Dual [12], Top-down Holographic Dual [13][14][15], Rotating Closed Strings [16], MIT Bag Model [17]. In these approaches, the scalar Glueball is expected generally to populate the low enery region from 1 GeV to 2.2 GeV, which is also a region rich in qq states. A famous criterion to distinguish Glueball from the conventional qq states is that the width of Glueball is narrow from the large-N c argument [18][19][20], where the decay width of the qq states is proportional to 1/N c while the width of Glueball is proportional to 1/N 2 c . Another criterion is that Glueball with non-zero spin (J = 0) is blind to quark flavor, while scalar Glueball with the quantum number 0 ++ decays to qq is chiral suppressed [21,22] and thus its decay to ss is favored than to uū or dd.
The search of Glueball can be carried out in many experiments: pp collision, πN scattering on polarized/unpolarized targets, central hadronic production, B-meson decay, and radiative decays of vector states of heavy quarkonia, i.e. J/ψ, ψ(2S) and Υ(nS) [23][24][25][26]. A great deal of data has been obtained and it is believed that a large possibility of Glueball component in the scalar state f 0 (1500) or f 0 (1710) [18]. But a pure Glueball where only gluons contribute the constituent has not been observed or verified up to now. The study of glue-rich processes shall be greatly helpful to hunt the signal of Glueball. The radiative decay of vector states of heavy quarkonia through V (1 −− ) → G + γ is one of the most important processes which shall provide a platform to systematically investigate the properties of Glueball.

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In the case of the mass squared of produced Glueball greatly less than that of the parent heavy quarkonium, i.e. m 2 G m 2 V , a large momentum is transferred, the final Glueball and photon both run in the light-cone, and the light-cone factorization can be well-employed. The soft and collinear physics is only contained in LCDA of Glueball and the NRQCD long-distance matrix elements of the parent heavy quarkonium. The lightcone operators populate the collinear subgroup of four-dimensional conformal symmetry, and the LCDAs of Glueball which incorporate the gluon distribution with certain light-cone momentum fraction can be defined accordingly. The scale dependence of the corresponding physical observable is governed by evolution equation. The evolution equation of LCDAs can be understood as the renormalization group equations for the light-cone operators. Some pioneer works on the evolution equation of distribution amplitudes for exclusive reactions at large momentum transfer can be found in refs. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. The study of Glueball from radiative Upsilon decay based on soft-collinear effective theory (SCET) can be found in refs. [35,36].
In the paper, we establish the light-cone factorization for scalar Glueball production in the radiative J/ψ decay, which will be tested at next-to-leading order. The factorization formula is also valid in other vector heavy quarkonium decays, e.g. ψ(nS) and Υ(nS). Through the establishment of the factorization formulae, it is conveniently to perform a systematical phenomenology analysis and open a new and clear widow to investigate the properties of Glueball.
We first give the definition of leading-order LCDAs for scalar Glueball. Since the Glueball and the flavor-singlet qq state have identical conformal spin, they will mix each other by renormalization, which is ananogous to the quark-gluon splitting behavior in Proton. Thus we define a two dimensional light-cone distribution amplitude where the twist-2 LCDAs of φ i (u) can be written as follows in terms of quark and gluon fields where the resummation of all order soft and collinear gluon radiation from quark or gluon field is summarized into the related gauge link, which also ensure the gauge invariant of the defined matrix elements. For a vector p, the light-cone component is given by The u defined above is the momentum fraction in plus direction for one gluon in Glueball. The factor N i satisfies N q = 1 and N g = k + . We define two light-cone vectors n andn with n µ = (1, 0, 0, 0) andn µ = (0, 1, 0, 0) in the light-cone frame. The tensor factor g µν ⊥ can be written as g µν ⊥ = g µν − n µnν − n νnµ . For the gauge link, we have L(x, y) = P e ig 1 0 ds(x−y)µA µ ((x−y)s+y) , (1.4)

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where A µ = A µ a T a in the fundamental representation for the links between quark and anti-quark; while A µ = if abc A µ b in the adjoint representation for the links between gluon and gluon.

Factorization formulae
We consider the radiative decay of J/ψ in its rest-frame [37][38][39] J/ψ(P ) → G(k) + γ(q) , (2.1) where the related momenta are given in the brackets. The momentum of Glueball can be written explicitly as ). Since the charm quark is heavy, the produced Glueball has a momentum of order of m c , and satisfies where we assume that m G ≈ 1.7 GeV, Λ QCD ≈ 0.3 GeV. If the parent heavy quarkonium becomes to Υ, the corresponding ratios of k − /k + and Λ QCD /k + dramatically decrease to 0.03 and 0.04 respectively. Thus the light-cone factorization is more practical in the Υ radiative decay. We only consider the QCD corrections here, so the S-matrix element for the decay is where Q c is the electric charge of charm quark, c(x) is the Dirac field for the charm quark, ε µ is the polarization vector for the photon. At the leading-order twist defined in eq. (1.3), at least two gluons bound to Glueball. The corresponding contribution to the S-matrix element is We can calculate the T-ordered operator product by Wick-contraction and we use the expansion of the heavy quark relative velocity v [40] 0|c where ψ and χ † are the NRQCD operators to annihilate the quark and anti-quark respectively. Since the heavy quark relative velocity squared is around 0.3 for J/ψ and 0.1 for Υ [41], we neglect the contribution from higher orders of v 2 in this paper. By the simplification, the amplitude can be written as the function Γ µν (k, q 1 ) incorporates the non-local interactions among two gluons and Glueball, while the function M αβµν (P, k, q 1 ) is a perturbative kernel, which can be calculated order by order. At twist-2 level the function Γ µν (k, q 1 ) can be simplified into The naive factorization in eq. (2.6) is valid in tree-level. At NLO and beyond NLO, the factorization should be corrected to including the fluctuation between the gluonium component and the qq flavor-singlet component.
Leaving all possible Lorentz invariant construction, the amplitude of J/ψ radiative decays to scalar Glueball can be factorized into Note that 0|χ † σψ|J/ψ r here is the matrix element after renormalization, which is isolated to the renormalization of LCDAs for Glueball. Γ J/ψ is the renormalization factor of LDME for J/ψ. Γ is the renormalization factor with 2×2 matrix elements, which can be calculated through the renormalization of LCDAs of Glueball. ε J/ψ and ε γ are the polarization vectors of J/ψ and the radiated photon, respectively. H i is the hard kernel with two components. The factorization formula can also employed to Υ → γ+G by replacing The typical Feynman diagrams at both tree and one-loop level contributing to the hard kernel for a heavy quarkonium radiative decays to Glueball can be found in figure 1.  After the calculation, we can easily get the LO hard kernel , H The NLO hard kernel can also be obtained after considering the field renormalization and counter-term. It can be written as where the coefficients H a 0 , H b 0 which contribute to the finite term is presented in the appendix.
The renormalization factor Γ J/ψ can be obtained by the renormalization of the naive LDMEs 0|χ † σψ|J/ψ . At one-loop level, it can be written as [41]

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The factor Γ can also be obtained by the renormalization of LCDAs for Glueball. Calculating the LCDAs defined in eq. (1.1), we can easily get the tree-level result . (2.16) At one-loop level, the related Feynman diagrams can be found in figure 2, and we have where , and the plus function is defined as Note that the evolution kernel of LCDA is silimlar to that of the corresponding nonlocal operators, the latter ones have been investigated in refs. [32,42,43].

Phenomenological discussions
In this section, we will employ the above factorization formulae and analyze the phenomenological results confronting the recent BESIII and CLEO data [25,26]. The branching ratio of J/ψ → G + γ can be written as

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At first, we note that the decay width of J/ψ → G + γ has been studied by the CLQCD Collaboration within the framework of quenched Lattice QCD [50], which gives In the following we will adopt the value of parameters from PDG2014: [51] [52,53], which reads as 0|χ † σψ|J/ψ = 0.6408(GeV) 3/2 , 0|χ † σψ|ψ(2S) = 0.4975(GeV) 3/2 , 0|χ † σψ|Υ = 1.710(GeV) 3/2 , 0|χ † σψ|Υ(2S) = 1.2502(GeV) 3/2 and 0|χ † σψ|Υ(3S) = 1.099(GeV) 3/2 . The heavy quark mass is adopted as m c = 1.5 GeV and m b = 4.8 GeV [54][55][56]. From figure 3, one can see that the Φ q (u) is small, so we will ignore its contribution in the following. We take the mass of scalar Glueball as m G = 1.710 GeV from Lattice QCD [3], then we can extract the decay constant of scalar Glueball, which reads as where the uncertainty is from both the Lattice QCD and the running coupling constant. Note that the result is a little smaller than the prediction (0.10 − 0.13) GeV from QCD sum rule [38]. We will get a more precise and reliable result for the decay constant of Glueball, if we have the Lattice result for Υ(nS) → G + γ, where the NRQCD LCDA factorization becomes more solid. We can also predict the branching ratios of scalar Glueball from other vector heavy quarkonia. They are Next we will consider the mixing among scalar Glueball and scalar qq states. There are many scalar mesons with masses lower than 2 GeV, which can be classified into two nonets: one nonet with mass below 1 GeV includes f 0 (500), f 0 (800), K * 0 (800) and a 0 (980); the other nonet with mass above 1 GeV includes K * 0 (1430), a 0 (1450) and two scalar mesons [18,57]. One can see that not all three isosinglet scalars f 0 (1370), f 0 (1500) and f 0 (1710) can be accommodated in the qq nonet picture at the same time. One of them can have a large possibility of Glueball component. Denoting nn = (uū + dd)/ √ 2, we write the mixing formula [48,49] |f i where f i 0 can be one of f 0 (1370), f 0 (1500) and f 0 (1710). According to the lattice calculations [58], Lee and Weingarten found that f 0 (1710) is composed mainly of scalar Glueball. It is reasonable when we take the current experimental data into account. From PDG2014, we find that B(ψ(J/ψ) → f 0 (1710)γ) is a large value, which will be 1.
Here we adopt the mixing matrix as eq. (4.6) from Lattice QCD, however the mixing matrix elements for f0(1370) we think still need to be tested further. b We use the Lattice QCD result to extract the decay constant of Glueball.   We assume that Glueball component dominates the contribution in V → f i 0 + γ since the processes from qq components are suppressed by the strong coupling squared α 2 s . Here we simply generalize it to all the three scalar mesons. The related branching ratios are given in table 1, where one can see that our results are comparable with data from PDG2014 except the predictions for f 0 (1370). Employing the mixing matrix elements of eq. (4.6)

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based on Lattice QCD, we predict a large branching ratio for V (1 −− ) → f 0 (1370) + γ while there is no signal at experiment. We conclude that the first line in the matrix of eq. (4.6) may be not precise enough and it need to be checked by the following experiment.

Conclusion
In this paper, we have established the factorization formulae for heavy vector quarkonium radiative decays into scalar Glueball, by studying one-loop corrections to the hard kernel, LDMEs of heavy quarkonium, and LCDA of scalar Glueball. The NRQCD LCDA factorization formulae shall be valid to all orders of the strong coupling constant α s in the leading-order twist and heavy quark velocity, after considering a two-dimensional LCDA of Glueball which is defined by non-local light-cone gauge-invariant operators matrix elements. The universality of LCDA for Glueball ensures us to extract its decay constant. Matching to the CLQCD results, we have extracted the decay constant for scalar Glueball, i.e. f g = 0.0386 +0.0097 −0.0049 GeV. We also predict the branching ratios of scalar Glueball from other heavy vector quarkonia such as ψ(2S) and Υ(nS), which can be checked in the upcoming experiment. The factorization formulae can also be applied to pseudoscalar and tensor Glueball production from heavy vector quarkonia. A systematic study on Glueball production and decay with different quantum numbers shall be investigated in order to hunting and identifying Glueball with a large confidence. We will address these issues in following studies.