Evidence for an algebra of G2 instantons

In this short note, we present some evidence towards the existence of an algebra of BPS G2 instantons. These are instantonic configurations that govern the partition functions of 7d SYM theories on local G2 holonomy manifolds X\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathcal{X} $$\end{document}. To shed light on such structure, we begin investigating the relation with parent 4d N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathcal{N} $$\end{document} = 1 theories obtained by geometric engineering M-theory on X\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathcal{X} $$\end{document}. The main point of this paper is to substantiate the following dream: the holomorphic sector of such theories on multi-centered Taub-NUT spaces gives rise to an algebra whose characters organise the G2 instanton partition function. As a first step towards this program we argue by string duality that a multitude of geometries X\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathcal{X} $$\end{document} exist that are dual to well-known 4d SCFTs arising from D3 branes probes of CY cones: all these models are amenable to an analysis along the lines suggested by Dijkgraaf, Gukov, Neitzke and Vafa in the context of topological M-theory. Moreover, we discuss an interesting relation to Costello’s twisted M-theory, which arises at local patches, and is a key ingredient in identifying the relevant algebras.

Our paper builds on the remark that many of these non-compact cases might admit equivariant-like twists as M-theory backgrounds [29][30][31] -see also [32,33]. In analogy with what happens for Calabi-Yau 3-folds [29,34,35] it is natural to expect these twisted backgrounds are related to suitable generalisations of topological string partition functions, the so called topological M-theories [36,37], in terms of equivariant Donaldson-Thomas (DT) theories [29]. 1 From this perspective in particular, it is natural to expect an interpretation of topological M-theory in terms of a generating function of Witten indices of supersymmetric quantum mechanical sigma models with target suitable supersymmetric versions of the G 2 instanton moduli spaces of a given geometry.
This short note is motivated by the question of understanding the structures governing the enumerative geometry of local G 2 manifolds [42], as well as their physical applications in the context of (equivariantly) twisted M-theory [29,31,43,44] and stringy correspondences [35,45].
Geometric engineering techniques in M-theory can be exploited to associate to a given local G 2 manifold X a four-dimensional theory with N = 1 supersymmetry which we denote T X in this paper. Whenever T X has a conserved U(1) R symmetry one can consider twisting this theory on any Kähler four-manifold, M, by identifying the U(1) R symmetry with a U(1) subgroup of its U(2) holonomy [46][47][48][49] -see also [50,51]. The resulting theory is not topological in this case, rather it has a dependence on the holomorphic structure of M. Often it is possible to compute the corresponding partition function Z T (M), for example by means of localization methods. Then, we have a natural correspondence between an M-theory partition function on a background with topology M × X and the twisted 4d N = 1 partition function on the background M of the field theory T X . This poses the question of constructing G 2 manifolds corresponding to theories T X with an unbroken U(1) R symmetry. Thanks to string duality, we argue in this paper that an infinite class of such geometries exist, giving rise to local G 2 manifolds that geometrically engineer 4d N = 1 SCFTs. 2 In this paper we are interested in the case when either M is a multicentered Taub-NUT space with k centers, which we denote TN k , or M is an ALE space of type A k . 3 Recall that the theory obtained from M-theory on TN k is a 7d U(k) maximally supersymmetric gauge theory. Similarly, the theory obtained from M-theory on the ALE k space is a 7d JHEP08(2022)214 SU(k) maximally supersymmetric gauge theory. 4 Therefore, the backgrounds of the form TN k × X and backgrounds ALE k × X are such that they admit a distinct interpretation in geometric engineering, as 7d partition functions for these gauge theories, namely Whenever the G 2 manifolds have compact associative 3-cycles, we argue that the 7d partition functions on the l.h.s. of these identities receive contributions from G 2 instantons for the groups U(k) and SU(k) respectively, which therefore gives an interpretation in terms of enumerative geometry of local G 2 manifolds of the partition functions we are interested in. Moreover, if the manifolds X admit compact co-associative four-cycles, we expect the parition functions can receive contributions also from 7d monopoles. From the relation with the M-theory partition function, combining (1.1) with (1.2) we expect a 4d/7d correspondence of the schematic form [45] which extends the results of [35] to this example, thus giving rise to a dictionary between holomorphically twisted partition functions of 4d N = 1 SCFTs on multi-centered Taub-NUT spaces and the U(k) G 2 -instanton partition function. Whenever X admits a U(1) isometry, the k = 1 case of this correspondence (in particular, the bottom line in equation (1.3)) coincides with the definition of topological M-theory as given in [37], in terms of a generating function of D2-D6 boundstates arising from exploiting the U(1) fibration of X as an Mtheory circle to reduce to IIA. In this paper we will discuss how this perspective can be exploited to begin unraveling the properties of these partition functions in a simple example. In future papers of this series we will address more complicated geometries and constructions. The main message of this paper is that building on the 4d/7d correspondence, the algebra of operators which govern the holomorphic sector of 4d N = 1 theory is such that the resulting G 2 instanton partition function can be interpreted as a character. This provides a hope that the enumerative geometry of G 2 manifold could be controlled by an algebra which acts on the cohomology of G 2 instanton moduli space. It worth pointed out that there exists algebras which control the enumerative geometry of the toric Calabi-Yau 3-folds, which is known as the cohomological Hall algebra [2]. If we have a G 2 manifold with a torus action, whose cylindrical ends are toric Calabi-Yau 3-folds, then we expect that there is a map from the cohomological Hall algebra associated to toric Calabi-Yau 3-folds at cylindrical ends, to the algebra that controls the enumerative geometry of the G 2 manifold. This paper is organised as follows. In section 2 we argue that the partition function of the 7d U(K) gauge theory, in presence of compact associative cycles, localises on G 2 instantons. This gives rise to a definition of the partition function Z 7d U(K) (X ) as a generating JHEP08(2022)214 function for some sort of equivariant volumes of G 2 -instanton moduli spaces. In section 3 we discuss a string duality that allows to construct infinitely many novel examples of G 2 manifolds with an interpretation as 4d N = 1 SCFTs that will play a role in the construction of the correspondence and give rise to the details of the corresponding dictionary as suggested by geometric engineering. The resulting local G 2 geometries can be understood in terms of fibrations of Taub-NUT spaces over a collection of intersecting associatives. For this class of geometries a strategy to reconstruct the full G 2 instanton partition function is presented, in terms of the 4d side of the correspondence in section 4. Since the G 2 instantons are engineered by M2 branes wrapping these loci, this gives a way of determining their contributions in terms of a matrix model which can also be uplifted to an index for an associated supersymmetric quantum mechanics which we derive by a chain of string dualities. Exploiting such quantum mechanics it is the key towards understanding the algebra of G 2 instantons for the example we consider, in particular, zooming to the intersection point of a pair of associatives, one has a local model that can be traced back to a well-known orbifold of the Bryant-Salamon metric for the G 2 cone over the three-dimensional complex projective plane CP 3 [56], that were discussed in [57,58]. This is a universal building block for the G 2 instanton partition functions that can be understood in terms of the twisted M-theory à la Costello [30] (see also [32,33]), along the lines of [60].
Indeed, our search for the algebra of G 2 instantons was initiated by the fascinating observation by Costello: 5 if we instead consider twisted M-theory on R × C × T N K not the G 2 cone, one can argue that the Donaldson-Thomas partition function on C × T N K forms a character of an algebra of operators of twisted M-theory. In this paper, we will consider twisted M-theory on the G 2 cone over CP 3 and compute the G 2 instanton partition, which is presumably a part of the G 2 Donaldson-Thomas partition function. 6 Along the way, we will be able to see that the analogous statement to that of Costello can be made.
As a final comment, let us remark that the main aim of this paper is to pose this problem: here we show that the study of the G 2 instanton parition functions have interesting interconnections with various aspects of geometric engineering and M-theory, which already unveils interesting algebraic structures: this is our evidence for the existence of an algebra of G 2 instantons.
For the benefit of our readers, the vast majority of the technical aspects of the discussion are confined in the appendix of the manuscript.

M-theory and G instantons
In this section we discuss our dictionary between the 7d G 2 instanton partition function and the underlying M-theory geometry. We stress that in this paper, as in [35], the explicit expression of the equivariantly twisted M-theory background is not yet known explicitly for the cases of interest. The non-twisted version of these backgrounds are well known to exist in M-theory, and have been discussed recently in [62,63]: these are 11 dimensional 5 We learned this from Kevin Costello's lecture "Cohomological hall algebras from string and M theory" in Perimeter Institute, which can be found in https://pirsa.org/19020061. 6 It will be nice to study a relation between our work and Joyce's conjecture [61].

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spaces with topology M × X where M is a HyperKähler space and X is a G 2 holonomy space. The backgrounds are supersymmetric and preserve 2 supercharges. Strong evidence towards the existence of similar equivariantly twisted structures comes from the supergravity limit [29,[31][32][33], whenever the spaces M and X have sufficiently large isometry groups.

7d gauge theory and geometry
It is well known that M-theory on TN k × R 7 gives rise to a U(k) gauge theory along R 7 .
The space of normalisable forms on TN k can be parametrised by k elements, where ω 0 is such that ω 0 ∧ ω α = 0 for all α and ω α ∧ ω β = C α,β , the Cartan matrix of A k−1 type. Consequently, the reduction of the C 3 field of M-theory on such a basis gives rise to 7d vectors: where A (0) is a U(1) gauge potential, while the remaining A (α) are associated to the Cartan of SU(k). In the limit in which the Taub-NUT radius of TN k is sent to infinite size, the form ω 0 stops being normalisable and one is left with an ALE k metric, which captures only the dynamics of a 7d SU(k) gauge theory. In the moduli space of these geometries we have k − 1 compact P 1 α whose volumes correspond to the vevs in the Cartan of SU(k) for the scalars in the corresponding 7d vectormultiplets M2 branes wrapping such 2-cycles give rise to the corresponding W-bosons. Sending these volumes to zero we have an enhancement of symmetry and the gauge group becomes non-Abelian. Besides these degrees of freedom, the resulting 7d gauge theory has the following non-perturbative solitonic degrees of freedom: • Instantons with worldvolumes of codimension four that are parametrized by M2 branes strechced along R 7 ; • Monopoles with worldvolumes of codimension three that are parametrized by M5 branes wrapped around P 1 α ; • Domain walls with worldvolumes of codimension six that are parametrized by M5 branes strechced along R 7 .
In this paper, we are interested in understanding some features of the partition function of this theory coupled to a rigid supersymmetric background. In general, one expects to receive contributions to these partition functions from BPS solitons that depend on the properties of the localising BPS background.

Localising on G 2 instantons
We are interested in the parition function for 7d SYM on a non-compact space with G 2 holonomy X , suitably regularized to avoid the potential IR divergence with a choice of boundary condition at infinity. Several results about this theory on curved spaces have been obtained recently, see e.g. [64][65][66], working à la Festuccia-Seiberg [67], however a detailed study of the case of pure G 2 holonomy is complicated by the fact that in this latter case one has only a single parallel spinor, and therefore the localising locus is not reduced to a combination of fixed points arising from a Reeb-like structure. Nevertheless, twisted versions of this theory are well-known to exist and lead to an interesting cohomological field theory depending on the G 2 structure of X -see [68][69][70]. In particular, it is expected that these theories receive contributions from analogues of G 2 instanton configurations [71][72][73][74].
The main aim of this section is indeed to argue heuristically that the 7d instanton partition function is governed by a suitable supersymmetrization of the topological term where ϕ 3 is the parallel G 2 form, which is closed and co-closed, i.e. it satisfies This ensures that κ(F ) is a characteristic class. The action for 7d SYM is obtained by dimensional reduction from the 10d SYM Lagrangian (see e.g. [75]) where Ψ is a Majorana-Weyl 10d spinor in the Adjoint of the gauge group. The supersymmetry transformations are The resulting theory has an Adjoint scalar triplet of SU(2) R symmetry, L a , that arises from the components of A M in the directions 789. The corresponding supersymmetric action can be found in [76]. Here we consider the partition function of the 7d U(k) gauge theory on X , which can be written schematically as where we collectively denote the fields in the 7d N = 1 SYM as Φ, S[Φ] is the action of the 7d SYM on the G 2 manifold X , and of course where F A is the 7d U(k) curvature with potential A. The trace is taken in the normalisation for which a single instanton configuration of SU(2) has unit instanton number, and g is the gauge coupling constant of the 7d theory. We proceed by arguing that the corresponding JHEP08(2022)214 action is dominated by G 2 instantons in the saddle point approximation, following [77]. We present our argument on the Yang-Mills side (2.9). First of all it is necessary to remind our readers that two forms on a G 2 manifold are naturally organised according the representation theory of G 2 as follows [78] (see also the nice review [79]) where the splitting is orthogonal with respect to the canonical pairing induced by the Hodge star of the G 2 manifold. We call π 7 and π 14 the corresponding projectors. 7 Then, of course There is a natural G 2 -equivariant linear map, which is compatible with such a splitting, meaning that [80] T : It is easy to see that X η ∧ η ∧ ϕ 3 = 2 π 7 (η), π 7 (η) X − π 14 (η), π 14 (η) X (2.14) follows from the definition (2.11) and the property (2.13) by orthogonality. Therefore, the topological term in (2.4) is such that (2.15) Here α is a constant to keep track of the correct normalisation for the second Chern class. This gives rise to the following identities [21,22]: Since S Y M (F ) has to be positive, then only two possibilities are allowed, either F 7 = 0 and κ(F ) < 0, or F 14 = 0 and κ(F ) > 0, which are the G 2 analogues of the self-dual and anti-self dual equations. For compact G 2 manifolds, F 7 is always zero and for this reason here we will also focus on those instanton configurations. The topological term in equation (2.4) is then saturated by G 2 instanton configurations that are supported on an JHEP08(2022)214 associative 3-cycle σ 3 and have a non-trivial Chern class in the corresponding Poincaré dual four-form. By definition, these G 2 instantons are solutions to the equation It is interesting to remark that G 2 instanton equations are rigid for compact G 2 spaces, meaning that the corresponding moduli spaces have virtual dimension zero, and the corresponding moduli space is a collection of points [81,82], however for non-compact manifolds the moduli problem becomes, of course richer, and more interesting moduli spaces are allowed [83]. Of course, for 7d SYM field configurations the relevant moduli spaces will be enhanced by the contribution from the other fields in the 7d SYM Lagrangian.
Remark. In general, X can have calibrated associative 3-cycles as well as calibrated co-associative 4-cycles.
For the examples that we are considering in this paper, however, we always have a phase of the geometry where there are no compact co-associative 4-cycles, so we will assume it to be the case for the time being. We will comment on the phases with compact coassociative 4-cycles below. Let us denote by σ 3,i a basis of H 3 (X , Z) and by abuse of notation also their calibrated representatives. The complexified volumes will give rise to complex scalar moduli for M-theory, which we denote Here, of course, C 3 is the M-theory 3-form. A G 2 instanton configuration for U(k) with instanton number κ i along σ 3,i is engineered in this setting by a stack of Euclidean M2 branes wrapping σ 3,i for κ i times. The contribution from such a G 2 instanton to the parition function is proportional to where Q κ i i = e −q i κ i and Z k κ i (σ 3,i ) is the partition function of κ i M2 branes wrapping the associative 3-cycle σ 3,i ⊂ X in the background of TN k × X . Whenever we have multiwrapping, this gives rise to further contributions proportional to the same power of Q i . In general, the coefficient multiplying Q N i is of the from Whenever the instanton is supported on i=1 m i σ 3,i with instanton numbers κ i on each σ 3,i , its contribution to the partition function receives a weight Therefore, schematically, for examples without co-associatives we can write

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Remark. The M-theory partition function could in principle receive contributions also from M5 branes wrapping P 1 α × S 4,a where S 4,a is a compact co-associative 4-cycle. These contributions will be relevant for slight generalisations of our backgrounds, which are associated to a different twist of the 4d N = 1 theory, in particular, the vevs of such co-associatives will break the U(1) R symmetry and so the corresponding backgrounds would no longer be twisted holomorphically. A construction of such partition functions on the 4d side of the 4d/7d correspondence can be achieved by exploiting rigid curved supersymmetry and non-minimal N = 1 supergravity coupled to the corresponding Ferrara-Zumino F multiplet. Since the latter reduces to the R multiplet whenever we are switching off the offending vevs, we believe that such partition functions are the most natural extension to the partition functions we consider in this note.
Based on the above analysis then, naively one expects that where: σ 3 ,κ is the moduli space of a BPS version of the U(k) G 2 instanton, with instanton numbers κ i over the collection of normal bundles in the associative 3-cycles in the support of the vector m i associated to σ 3 = i m i σ 3,i . Each G 2 instanton configuration contributes to the partition function with a suitably regularized volume of such moduli space. 8 Comparison between (2.23) and (2.19) leads to identify Building on the idea of topological M-theory [37], for the class of examples that we will consider in this paper we claim that the matrix model computing Z k κ i (σ 3,i ) can be obtained by considering bound states of D2 and D6 branes in the type IIA frame. For the special example we consider in section 4 below, we also comment on an interesting duality to IIB where the same configuration is related to a 3d N = 2 theory with impurities (a close cousin of the theories studied in [86,87]), which reminds also of the discussions in [62,63]. 9 8 A possible regularization arise in the equivariant setting, where we expect that parameters for each instanton contribution are associated to a local Ω deformation [84,85] of the SO(4) rotation of Nσ 3,i . The explicit form of the glueing rules among such parameters into global ones can be read off by the existence of the global G2 structure. 9 This last connection is very interesting: the theory with impurities considered in these references is associated to an M5 wrapping a co-associative, precisely of the type that would contribute to our parition function in presence of compact 4-cycles. We believe this perspective could be the key to model certain associative transitions, which are the G2 manifold uplift of the conifold transitions in IIA [57,88].

N = 1 SCFTs, G 2 manifolds, and dimers
In this section we give a simple argument for the existence of infinitely many examples of T X that have a U(1) R isometry.

Lightning review of dimers and mirrors
It is well known that probing singularities at the tip of Calabi-Yau cones X with a stack of N D3 branes in type IIB one obtains 4d N = 1 SCFTs, which we label T X,N . 10 In particular, when X is a local toric CY threefold, the corresponding theories on the stack of N D3 branes have a 4d N = 1 Lagrangian description that is straightforward to compute, being encoded in a dimer model. In general, many of these theories can be captured by a quiver diagram (also in the non-toric cases) that can be read off directly from the structure of the singular orbifold geometry exploiting standard techniques that we are not going to review here. Some examples of such quivers can be found in figure 1.
A well-known feature of these geometries is that the resulting theories can be represented in Type IIA by exploiting mirror symmetry. By mirror symmetry, the IIB theory on the toric threefold X is equivalent to IIA on the mirror 3-CY X ∨ . The D3 brane stack in IIB is mapped to a configuration of wrapped D6 branes that have support on special Lagrangian 3-cycles in the mirror geometry X ∨ , which can be understood, e.g. in terms of the SYZ fibration [95]. We denote a basis of such cycles C i ∈ H 3 (X ∨ , Z). For the mirrors of the toric cases we are interested in, the topology of these 3-cycles is either an S 3 or an S 1 × S 2 .
On the IIB side, the D3 brane fractions at the singularity X in a number b 3 of fractional D3 branes [96]. These are in one-to-one correspondence with the cycles C i in the mirror dual. The original D3 brane is a bound state of fractional 3-branes, consisting of N i copies of the i-th 3-brane. This is mapped in the mirror to N i D6 branes wrapping the 3-cycle C i . These D6 branes give rise to gauge groups SU(N i ) on the 4d theories: 11 if C i is an S 3 we obtain an N = 1 vectormultiplet, if instead C i S 1 × S 2 the resulting degrees of freedom are those of an N = 2 vectormultiplet. The intersection pairing in the mirror geometry corresponds to an adjacency matrix of the quiver theory describing the D3 brane worldvolume. In particular, if a pair of wrapped cycles C i , C j are intersecting,

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then the corresponding wrapped D6 branes are intersecting, in which case we obtain extra massless matter from open strings ending on them. Generically, we will have configurations in which the 3-cycles are S 3 's that intersect over a collection of |B ij | points. In correspondence to each point with B ij > 0 we obtain an N = 1 chiral multiplet in a bifundamental (N i , N j ).
In cases when the 3-cycles overlap along an S 1 the resulting contribution is an N = 2 hypermultiplet, which however gives B ij = 0. For most of the toric models, the topology of the C i is always that of S 3 and one has an N = 1 theory. In particular, in this case, the N i > 0 must satisfy which guarantees anomaly cancellation on the 4d N = 1 side. Whenever the quiver has loops, the resulting 4d N = 1 theory can also have an interesting tree-level superpotential, which, in favourable circumstances, is also determined using geometry. For the toric cases N i = N for all i.

From IIA to M-theory
The G 2 geometries that we will consider are captured by the IIA geometry of X ∨ by duality. 12 One has to uplift the configuration of intersecting D6 branes over the collection of special Lagrangian 3-cycles C i to a hyperKähler fibration on a collection of associative cycles σ 3,i C i , which gives rise to a G 2 manifold that is a U(1) fibration over X ∨ . The fibration is such that the U(1) bundle degenerates along the cycles σ 3,i that correspond to the special lagrangian 3-spheres C i that are wrapped by N i D6 branes, giving rise to a local C 2 /Z N i singularities with locus σ 3,i . The singularities enhance to C 2 /Z N i +N j +1 at the intersection where N i D6s meet with N j D6s, similar to what happens in other geometric engineering settings [97]. In this context, it is natural to conjecture that the condition for the absence of anomalies (3.2) is equivalent to the condition that the corresponding ϕ 3 form is not only closed but also co-closed. For toric examples, we have that N i = N , where N is the number of D3-branes probing X. Therefore, we label this class of G 2 manifolds X X ∨ ,N . From the perspective of geometric engineering, we have that In the toric examples, the mirror geometries are known explicitly. One starts from the toric diagram of X and obtains the mirror geometry where W (X, Y ) is the Newton polynomial obtained from the toric diagram by assigning to the internal dots with coordinates (n, m) the monomial X n Y m , and X and Y are C * variables [98]. We refer our readers to the beautiful detailed discussion in [94] for more aspects of these geometries.

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An application of the fact that these models have an explicit description in terms of a toric quiver, is that it is possible to use these gauge theories to argue for the lack of contributions to the superpotential from euclidean M2 branes [19,99,100] wrapping the associative 3-cycles σ 3,i . This follows because for all toric dimer models the quiver associated to the corresponding geometry is necessarily such that N f = N c where ≥ 2. Since each gauge node can be treated independently from the perspective of the generation of a nonperturbative superpotential in gauge theory, this is precisely the condition that there are as many incoming as there are outgoing arrows from each node, which is a condition that every toric quivers satisfy. Then there is no non-perturbative superpotential generated [101]: in all these cases the instanton generates no superpotential, but rather higher F-terms [102]. 13 The higher F-terms involve lots of fermion insertions and therefore most likely will be irrelevant deformations from the perspective of the SCFT. This guarantees that these geometries are not receiving non-perturbative superpotential contributions from the associative 3-cycles, and therefore evade the main issue in geometric engineering of 4d N = 1 SCFTs, namely that non-perturbative contributions to the superpotential could spoil geometric intuition giving rise to a quantum moduli space that differs from the classical geometrical onesee e.g. [103] for a recent discussion of this effect in the context of F-theory geometric engineering of 4d N = 1 SCFTs.
This concludes our brief overview of these geometries. We stress that there are many applications of this geometric setting, which uplift to G 2 , for instance, the geometrization of dualities by Ooguri and Vafa [89]. We will return to the study of more details of these geometries in future papers in this series.

Evidence from 4d/7d correspondence
In the previous section we have given an argument to provide infinitely many examples of local G 2 geometries that give rise to systems with an unbroken U(1) R symmetry, and therefore can be exploited to construct 4d holomorphically twisted TN k partition functions. 14 We can use this fact to our advantage while proceeding in our investigation of the structure governing the BPS G 2 instantons on the stringy side for the corresponding G 2 manifolds X X ∨ ,N .
The main feature of all the local models of G 2 geometries we introduced in the previous section is that those are dual to collections of N D6 branes wrapping compact special Lagrangians in the mirrors of toric geometries X X ∨ . We are interested in a configurations of Euclidean D2 branes, wrapping the same special Lagrangians. From geometry it is clear that the most interesting contributions will arise from intersecting loci (other loci would be closer to ordinary instantons). Our task therefore is the following: (1) exploiting branes, identify the contribution of intersecting loci to our putative BPS G 2 instanton partition function; (2) establish gluing rules corresponding to the quiver diagram associated to the JHEP08(2022)214 corresponding geometry. This is in a sense the analogue of the topological vertex [104,105] for this special class of G 2 manifolds.
This task is seemingly impossible, however some recent progresses in the context of twisted M-theory can be exploited to our advantage. The main point is that the twisted M-theory background by Costello [31] provides a local model of the form 15 where the twist is holomorphic on TN k , and topological on R 3 × TN N i . Such a geometry can be identified with a local patch in the structure of any of the geometries discussed in section 3: it is enough to identify the R 3 in equation (4.1) with a local neighborhood of one of the associatives 3-cycles σ 3,i . The fact that the twist is holomorphic on TN k guarantees that this twisted M-theory construction contributes a subalgebra of the cohomological field theory associated to the holomorphic twist of one of the 4d N = 1 models T X X ∨ ,N . More precisely, the contribution from a subsector like (4.1) is encoded in an algebra that we which is the quantum deformation with parameter 1 of the universal enveloping algebra of the algebra of deformed holomorphic functions on TN k tensored by gl N i . For the class of examples in this note, whenever we have a pair of intersecting D6 branes in the background of TN k , we expect to obtain a more general algebra that has two such factors where the notation ⊗ B ij indicates that there are some further relations which arise from the number of points of intersection among the associatives, and from gauging, and hence the corresponding system is not just a tensor product (although being close to one). Based on the structure of the geometries X X ∨ ,N it is natural to expect that the factors A k N i ⊗ B ij A k N j fully determine the algebra of the associated quiver theory. Therefore, by 4d/7d correspondence we claim that for all these examples, there is an algebraic structure underlying the G 2 instanton partition function, which we schematically denote A k (X X ∨ ,N ). This is the algebra of G 2 instantons, meaning that the corresponding 7d G 2 instanton partition function is organized according to characters of A k (X X ∨ ,N ). The task of finding a precise definition of such an algebra is extremely hard, and in this section we build some evidence towards its existence exploiting string dualities, which allows to capture some of the features of its building blocks. From the perspective of the 4d N = 1 theory, we expect the A k (X X ∨ ,N ) to be computable in terms of the structure of the complexes associated to the differential arising from the holomorphic twist on TN k . We will devote to this computation another paper in this series.
Exhibiting the details of the gluing rule goes beyond the scope of this short note. In what follows we proceed with a consistency check of (4.3): we consider the k = 1 case, and we prove that indeed equation (4.2) is verified, by considering a local model for the D6 brane intersection.

Building blocks from intersecting D6 branes
As a local model for the intersection between two D6 branes stacks, we can exploit a famous class of asymptotcally conical G 2 spaces, which are metric cones on complex weighted projective spaces WCP 3 here the case N = K = 1 coincides with the Bryant-Salamon G 2 cone over the threedimensional complex projective plane CP 3 [56], while the other cases are natural generalization of the Bryant-Salamon construction [57,58]. The physics of these models is understood in terms of a single chiral U(N ) × U(K) bifundamental multiplet [57,58]: It is well-known that the G 2 manifolds X N,K are dual to a IIA configuration of N D6 branes intersecting with K D6 branes at angles. We choose a frame of reference such that the stack of N D6 branes is located along the directions 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and the stack of K D6 branes is along the directions 0, 1, 2, 3 and it wraps a plane L θ R 3 which extends in the directions 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, such that each of its components form an angle θ i with the directions 4, 5, 6 respectively for i = 1, 2, 3. 16 The M-theory background TN k × X N,K is therefore dual to the following type II A background where we are marking the directions that are filled by the corresponding object. In the Type IIA frame the M2 branes wrapping the corresponding associative cycles are dual in this context to two stacks of D2 branes, one is parallel to D6 1 and is wrapping the 456 directions, the other is parallel to D6 2 and it is wrapping L θ . Note that there is a supersymmetric constraint on θ of each L θ and there is Omega deformation turned on L θ . The compatibility with Omega background and supersymmetric constraint was discussed in [60]. From the 4d/7d correspondence we expect that the algebra A L N ⊗ B 12 =1 A L K organises the generating function of some suitably regularised volumes of moduli spaces encoded in a quiver matrix model supported at the common intersection of these two stacks of D2 branes. These moduli spaces control the contributions of the M2 branes to the 7d partition function on the G 2 manifold. 16 In other words, Here, we are interested in probing the conjecture with an explicit computation. therefore, we consider the case L = 1 and we send the Taub-NUT radius to infinity, thus focusing on the topological M-theory limit of our parition function. The resulting algebra is the L = 0 version of the G 2 instanton algebra. In the absence of the Taub-NUT background it is relatively straightforward to derive the quiver which captures the D2 brane boundstates from the building blocks we described above, namely we will have two distinct ADHM-like quivers, each corresponding to one of the two factors of the algebra A 0 N and A 0 K , arising from the D2-D6 systems. On top of that from the intersection of the two D2 branes, we expect to obtain a single chiral bifundamental contributing to the quiver. As a result we obtain the quiver in figure 2. 17 Increasing B 12 , the quiver is essentially the same, only we obtain a collection S of chiral bifundamental fields, at the intersections, which would carry an index = 1, . . . , B 12 . Here, we will focus on the case = 1, which corresponds to the orbifolds of the Bryant-Salamon G 2 cones that we are using as local models.
In appendix B, we discuss a proposal for the corresponding action for the 0d matrix model 18 supported at the intersection of the two D2 branes. From the D-term of the associated quiver description, we see that the two ADHM quivers satisfy their own complex moment map equations: and we also have a modified real moment map equation, which includes the contribution from the chiral bifundamental field S where ξ is an FI term. This is the starting point for a more formal analysis for the structures of the corresponding moduli spaces, which we describe in appendix C. 17 We review the relevant computation using string quantization in appendix B, and here we only report on the main result. 18 It is not matrix quantum mechanics.

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In appendix C, we compute the equivariant K-theory index of the corresponding moduli space. Here, we briefly summarize the result, relegating the details to the appendix. The first step is to utilize a well-known fact, namely that the virtual tangent bundle of the moduli space encoded in the quiver diagram is captured by the cohomology of a specific complex: (4.9) Here V 1 , V 2 are universal bundles of rank M 1 , M 2 , σ is related to the stability condition or real D-term equation, and µ is complex moment map equation. Our goal is to compute the Euler characteristics of the virtual tangent bundle of this moduli space. 19 To do so, it is necessary to find a suitable compactification of the moduli space, which typically is achieved by means of equivariance. We can achieve this by turning on five-torus (4.10) In the case when N = K = 1, we show in the appendix that the torus fixed points of the moduli space are in one-to-one correspondence with M 1 + 2 copies of Young diagrams, see Proposition 5. Using this fact, we are able to compute the equivariant K-theoretic index of the moduli space of the G 2 instantons in appendix C.5. Especially, the equivariant K-theory index nicely factorizes into two pieces in the limit r 1 r 2 → 1, s 1 s 2 → 1 for the equivariant parameters of the torus action. We show this in Proposition 8. We conjecture that each piece is captured by the Witten index that we will discuss in section 4.3. Finally, in appendix C.6 we explicitly show that in a certain limit of the equivariant parameters the equivariant K-theory index admits a structure of character of Verma module of A 1 1 ⊗ 1 A 1 1 . Here A 1 1 is the affine Yangian of gl 1 , which acts on the equivariant cohomology of Hilbert scheme of points on C 3 , and the latter is a Verma module of A 1 1 [59]. On the other hand, in the case N = K = 1, the G 2 manifold is a cone over CP 3 and there are two D2-D6 systems. This might not be a coincidence, and we expect that each D2-D6 system contributes to one copy of A 1 1 , which controls the enumerate geometry of one C 3 patch that D6 lies in. This series of propositions is a strong evidence toward the existence of an algebra of G 2 instantons.
In sum, we claim that the contributions from the equivariant volumes of the G 2 instantons to the 7d partition function are captured by the equivariant K-theory index described above, which we denote I 1 M 1 ,M 2 (N, K). This gives rise to the following explicit contribution to the partition function JHEP08 (2022)214   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Background Table 1. Brane configuration after the T-duality. A and B denote angles and B-field. For instance, D4 2 and D8 branes extend over an oblique line in 47 plane.
The main outcome of such analysis is that indeed, the resulting partition function is organised as a character of A 1 1 ⊗ 1 A 1 1 , which is a first consistency check for the ideas discussed here. As a final remark, it would be nice to know that our ADHM-like construction indeed reproduces what has been discussed in mathematics literature, such as [61].

G 2 instantons from an SQM Witten index
In this section, we present an alternative way to compute the G 2 instanton partition function as a Witten index [106]. We can achieve this by performing T-duality along two directions on the D2 1 /D6 1 /D2 2 /D6 2 brane system. The following table summarizes the resulting D-brane configuration D0 1 /D4 1 /D4 2 /D8 2 . Note that we T-dualize two of the directions previously occupied by a stack of D6 1 (D2 1 ) branes, which are forming angles with a stack of D6 2 (D2 2 ) branes. As we explained in appendix B, this T-duality converts D-branes at angle configuration to B-field backgrounds along 5689 directions. It does not modify the result of the string quantization, since the open string boundary condition do not change under the T-duality. In other words, we may simply promote the matrix model field content we discussed in the previous section to a 1d N = 4 quiver supersymmetric quantum mechanics.
Next, the fields that are not related to the usual ADHM quiver are from D0-D4 2 strings and D0-D8 strings, which are T-dual to D2 1 -D2 2 strings and D2 1 -D6 2 strings. However, we have seen in appendix B that the D2 1 -D6 2 (D0-D8) are massive and decouple in the IR. Hence, we only need to discuss the D0-D4 2 strings. Their T-dual is summarized in table 3.
The quantum mechanical fields collected in table 2 and table 3 are fields that appear in a subquiver of the entire quiver for the system: compare figure 3 with figure 2. This is the same quiver that was needed for our analysis in appendix C -see figure 5 there. We showed in Lemma 3 that G 2 instanton moduli space M N,K (M 1 , M 2 ) is an entire space of a trivial fibration over a single ADHM moduli space M N (M 1 ) with the fiber being the moduli JHEP08(2022)214  strings N = 4 multiplets fields Table 3. The quantum mechanical fields from the D0-D4 2 strings. These will introduce local operators that we can integrate out to form 1-loop determinants -see (4.15).

Figure 3.
A subquiver of the whole quiver that is captured by the Witten index.
space described by figure 3. Here we will mimic that construction from the perspective of a Witten index computation.

Witten index of SQM
Here we are interested in computing the following Witten index for our quiver in figure 3 (4.12)

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Here F , J ± , J R , J R , Π i , and Π l are the Fermion number and charges under the Cartan . H QM is the Hilbert space of the quantum mechanics.
The Witten index can be computed by supersymmetric localization of the quantum mechanical path integral. As it has now become a standard technique, we will simply take formulas from the original references and direct the reader to [110]. The difference between the original set-up and our set-up is the presence of D0 1 − D4 2 strings, which are T-dual of D2 1 − D2 2 strings. Since the other extra fields are all massive, the computation reduces to [110,112]: (4.14) where the prime on sinh indicates that sinh(x) is omitted when x = 0. We The difference here is that we do not have massless D4 1 − D4 2 strings. The chiral multiplet S maps to the twisted hypermultiplet in SQM. 20 The corresponding 1-loop determinant is After substituting the ingredients (4.14), (4.15) in (4.13), we can use the JK prescription [113,114], which guides what poles to choose when one evaluates multidimensional complex integrals. Let us explain the contour of the integral (4.13) following [112]. We can classify the poles selected by the JK prescription in two types: When evaluating the rank M 1 φ I integral, one needs to choose M 1 poles out of (4.16) and evaluate the residue integral. In other words, since we have two sets, if we can pick M poles in P 1 , we need to pick the rest M 1 − M poles in P 2 . It was shown in [112] that each of the first and second set of poles is classified by the N-colored Young diagrams Y = {Y 1 , · · · , Y N } with total size M and M 2 -colored 21 Young diagramsỸ with total size M 1 − M , respectively. 20 Here by twisted hypermultiplet we mean a multiplet whose scalar transforms non trivially under SU(2) R ± but trivially under SU(2)±. 21 The case for M2 = 1 was discussed in [112], but the statement can be extended for general M2. For instance, quiver gauge theory with higher rank gauge nodes was discussed in [115].

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Each of the contributions can be naturally understood as the D0 bound states on the D4 1 branes and on the D4 2 branes. With this information, we can organize the result of the integral as the following double summation over two sets of Young diagrams: It is assumed in the above formula that we take e˜ → 0 limit to decouple the twisted multiplet contribution, as we commented in the caption of table 2. This is a valid limit, as discussed in [112]. Compared to [112], we do not have a Fermi multiplet, which would come from D4 1 −D4 2 strings. The corresponding 1-loop determinant is Since D4 1 − D4 2 strings are not related to D0 branes(i.e. (4.18) does not depend on φ I ), this 1-loop determinant does not affect the φ I integral. Hence, the structure of our integral (4.17) is the same as that of [112].
Computing I M 1 ,N for each M 1 , we can form a generating series by weighting each I M 1 ,N with the instanton counting parameter Q 1 with power M 1 : This gives a part of the G 2 instanton partition function that is associated to the fiber of the bundle − + + | + + (D6 1 →)D8 + + + + − + + | + + (D2 2 →)D0 + (D6 2 →)D4 1 + + + + + Table 4. Brane configuration after the T-duality. A and B denote angles and B-field. For instance, D4' 2 and D8' branes extend over a line in 47 plane. This is done by first choosing a coordinate frame where we find D2 2 , D6 2 branes aligning in the 4,5,6 coordinate axis and on the other hand D2 1 , D6 2 branes forming angles with 4,5,6 axis. Performing the same T-duality, D2 2 brane stack into D0 brane stack. The new configuration is as follows Doing the exactly same computation as above, we can form a generating series by weighting each I M 2 ,K with the instanton counting parameter Q 2 .

+
This gives a part of the G 2 instanton partition function that is associated to the fiber of the bundle Similarly to the other half, we expect that (4.21) is equivalent to the other half of the factorization formula in Proposition 8, since both of them are labeled by the same information: two sets of Young diagrams Y andỸ .

A relation with 3d N = 4 theories with impurities
We conclude this section with a remark about a relation between our setup and 3d N = 4 systems with supersymmetry breaking impurities. Exploiting the Taub-NUT radius to perform a T-duality with IIB, starting from equation (4.6), we obtain the following setup: From this T-dual frame, it is interesting to notice a connection between our computation and 3d N = 4 theories with supersymmetry breaking impurities, which is somehow reminiscent of the analysis in [62,86,87]. Indeed, the brane setup involving D3 1 , D5 1 , and NS5 is the famous Hanany-Witten brane engineering for 3d N = 4 systems [116]. On top of that, we have the injection of the D3 2 and D5 2 stacks, which can be described as impurities localised at points from the perspective of the corresponding 3d N = 4 theories. The partition JHEP08(2022)214 functions of M2 branes contributing to the 7d instanton partition function should have an interpretation also in terms of this kind of systems. In a sense, these would be captured by 3d N = 4 S 3 or S 1 × S 2 parition function with the insertion of impurity operators. It is interesting to remark that this impurity operator can form a module of algebra of operators of the 3d N = 4 theory, as the impurity operator admits an action of the algebra. It has a parallel structure as our main claim -the G 2 instanton partition function admits an action of two copies of affine Yangian, so the partiton function forms a module of the algebra. It would be nice to study this impurity module and see if it indeed admits an action of large N limit of algebra of operators of 3d N = 4 theory, discussed in [43]. 22

Acknowledgments
We thank Christopher Beem, Kevin Costello, Iñaki García Etxebarria, Dominic Joyce, Raeez Lorgat, Maxim Zabzine for useful discussion and email correspondences. We are especially grateful to Kevin Costello for asking a fascinating question that led us to initiate this project.

A A brief review of the twisted M-theory background
Twisted M-theory is eleven-dimensional supergravity background that is specified by three data (g, C, Ψ): the metric, M-theory 3-form, and bosonic ghost for a certain component of local supersymmetry. The metric is in general a product metric of a hyper-Kahler 4-manifold M HK 4 and a G 2 7-manifold M G 2 7 . In the original work [31], the geometry was given by (A.1) The generalized Killing spinor Ψ imposes a topological and holomorphic twist on M HK 4 and M G 2 7 respectively. More precisely, we turn a nonzero bosonic ghost Ψ [30] for the local supersymmetry of the supergravity. We determine Ψ in the same way we get the scalar supercharge in a twisted QFT [32]. Start with an 11d Killing spinor Ψ 11 and decompose it into 7d and 4d components. Each of the component spinors decomposes into representations of G 2 and SU(2) − × U(1) + , where U(1) + is the Cartan of SU(2) + .
(A.2) 22 We thank JHEP referee who suggested for us to think about this point.

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We keep a non zero bosonic ghost for the scalar Ψ = (1 G 2 ⊗ 1 −1 ). There are Ψ m and Ψα such that This implies that the dynamics in M G 2 7 direction becomes topological and that in M HK 4 becomes holomorphic.
We can deform Ψ into Ψ [31] such that where V is a Killing vector field on M G 2 7 . With this deformation, we can incorporate an Omega deformation Ω 1 on C 1 and Ω 2 × Ω 3 on T N K ∼ (C 2 × C 3 )/Z K . i are deformation parameters and from now on we will denote Ω i deformed C i plane as C i .
Lastly, the M-theory 3-form is where V d is a linear dual 1-form of the vector field V , which generates a rotation along the Taub-NUT circle S 1 T N . As a result of the Omega deformation, we can expect that a localization happens in the twisted M-theory. We can explicitly see this by going to the type IIA frame, by reducing along S 1 T N . The Taub-NUT geometry converts into K D6 branes and the closed string states decouple from the Q-closed spectrum as discussed in [31]. Moreover, due to Ω 1 , the 7d SYM living on K D6 branes localizes to the 5d U(K) topological holomorphic Chern-Simons theory [117]: Here, 2 is a wedge product deformed by the non-commutative B-field B = 2 dzdw, which descends from the M-theory 3-form. This is a typical Moyal product, which is defined between two holomorphic functions as Another important difference with the usual 5d Chern-Simons action is that the 5d gauge field has only three components: due to the presence of the holomorphic top-form dzdw in the action. Due to the non-commutativity, the naive gauge symmetry algebra gl K is modified to g = Diff 2 C z ⊗ gl K . Without the quantum deformation, i.e. 1 = 0, the symmetry algebra A classical = A 1 =0, 2 of the 5d CS theory is generated by the Fourier modes of the ghost c[m, n] for the gauge symmetry, together with the BRST differential δ. As a graded associative algebra, A classical is isomorphic to C * (g), which is the Chevalley-Eilenberg algebra of cochains on the Lie algebra g.

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One of the major achievements of [43] was to use Kozsul duality C * (g) = U(g) and identify the 5d CS algebra of operators with the protected operator algebra A (N ) K of N M2 branes(on R t × C 1 ) probing the twisted M-theory background in the large N limit. Moreover, there is a surjective map s [43] s : which is compatible with a sequence of surjective maps s i : A K . Moreover, the intersection of the kernels of U 1 (gl(K) ⊗ Diff 2 (C)) → A (N ) K for all N is zero. In this sense, one can define U 1 (gl(K) ⊗ Diff 2 (C)) as a large N limit of A (N ) K , and denote it by A K by dropping the superscript (∞).
Given the abstract description of A (N ) K and its relation with the 5d CS algebra of operators, let us provide the explicit description of A (N ) K . One convenient UV descriptions of the M2 branes worldvolume theory is 3d N = 4 U(N ) gauge theory with 1 adjoint hypermultiplet(with scalars X, Y ) and K fundamental hypermultiplets(with scalars I, J) [118]. Due to the topological twist applied to R t × C 1 ⊂ M G 2 7 , we pass to a particular Q-cohomology that only captures the Higgs branch chiral ring. This consists of gauge-invariant operators made of X, Y, I, J , divided by the ideal generated by the F-term relation, where we only presented gauge indices a, b, c, d, suppressing flavor indices. Ω 1 deforms the chiral ring into an algebra A K [119][120][121]   where ST r[•] means to take a trace of a symmetrization of a polynomial •. The generating relations of the algebra was proposed in [124], proved in [125], and used in [124,126] to compute a large set of correlation functions in 3d N = 4 ADHM gauge theories.

B The D2 matrix model from string quantization
In this appendix we review the computation that leads to the equation describing the moduli space of vacua for the matrix model supported at the intersection of the two D2 brane stacks in our local model arising from the X N,K geometry. We will use the language of 3d supersymmetry because the multiplets we obtain organise naturally accordingly. However, these are all fields supported at a point (the point of intersection of the two D2 brane stacks).

B.1 Supersymmetry
We can determine the supersymmetry preserved by the intersecting D6 branes [127] by solving the following equations of 10d spinor ( L , R ) equation ( L and R are 10d Majorana-Weyl spinors with different chiralities).
where 456, 4'5'6' denote the directions along two stacks of D6 branes in the 456789 direction and Γ i 1 ...in denote the fully anti-symmetrized products of Gamma matrices Γ i 1 , . . . , Γ in . We need to remember that there is a B-field turned on 0123 directions. Let us parametrize it as and set b a = tan πv a . Hence, By [128], the Gamma matrix equation above changes to For now, this change will not affect the calculation, since both of (B.1) and (B.4) reduce into where we used (Γ ij ) 2 = 1. Therefore, it only constrains the 6d part 6d of the 10d spinor R = 10d = 4d ⊗ 6d whose eigenvalues under the action of is (±, ±, ±, ±, ±). Those are raised and lowered by the action of

B.2 String quantization
We will follow [131] to account for the B-field background -recall we have turned B-field on T N 1 . 24 To quantize open strings, we need to mode-expand worldsheet bosons Z and fermions Ψ that respect two types of boundary conditions at two boundaries. In the presence of the B-field, the equation of motion is given by [132] Solving the equations above, we see the worldsheet boson Z and R-sector fermion Ψ have modes Z + θ with θ = µ − ν. The NS-sector fermions have modes Z + with = θ + 1 2 . We will denote the Neumann, Dirichlet, Twisted(by the B-field effect) boundary conditions as N, D, T.
To arrange the spectra by their energy, we need to find a zero-point energy. The NS sector zero-point energy is The first excited state has energy E N S The R sector zero-point energy E R 0 = 0. The first excited state energy is E R 1 = |θ| for 0 ≤ |θ| ≤ 1 2 and 1 − |θ| for 1 2 ≤ |θ| ≤ 1. Let us recall the brane configuration from equation (4.6). We can quantize strings that stretch between two stacks of D-branes. Start with D2 1 − D2 1 strings. Although we have determined the minimal amount of supersymmetry that the brane configuration preserves is 2, we will later see that the genuine 3d N = 1 multiplet is massive and decoupled in the low energy. Therefore, we will supplement the discussion with the 3d N = 2 representation. Moreover, we will sometimes find helpful to reorganize the N = 2 supermultiplets into the 3d N = 4 supermultiplets, even though we do not have such an enhanced supersymmetry. There will be just one genuine 3d N = 2 massless multiplet after all.

D2-D2 string NS sector.
We know E N S 0 = − 1 2 , so to get the massless states, we need to act with NS fermion oscillators d µ 1 † . For µ = 4, 5, 6, which are NN directions, d µ 1 † gives rise to three states, which consist of the 3d G gauge field A µ . For other d's, which are TT and DD, they give rise to 7 scalars φ a valued in adj(g) of G.

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D2-D2 string R sector. R-sector vacuum energy is always zero. Since we have 10 NN+DD directions, we can use all 10 zero modes to act on the R-sector vacuum state and form 32 dimensional ground state. The GSO projection projects out half of 32 and the remaining 16 fermionic states pair up with the bosons determined from the NS sector to complete the 3d N = 1 supermultiplet. Therefore, we see In the 3d N = 2 notation, one of the scalars in the first set can be identified with the real scalar σ and the other two scalars in the first set can be thought of as the complex scalar ϕ. On the other hand, one can split the 4 scalars in the second set into 2 complex scalars. In the presence of N = 2 SUSY, each of them forms N = 2 chiral multiplets X, Y .
D2-D6 string NS sector. Let us denote two complex directions in 4 ND directions as a and b. We first need to derive NS zero point energy. Recall B-field is only turned on the 4 ND directions. Hence, the zero point energy in these directions is Other directions do not have twisted boundary conditions by the B-field. Taking two directions out of three D2 world volume directions as the lightcone, we can compute the zero point energy for the NN and DD directions: Summing (B.25) and (B.26), we get By applying a suitable oscillator that raises the energy by |v a | and |v b |, we get 4 states with energies 1 2 (±v a ± v b ). 2 out of 4 states are projected out by the GSO projection and the remaining ones have energy ± 1 2 (v a − v b ). Those are two complex scalars transforming in (N, M 1 ) of U(N ) × U(M 1 ) of the D6 and D2 gauge groups with masses One of the two is tachyonic, which needs further treatment later. Since for 3d N = 1 the elementary multiplet is a real scalar multiplet, it indicates that there are 4 scalars Φ I .
D2-D6 string R sector. As before, the zero point energy of R-sector is zero. For this case, we have 6 zero modes from 6 NN+DD directions. Therefore, we have 8 = 2 3 dimensional ground states. We can label those as |α, A,Ȧ , where α is 3d spinor index, A,Ȧ are the spinor index of SU(2) × SU(2) = SO(4) that rotates the transverse direction of D2 inside D6 worldvolume. Then, these fermionic massless fields make a supersymmetric completion of the bosons obtained from the NS sector analysis.

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Therefore, we get 4 scalar multiplets: In the presence of 3d N = 2 supersymmetry, one can recombine the 4 real scalars into 2 complex scalars I, J. Each of them is a part of the 3d N = 2 fundamental chiral multiplet.
Equivalence between B-field and angle configuration. It is helpful to recognize the equivalence between B-field background and D-branes at angles [133] to unify the background in a single frame before we do D2 1 − D6 2 quantization, whose ND directions involve both B-field background and the angle background. B-field background along 2n directions is T-dual to the D-branes at angles along 2n direction. For instance, our D6 1 /D6 2 at angles configuration is T-dual to D0/D6 brane system with B-field on 6 ND directions.
To see this, let us look at the open string boundary condition on 456789 directions in the original D6 1 /D6 2 system.
T-dualizing along X 4 , X 5 , X 6 modifies the equations as ∂ τ X 4,5,6,7,8,9 = 0, These boundary conditions are exactly that of D0 branes bounded on D6 branes with B-field on 6 ND directions. The explicit dictionary is the following: Recall that we had a useful parametrization for the B-field to utilize in the string quantization Hence, we can identify
Let us resume the D2 1 − D6 2 quantization. We T-dualize 4, 5, 6 directions to convert the D branes intersecting with angles into transversely intersecting D branes with B-field background. We will parametrize the B-field background by v 2 , v 3 , v 4 . Now, the D2 1 − D6 2 configuration becomes D(−1) 1 − D9 2 : D-instantons probing D9 brane worldvolume with 4 ND directions with the original B-field and the remaining 6 ND directions with the new B-field. In this unified background, we compute the NS zero point energy. First, start with the 0123 direction where the B-field is applied: Second, for 456789 directions with the new B-field, we have Summing them up, we have We produce the excited states by acting NS fermion oscillators that increase energy by |v i | on the NS vacuum state. First 32 states have energies Recall that there is a list of constraints:

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Hence, (B.40) becomes Notice that only the minimal energy configuration can potentially be negative or zero energy depending on the value of 2 being greater or equal to 1 8 , since From now, we will denote 32 states by the signs in (B.44), e.g. (±, ±, ±, ±, ±). Now, let us consider GSO projection We assign F N S = 1 to the NS vacuum state(the minimal energy configuration). In the above convention, it corresponds to the state (−, −, −, −, −). Then, all states with even number of '+' are projected out, since their (−1) F N S = −1. Therefore, |E 0 is projected out and we do not have any massless or tachyonic state in the spectrum. In other words, in the low energy limit that we are interested in, there is no interesting state coming from the NS sector of D2 1 − D6 2 or D2 2 − D6 1 strings. Still, there are massive scalars. The lightest modes are from 0123 directions, due to the relative strength of the B-field. After the GSO projection, we get 2 bosons. D2 1 −D6 2 and D2 2 −D6 1 strings R sector. Since two D-branes are fully transverse to each other, there are no NN or DD directions in this configuration. Hence, there are no fermionic zero modes. Since R-sector zero point energy is zero, there is still one zero energy state, the R-sector vacuum. However, the GSO projection projects this state out. Hence, we do not obtain any massless fermionic state.
Still, there are massive fermions that pair up with the massive scalars determined from the NS sector to complete the two lightest massive supermultiplet. D6 1 -D6 2 strings. We already know that they give rise to the 4d N = 1 bi-fundamental chiral multiplets at the 4d intersection [127]. Since we are only interested in the 3d worldvolume theory of either D2 1 or D2 2 branes, we treat the D6 branes as a heavy background. Hence, D6 1 − D6 2 strings will not play any important role in our story. D2 1 -D2 2 strings. We can T-dualize the D6 1 − D6 2 configuration in the 4 directions of intersection and arrive at D2 1 − D2 2 configuration. Since T-duality does not change the amount of preserved supersymmetry, the D2 1 − D2 2 string quantization will yield the dimensional reduction of the 4d N = 1 bifundamental chiral multiplet determined above and live at the intersection of D2 1 and D2 2 . It smears out the 3d worldvolume of both D2 1 and D2 2 branes. Hence, we will treat it as 3d N = 2 bifundamental chiral multiplet S, which consists of two N = 1 scalar multiplets S 1 and S 2 . As we will see later, S will provide an edge between two conventional ADHM quivers and make our moduli space more interesting.

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Summary. Let us summarize the result of the string quantization of our brane system in the following D2 1 − D2 1 strings ≡ 3d N = 1 vector multiplets V 2 and 7 scalar multiplets Φ a D2 2 − D2 2 strings ≡ 3d N = 1 vector multiplets V 2 and 7 scalar multiplets Φ a For our purpose that will be described in the next subsection, we can focus on the strings that are associated with the 3d massless fields: Considering only the massless states, we get 3d N = 2 theory on the D2 branes.

B.3 Deriving the equations for the moduli space
Given the field content of the 3d N = 2 theory on each of the D2 brane stacks, we can proceed to study the matrix model supported at the point of intersection. It is useful first to recall our situation. We have converted the G 2 geometry and the G 2 instantons into the D6 brane and D2 brane stacks. Hence, the relevant moduli space M is the moduli space of the intersecting D2 brane stacks fluctuating inside the intersecting D6 brane stacks. The directions of the fluctuation are 0123. Therefore, we need to focus on the quantum fields that arise from the quanta of the strings that correspond to 0123 directions. We have denoted those fields as Φ 0,1,2,3 , Φ 0,1,2,3 ,Φ 0,1,2,3 ,Φ 0,1,2,3 . We also need to include the chiral bifundamental S that is supported at the intersection of the D2 stacks.
In terms of 3d N = 2 superfields, M is parametrized by the scalar components of The moduli space is given by the zeros of the scalar potential, which is supposed to be where D is the auxiliary field in the off-shell multiplets. The zeros of V is obtained by setting D = 0. Our goal is to derive a set of D-term equations in the 3d N = 2 system that fully specifies the moduli space. To do that, the first step is to figure out all auxiliary fields in the supermultiplets.

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Let us start from D2 1 − D2 1 strings: (B.50) We will think of φ 7 as the real scalar σ and (φ 8 , φ 9 ) as the complex scalar ϕ in 3d N = 2 notation. We find a triplet (D 7 , D 8 , D 9 ) of the auxiliary D's. Combine them into D ab , where a, b are SU(2) indices. In the last line, we find 4 scalars φ 0 , φ 1 , φ 2 , φ 3 . In N = 4 notation, we can combine X = φ 0 + iφ 1 , Y = φ 2 + iφ 3 and collect them into a fictitious 25 SU(2) doublet Q = (X, Y ). There is a coupling between Q a and D ab : Also, there is a quartic term of D: where we distinguish the auxiliary fields from those of D2 1 − D2 1 strings by denoting them as G, not D. In N = 4 notation, we can combine I = φ 0 + iφ 1 , J = φ 2 + iφ 3 and further form a fictitious SU(2) doublet I = (I, J). It also couples to D ab : We can do the similar analysis for D2 1 −D2 2 strings as they also form 3d N = 2 chiral multiplets. Let us combine two real scalar superfields into a complex chiral multiplet S = S 1 + iS 2 and treat it as a component of the fictitious SU(2) doublet S = (S, T ). Since there is no T to pair with, one should treat this expression formally. Then, one can write down, at least formally, the relevant Lagrangian: where i, j are U(M 1 ) gauge index for M 1 D2 branes on 456 direction and I, J are U(M 2 ) gauge index for M 2 D2 branes on 4'5'6' direction. Finally, as our gauge group contains U(1) as a subgroup, there is an FI term: Collecting the D-related Lagrangian terms, we have the following matrix model action

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which gives the equation of motion of The equation of motion of D 8 + iD 9 = D C is We notice that there is no S in this equation, due to the absence of the N = 4 completion of S. In other words, T is zero in the formal expression (B.55). We can do the same for the second quiver. Collecting all the relevant D-terms and solving the EOM forD 7 =D, we get The FI parameter ξ and the non-commutativity parameter 2 . There is a relation between the FI parameter ξ and the non-commutativity parameter 2 . We have observed in the D2 1 − D6 1 string quantization a tachyon with its mass squared given by We can resolve this potential instability and supersymmetry breaking issue by looking at the induced mass term in the 3d Lagrangian [131]: Mass squared of I is ξ g 2 2 and that of J is −ξ g 2 2 . Hence, identifying this information with (B.63), we get: Because v 1 = −v 2 = 2 in our background, the FI parameter is related to the noncommutativity parameter 2 : This condition makes sure the low energy action to be supersymmetric. For the detailed discussion on the tachyon condensation and restoration of the supersymmetry, see [131,134].
On the moduli space M N,K (M 1 , M 2 ), there is a universal rank M 1 bundle denoted by V 1 , and a universal rank M 2 bundle denoted by V 2 , and a universal map T : Assume that ξ = 0, and denote by

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Recall that M N,K (M 1 , M 2 ) has algebro-geometric description [135]. Let's assume that ξ > 0, then M N,K (M 1 , M 2 ) is the space of stable solutions to the equations Here "stable" means that the only subspace of which contains the image of I andĨ and is invariant under the actions of X, Y,X,Ỹ , S, T is C M 1 ⊕ C M 2 itself. This has the following obvious consequences: Assume that ξ > 0, then we have an isomorphism: where "stable" means the locus inside µ −1 C (0) such that {X, Y, I, J,X,Ỹ ,Ĩ,J, S} satisfies that Remark 1. If we assume ξ < 0 instead, then the stability condition in the above lemma becomes * The only subspace of C M 1 ⊕ C M 2 , which is annihilated by J ⊕J and invariant under the actions of X, Y,X,Ỹ , S, T is 0.

Remark 2. Lemma 2 says that
, and the following technical result [135, Proposition 3.5] provide a geometric interpretation of this equality: • Let x be a point in µ −1 C (0), then x is stable if and only if the GL M 1 × GL M 2 orbit through x intersects with µ −1 R (ξ · I M 1 ×M 1 , ξ · I M 2 ×M 2 ). Namely, if we consider the union of GL M 1 × GL M 2 orbits of (µ C × µ R ) −1 (0, ξ · I M 1 ×M 1 , ξ · I M 2 ×M 2 ), then this set is exactly µ −1 C (0) stable , and it is known that GL M 1 × GL M 2 acts on µ −1 C (0) stable freely, so we have Notice that when ξ > 0, the stability condition implies that the subset of quiver data (X, Y, I, J ) is stable as an individual ADHM quiver. This shows that: is the moduli space of torsion-free sheaves on P 2 framed at P 1 ∞ with rank N and second Chern number M 1 . Moreover, π is a locally trivial fibration with fibers isomorphic to the quiver variety associated to the quiver diagram. The stability condition is that C X ,Ỹ (Im(Ĩ) + Im(S)) = C M 2 . JHEP08(2022)214 such that the C-dimension of the sheaf is M2. 28 A regular sequence of length n in a commutative ring A is a set of elements a1, · · · , an ∈ A such that ai+1 does not have zero-divisor in the quotient ring A/(a1, · · · , ai)A, for all i ranging from 0 to n − 1 (set a0 = 0). The key point is that, if A is smooth, then a sequence a1, · · · , an ∈ A is regular if and only if dim SpecA − dim SpecA/(a1, · · · , ai)A = n. 29 Local complete intersection means locally embeds into a smooth ambient space and is cut out by a regular sequence of equations. 30 Pure dimension means all irreducible components have the same dimension.

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to show that µ −1 is a principal GL M 2 × GL M 1 bundle and l.c.i property descends to a smooth morphism.
We claim that the map is flat. 31 Note that the component Hom (M 1 , M 2 ) where S takes value in, plays no role in the map µ C , so µ C factors through the product of moment maps And it is known that µ N C :  32 Hence both µ N C and µ K C are flat and we deduce that µ C is flat.
Since {0} → gl M 1 × gl M 2 is a regular embedding, the flatness of µ C implies that µ −1 C (0) embeds into the ambient space regularly, and it has dimension and obviously its open subset µ −1 C (0) stable has the same property.
In the proof of the proposition, we show that • Assume that ξ = 0 and N K = 0, then every irreducible component of M N,K (M 1 , M 2 ) has dimension M 1 M 2 + 2M 1 N + 2M 2 K. In particular, the virtual dimension is the actual dimension.

C.2 Virtual tangent bundle
Assume that ξ = 0 in this subsection. It is well known that the tangent bundle of M N,K (M 1 , M 2 ) is the cohomology of the complex where the middle term has cohomology degree zero. dµ C is the differential of the moment map, and explicitly it is written as 31 Flatness means pullback of short exact sequence of sheaves is a short exact sequence. 32 We use the equivalence between (1) and (4)

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σ descends from the action of gl M 1 × gl M 2 , and explicitly it is written as It is easy to verify that dµ C • σ = 0. Note that σ is injective and dµ C is surjective by stability. This obstruction theory can be written as a complex of tautological bundles: The difference between (C.9) and (C.6) is that Hom(V 2 , V 1 ) drops out and chain maps are restricted to the rest of components. In (C.9), σ is injective by stability condition, but dµ C is not necessarily surjective. We shall show that dµ C fails to be surjective at some points on M N,K (M 1 , M 2 ).

C.3 Some subvarieties of moduli space
We assume that ξ > 0 in this subsection. Let us investigate some subvarieties of
(C.13) Proof. We only prove for the case ξ > 0, the case ξ < 0 is similar. It is enough to show that: (1) M(M 1 , 1) T 1 is proper; proper. Note that if we can show (1) then the same argument shows that M(M (2) 2 , 1) T 2 is proper as well.
Notice that (1) is a special case of (2), since M(M 1 , 1) = Quot M 1 (O C 2 ) and both of the torus act on C 2 by (x, y) → (rx, r −1 y), where (x, y) is a coordinate system on where e i has weight i, X maps e i to λ i e i−1 and Y maps e i to µ i e i+1 (we set λ i = 0 if i / ∈ {1, · · · , M 1 − 1} and set µ i = 0 if i / ∈ {0, · · · , M 1 − 2}), and I, J map between C · e 0 and the framing node C N . It can be easily deduced from the stability condition that It follows from the equation [X, Y ] + IJ = 0 that Combine the above two facts with the equation λ M 1 = 0, and we deduce that λ i = 0, ∀i. In the moduli space of quiver representations, we can scale each node, so we can assume that µ i = 1 for i = 0, · · · , M 1 − 2. The remaining moduli parameters are I : C N → C · e 0 and J : C · e 0 → C N satisfying IJ = 0 and the stability condition that I = 0, and it is well-known that this moduli space is T * P N −1 , the cotangent bundle of P N −1 . Hence we see that M N (M 1 ) T 1 contains a connected component isomorphic to T * P N −1 , which is non-compact.
A peculiar fact about K = 1 is that M 0,1 (0, M 2 ) (this is a consequence of stability condition together with the F-term equation), so we can actually turn on a larger torus action, namely the two dimensional torus acting on bothX andỸ . This torus will be denoted by T 2 . Similarly, if N = 1 then we have a two dimensional torus acting on X and Y .
More generally, we have a five dimensional torus T 1 ×T 2 ×T 3 acting on M N,K (M 1 , M 2 ), which extends the action of T {1,2,3} . The action is defined by (a 1 , a 2 ) ∈ T 1 : (X, Y, I, J ) → (a 1 X, a 2 Y, I, a 1 a 2 J), (C.14) Denote this torus by T edge , then we have the following: Under the above assumptions, M 1,1 (M 1 , M 2 ) T edge is disjoint union of points, 36 points one-to-one correspond to M 1 + 2 copies of Young diagrams Moreover, the generating function for the number of T edge -fixed points can be written as where (a; y) ∞ = ∞ k=0 (1 − ay k ) is the Pochhammer symbol. 36 In the scheme-theoretical sense, i.e. there is no infinitesimal deformation of those points inside the T edge -fixed points loci.

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Proof. Recall that the edge torus fixed points of the ADHM quiver variety M 1,0 (M, 0) is disjoint union of points which are one-to-one correspond to Young diagrams Y with |Y | = M . More precisely, a fixed point p ∈ M 1,0 (M, 0) T 1 corresponds to a unique T 1 -equivariant quiver representation of which C M decomposes into T 1 weight spaces where (i, j) ∈ Y is the (i, j) box in the Young diagram Y and e i,j is a vector of weight (−i, −j) under the T 1 action. We set e i,j = 0 if (i, j) / ∈ Y , then X maps e i,j to e i+1,j and Y maps e i,j to e i,j+1 and I maps the flavour vector to e 0,0 and all other arrows are zero.
Back to our situation, we have 2 ) T 2 .
From the discussion above, we see that M 0,1 (0, M 2 ) T 2 is disjoint union of points labelled by Young diagrams with M 2 ) T 1 ×T 2 → M 1,0 (M 1 , 0) T 1 and the latter is also disjoint union of points labelled by Young diagrams with M 1 boxes. Let us fix Young diagrams Y (1) and Y 2 ) T 1 ×T 2 corresponds to a T 1 × T 2 -equivariant quiver representation of which C M decomposes into T 1 × T 2 weight spaces where (i, j) ∈ Y is the (i, j) box in the Young diagram Y (1) and e i,j is a vector of weight (−i, −j) under the T 1 action and of weight zero under the T 2 action. Next we decompose C M (1) 2 into T 1 weight spaces: where V i,j has T 1 weight (−i, −j). By equivariance, S maps e i,j to V i,j andX,Ỹ maps V i,j to itself, and by stability, we have C X ,Ỹ S(e i,j ) = V i,j , this shows that the restriction of X,Ỹ to V i,j is a stable ADHM quiver representation, where the flavour vector is e i,j . In other word, we show that the preimage of p in M 1,0 (M 1 , M Each product factor M 0,1 (0, N i ) T 2 is disjoint union of points which are one-to-one correspond to Young diagrams Y (2) i with N i boxes. Hence we prove that M 1,1 (M 1 , M 2 ) T edge is disjoint union of points which are one-to-one correspond to M 1 + 2 copies of Young diagrams Y (1) , Y (2) 0 , Y

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To enumerate fixed points, notice that , (C. 16) where p(n) is Euler's partition function counting the number of partitions of n in to positive integers. Thus we have In the next subsection, we compute the equivariant K-theory index of M 1,1 (M 1 , M 2 ) using T edge localization. This is a weighted version of (C.15), where the C coefficients will be replaced by K T edge (pt) loc coefficients, the localized ring of characters of T edge . Proof. We only need to show that M N (M 1 ) T 1 is proper. M N (M 1 ) T 1 is the moduli of stable representations of ADHM quivers where the gauge node is a T 1 representation, and the flavour node is a trivial T 1 representation, and (X, Y, I, J ) are equivariant maps. The stability condition C X, Y, Im(I) = C M 1 implies that the T 1 weights of C M 1 are positive. Since J has weight (1, 1) and C N has weight zero, J must be zero. This shows that M N (M 1 ) T 1 = Quot M 1 (O N C 2 ) T 1 , and the latter is proper as we have shown in the proof of Corollary 1.

C.5 Equivariant K-theory index
Following [29], the equivariant K-theory index of the moduli space where O vir is the virtual structure sheaf of M 1,1 (M 1 , M 2 ). Since our moduli space M 1,1 (M 1 , M 2 ) is l.c.i by Proposition 2, the virtual structure sheaf is the actual structure sheaf, i.e. O vir = O. The equivariant K-theory partition function is defined by

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Using equivariant localization, the T edge -equivariant K-theory index of M 1,1 (M 1 , M 2 ) can be written in terms of T edge -fixed points: where T vir is the virtual tangent bundle (C.9). Let us denote the equivariant parameters of T 1 by r 1 , r 2 , and denote the equivariant parameters of T 2 by s 1 , s 2 , and that of T 3 by t. Then the T edge -equivariant K-theory class of the virtual tangent bundle (C.9) can be written as where V 1 and V 2 are universal bundles on M 1,1 (M 1 , M 2 ) of rank M 1 and M 2 respectively, note that they are equivariant under the T edge action. At a fixed point labelled by the fibers of V 1 and V 2 are representations of T edge , and their T edge characters can be described as following. Let us introduce the notation w Y (1) = (i,j)∈Y (1) From the description of the T edge fixed points, we know that Y 1 , · · · , Y M 1 are one-to-one correspond to boxes (i, j) in the diagram Y (1) , so we use the notation Y (2) (i,j) to indicate their relationship to Y (1) . Then the characters of V 1 and V 2 are where T vir is given by (C. 20), and S • (T vir ) is the plethystic exponential of the virtual character T vir , and the * operator maps (r 1 , r 2 , s 1 , s 2 , t) to (r −1 1 , r −1 2 , s −1 1 , s −1 2 , t −1 ).
Example. Let us compute the example M 1 = M 2 = 1 explicitly. In this case there is only one possible Y (1) , which is a single box at (0, 0). There are two T edge -fixed points: The limit s 1 s 2 → 1. In the example that we computed above, we notice that when s 1 s 2 → 1, the contribution from the fixed point Y In other words, the fixed points outside ofM 1,1 (M 1 , M 2 ) do not contribute in this limit.
Proof. Suppose that we have a fixed point labelled by M 1 +2 Young diagrams Y (1) , Y 0 , Y (i,j) , where (i, j) takes value in coordinate of box in Y (1) . We need to show that S • (T vir ) vanishes in the limit s 1 s 2 → 1 when there is an (i, j) ∈ Y (1) such that Y (2) (i,j) is non-empty. We claim that it is enough to show that the virtual character T vir s 1 s 2 →0 has negative constant term. To prove the claim, we notice that constant term in T vir s 1 s 2 →0 comes from k a k (s 1 s 2 ) k − l b l (s 1 s 2 ) l in T vir , where a k , b l are positive integers. After taking the plethystic exponential, this term becomes l (1 − s l 1 s l 2 ) b l k (1 − s k 1 s k 2 ) a k and this becomes zero in the limit s 1 s 2 → 1 if l b l > k a k , i.e. T vir s 1 s 2 →0 has negative constant term.

C.6 Connection to the 5d Chern-Simons algebra of operators
Notice that in the t → 0, r 1 r 2 → 1, s 1 s 2 → 1 limit, the equivariant K-theory partition function of M 1,1 equals Since the equivariant K-theory of ADHM quiver varieties admits a structure of Verma modules of the affine quantum group U q (ĝl 1 ), we see that t = 0 part of Z 1,1 is a character of a Verma module for U q (ĝl 1 ) ⊗ U q (ĝl 1 ). After passing from K-theory to cohomology, part of Z 1,1 is a character of a Verma module for the affine Yangian of gl 1 ⊕ gl 1 , which is exactly the algebra of gauge invariant local observables of the 5d holomorphic Chern-Simons theory with gauge group U(1) × U(1).

D Connectedness of M N,K (M 1 , M 2 )
In this appendix, we show that Next, we show that M N,K (M 1 , M 2 ) is connected when ξ > 0, and the ξ < 0 case is similar. Consider the C × action (D.1), its fixed points in M N,K (M 1 , M 2 ) correspondes to quiver representations such that C M 1 and C M 2 are Z-graded and all arrows in the quiver increase the grade by one. From the stability condition, C X ,Ỹ (Im(Ĩ) + Im(S)) = C M 2 we deduce that C M 2 must be positively graded. Since the framing vector space has grade zero, we conclude thatJ = 0, i.e.  (D.5) The first factor in (D.5) is irreducible [141], and the second factor is obviously irreducible, so U is an irreducible variety, thus Quot