The hierarchion, a relaxion addressing the Standard Model’s hierarchies

We present a mechanism that addresses the electroweak, the strong CP, and the flavor hierarchies of the Standard Model (including neutrino masses) in a unified way. The naturalness of the electroweak scale is solved together with the strong CP problem by the Nelson-Barr relaxion: the relaxion field is identified with the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson of an abelian symmetry with no QCD anomaly. The Nelson-Barr sector generates the “rolling” potential and the relaxion vacuum expectation value at the stopping point is mapped to the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa phase. The same abelian symmetry accounts for the Standard Model’s mass hierarchies and flavor textures through the Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism. We show how the “backreaction” potential of the relaxion can be induced by a sterile neutrino sector, without any extra state with electroweak quantum numbers. The same construction successfully explains neutrino masses and mixings. The only light field in our model is the relaxion, which we call the hierarchion because it is central to our construction that accounts for all the Standard Model hierarchies. Given its interplay with flavor symmetries, the hierarchion can be probed in flavor-violating decays of the Standard Model fermions, motivating a further experimental effort in looking for new physics in rare decays of leptons and mesons.


Introduction
The Standard Model (SM) suffers from several hierarchy issues: it cannot account for the very small scale associated with neutrino masses; it does not explain the structure of charged lepton masses, quark masses and mixing angles; nor does it provide a reason for the strong CP phase being at least ten orders of magnitude smaller than the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) one. Last but not least, it also fails to explain why the Higgs mass is so much smaller than the Planck scale.
In this paper, we show how addressing the Higgs hierarchy problem with cosmological relaxation [1] offers the possibility of addressing all the above shortcomings of the SM by a common mechanism -the spontaneous breaking of global symmetries. In our construction, the flavor textures and the hierarchical CP phases of the SM emerge from the spontaneous breaking of CP and flavor symmetries at a high scale, whereas the naturalness problem is addressed by the cosmological evolution of a single pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB), dubbed as the hierarchion.
In cosmological relaxation models, the Higgs mass depends on a scalar field, the relaxion, whose dynamics is controlled by a non-generic potential [2]. Such a potential arises from the explicit breaking of a spontaneously broken abelian symmetry, U(1) clock , which acts as a shift on the relaxion field. This symmetry is broken by two sequesterd sectors: JHEP08(2018)153 the "rolling" sector and the "backreaction" sector. The two sectors have exponentially hierarchical charges under the U(1) clock , resulting in exponentially hierarchical periodicities in the relaxion potential. A calculable setup with these features has been presented in refs. [3][4][5]. During inflation, the relaxion rolls down the rolling potential (with a very large periodicity), loses energy through Hubble friction, and eventually stops at the "wiggles" induced by the backreaction potential (with a smaller periodicity).
Our starting point is the Nelson-Barr relaxion of ref. [6] which provides a unified solution to the Higgs hierarchy problem and the strong CP problem. We require CP to be an exact symmetry of the UV theory, broken only spontaneously by the hierarchion vacuum expectation value (VEV). If the U(1) clock has no mixed anomaly with QCD, the hierarchion VEV does not induce a strong CP phase at tree-level, and can be mapped to the CKM phaseà la Nelson-Barr (NB) [7][8][9]. To sequester the CP phase from the QCD sector, the up and/or the down sectors of the SM need to be extended. The relaxion rolling potential is hence generated by integrating out the extended quark sector.
The next step of our construction is to identify U(1) clock with a horizontal symmetry acting on the SM fermions. The hierarchy between the charged fermion masses is explained a la Froggatt-Nielsen (FN) [10], while the neutrino mass matrix is anarchic [11][12][13][14]. In the quark sector, the main challenge we need to overcome is to fit the CKM structure, and keep the U(1) clock anomaly free at the same time.
The neutrino masses could be simply generated by adding sterile neutrinos that have a FN preserving Majorana mass (see for example ref. [15]). We present instead a sterile neutrino sector which also softly breaks the hierarchion shift symmetry, radiatively generating the backreaction potential. This construction gives a completely novel way of generating the relaxion wiggles, which does not involve any new electroweak (EW) charged state below the TeV scale. The smallness of neutrino masses is explained by a combination of seesaw mechanism and FN suppression. Moreover, the hierarchion mass gets interestingly connected to the scale of the SM neutrinos.
This completes the dynamical picture of the hierarchion, which is at the same time the relaxion, the familon of a global horizontal symmetry [16][17][18][19][20], and the CKM phase of NB models. In figure 1 we present a cartoon of our construction, which we are going to detail in what follows. The parameter space of the hierarchion is presented in figure 2, both in the case where the backreaction is induced by the sterile neutrino sector or by a different ad hoc sector, like in ref. [2].
In the case of sterile neutrino backreaction, the phenomenology of the hierarchion is completely dominated by its familon nature, which induces flavor-violating (FV) decays of SM leptons and quarks [21,22]. In this regard, the hierarchion shares some similarities with axion models where the axion has FV couplings to fermions [15,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. One crucial difference is that for the hierarchion with sterile neutrino backreaction, the couplings to the SM leptons are unsuppressed while the one to SM quarks are suppressed by a very small charge with respect to U(1) clock . In this case, the hierarchion can be probed by looking at FV decays of the muon or of the tau, accompanied by missing energy [30][31][32][33][34][35]. While the bounds on τ → µ φ are likely to be improved at Belle II, the current best bound on µ → e φ is set by 30 year old data collected by the TRIUMF experiment [32]. This bound can be only marginally improved by µ → eγ experiments, like MEG [36], MEG II [37] and Mu3e [38], looking at µ → eγφ events (see also ref. [39] for a comprehensive review of these experiments). The improvement could be substantial if a dedicated analysis on electron-only events is developed along the lines of ref. [32]. The latter is likely to require an upgrade of the detector and data-acquisition system (see for example ref. [40]). If the backreaction sector is generic, the available parameter space gets bigger, and complementary constraints for hierarchion masses heavier than 1 keV can be derived from the relaxion couplings induced by its mixing with the SM Higgs [41]. The bounds from FV Kaon decays K → π φ from combined E787 and E949 data [42], and the FV B-meson bound B → K φ from Babar [43] could also possibly play a role if the SM quark charges under U(1) clock are unsuppressed with respect to the lepton ones. These bounds will be improved in the near future by NA62 [44], and possibly by KOTO [45] and Belle II [46]. This paper is organized as follows, in section 2 we set our notation by reviewing the relaxion and its implementation in the clockwork mechanism. In section 3 we present the quark sector of our construction: we first review the NB relaxion in section 3.1, and then extend the construction to a full FN model in section 3.2. In section 3.3 we present a concrete set of charges addressing the flavor puzzle in the quark sector. In section 4 we discuss the lepton sector. In particular, in section 4.1 we show how the FN mechanism makes it possible to generate the backreaction potential with sterile neutrinos. We then discuss the neutrino and charged lepton texture in this setup. In section 5 we show the parameter space of the hierarchion, and discuss its phenomenology. In appendix A we discuss the radiative stability of the NB relaxion once extended to a full FN model, and an example of a UV completion is given in appendix B. In appendix C we give some details about the parametric of the backreaction potential induced by the sterile neutrinos. Finally, in appendix D we present the current status of searches of FV decays in the lepton sector, and discuss future improvements.

JHEP08(2018)153 2 The relaxion-clockwork mechanism
In the following section, we give a brief review of the relaxion [1] and the clockwork [3][4][5] mechanisms to set up our notation. The relaxion can be identified as the pNGB of a spontaneously broken U(1) clock symmetry. The U(1) clock gets broken explicitly by two sectors that are sequestered from each other: the rolling sector and the backreaction sector. Each of these explicit breaking sources induces a potential for the relaxion field with periodicity proportional to the relaxion decay constant divided by the charges carried by the fields in each sector.
The rolling potential can be written as where H is the SM Higgs doublet, φ is the relaxion, Λ H is the UV cut-off of the Higgs effective field theory, and F is the periodicity of the rolling sector. Notice that κ 1 while the scale Λ roll accounts for the fact that the threshold contributing to the rolling potential in eq. (2.1) can be different from the one giving the relaxion coupling to the Higgs Λ H in eq. (2.2) (see refs. [2,47]). Sometimes, for convenience, we will write the formula in terms of r roll ≡ Λ 2 roll /Λ 2 H . Starting from an initial field value φ φ c ≈ −|F cos −1 κ|, such that µ 2 (φ) is positive and the EW symmetry unbroken, the relaxion rolls down during inflation, dissipating energy through Hubble friction. 1 Once φ φ c , µ 2 (φ) becomes negative, and the SM Higgs doublet develops a VEV, spontaneously breaking the EW symmetry. In a unitary gauge we can write After EW symmetry breaking (EWSB) occurs, the backreaction potential generates the wiggles making it possible for the relaxion to stop rolling. The backreaction potential can be parametrized as where f is the periodicity of the backreaction sector, and M br parametrizes the mass threshold controlling the backreaction potential. Notice that the term proportional to r 2 br in eq. (2.4) generates wiggles which are independent of the EW VEV, and hence would exist even before EWSB. In order for the relaxion mechanism to select the EW scale, we should therefore require this Higgs-independent contribution to be smaller than the a Higgs-dependent one. This usually implies an upper bound on M br : 1 Another possible source of energy dissipation one should consider is particle production if non-zero couplings with the SM bath are switched on [48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. However, this is always subdominant compared to the Hubble friction if the relaxion velocity remains small throughout its rolling.

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with the rightmost bound coming from closing the Higgs loop (as emphasized in refs. [2,41,47]). The same bound is often quoted in terms of Λ br ≡ √ vM br and reads Λ br < √ 4πv. As we will show in an explicit example in section 4.1, the upper bound in eq. (2.5) becomes more stringent if the Higgs-dependent and Higgs-independent contributions to the backreaction potential are generated at the same loop order.
At the end of its rolling, the relaxion stops at a local minimum of the potential, An arbitrary constant can always be added to the potential in order to tune the cosmological constant to its observed value at the end of the rolling. The minimization condition in eq. (2.7) relates the ratio between the Higgs bare mass, Λ H , and the backreaction scale, Λ br , to the ratio of the periodicities in the relaxion potential, F/f . The problem of achieving Λ H Λ br is then translated to F f , which requires a large hierarchy of charges between the rolling sector and the backreaction sector [2].
One way to create such a hierarchy of charges is the so-called clockwork mechanism [3][4][5]. This construction introduces N + 1 spontaneously broken abelian symmetries at different sites of a moose diagram, as shown in figure 1. 2 The potential is where for simplicity we assumed that the masses and quartic-couplings at every site are equal, so that the resulting decay constants of the associated Nambu-Goldstone bosons are given by f = m clock / √ 2g clock . The potential above has a U(1) N +1 symmetry. The different sites are connected by -suppressed operators, breaking explicitly N of the abelian symmetries Expanding all the scalars around their VEV's and taking | | g 2 clock ∼ 1 so that the radial modes can be decoupled, we get the potential for the angular modes, π j ,

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This leaves a single massless Nambu-Goldstone boson whose wave function is exponentially peaked at the 0 th site 12) where for N 1, the normalization constant is c φ (N ) ≈ 8/9, which we take to be 1 in what follows. Notice that φ non-linearly realizes the spontaneously broken U(1) clock symmetry: with α ∈ 0, 3 N . All the other pNGB's get a mass m 2 i ≈ f 2 , and zero VEV. The overlap between the massless eigenstate, φ, and the site j is π j |φ ≈ 1/3 j . Introducing explicit breaking of the global U(1) clock at the site j of the clockwork would generate a potential for φ with periodicity of order 3 j f . Therefore, by putting the backreaction sector at the 0 th site and the rolling sector at the N th site, we achieve the desired hierarchy for the relaxion potential F/f ≈ 3 N , which, through eq. (2.7), solves the hierarchy problem between Λ H and Λ br .
Going back to figure 1, one can already visualize the different elements of the clockworkrelaxion, and the role they are going to play in the hierarchion construction. The U(1) clock is identified with a FN flavor symmetry. A NB sector breaks the U(1) clock at the last site, and also maps the O(1) phase φ 0 F to the CKM phase while not generating a strong CP phase at tree-level. Finally, as we discuss in section 4, the backreaction potential can be generated by a 10 GeV scale sterile neutrino sector that breaks U(1) clock at the first site of the clockwork chain.

The quark sector
In this section, we present the quark sector of the hierarchion model. We begin by reviewing the NB relaxion of ref. [6], slightly extending the original construction, and then proceed to unify it with the FN mechanism.

The Nelson-Barr relaxion
The NB relaxion unifies the NB solution of the strong CP problem [7][8][9] with the relaxion solution of the hierarchy problem. NB models assume that CP is a good symmetry in the UV, which gets broken only spontaneously at an intermediate scale. Whereas the spontaneous breaking of CP generates an O(1) CKM phase, the strong CP phase generated at the intermediate scale is smaller than the observed bound,θ QCD ≤ 10 −10 [55]. Once such a boundary condition is set by a UV model,θ QCD remains small under renormalization group flow because the running ofθ QCD due to the CKM phase is a seven loop effect in the SM [56]. The model of ref. [6] marries cosmological relaxation to the NB mechanism by utilizing the fact that the relaxion spontaneously breaks CP by stopping at an O(1) value JHEP08(2018)153 (modulo 2π) of both θ 0 ≡ φ 0 f and θ N ≡ φ 0 F . For the NB relaxion, the O(1) spontaneous CP breaking becomes a blessing as the NB texture allows for the phase θ N ≡ φ 0 F to be mapped to the CKM phase while keeping contributions toθ QCD small enough. This must be contrasted with the QCD relaxion models where the relaxion is identified with the axion, and an O(1) value ofθ QCD ∼ θ 0 ≡ φ 0 f results in the 'Relaxion CP Problem'. The ingredients required for such a NB solution automatically generate a rolling potential for the relaxion, leading to a unified solution of the strong CP and hierarchy problems.
The minimal model, presented in ref. [6], is an adaptation of the model of ref. [57], with Φ N identified with the field that spontaneously breaks CP. We present here a simple extension of the NB relaxion where both the up and the down quark sectors are extended by the addition of two pairs of heavy vector-like fermion pair, (ψ u , ψ c u ) and (ψ d , ψ c d ), which are coupled to the SM as where all couplings can be chosen to be real because of the underlying CP symmetry. The structure of the Lagrangian in eq. (3.1) is enforced by a discrete Z 2 symmetry under which ψ u,d , ψ c u,d and Φ N are charged. The Weyl fermions ψ u,d and ψ c u,d are in the fundamental and anti-fundamental of SU(3) C , and carry opposite hypercharges: ±2/3 for the up-type and ±1/3 for the down-type. The U(1) N gets explicitly broken by the interactions of Φ N , the breaking being controlled by the product of the couplings g ugu and g dgd .
We now show that the above Lagrangian leads to a successful NB mechanism along the lines of ref. [57]. Setting Φ N to its VEV, we can define the only CP violating couplings, The 4 × 4 mass matrices of the up and down quarks at tree-level are where, again, the zeros of the 3 × 1 blocks are enforced by the Z 2 symmetry, forbidding QHψ c u and QHψ c d . The special structure of the above matrices ensures that Since the Z 2 symmetry is spontaneously broken by the VEV of Φ N , threshold corrections induced by higher dimensional operators like Φ N QHψ c u and Φ N QHψ c d can spoil the above structure, and need to be small enough to satisfy the upper bound on the strong CP phase. We exhibit a power counting where all the threshold corrections are controlled by g ugu and g dgd , so that the upper bound onθ QCD results in an upper bound on these dimensionless couplings. A careful treatment of the loop corrections to the NB setup has been presented in ref. [6]. We will come back to this issue in appendix A after the full hierarchion model is presented.

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Now, we show that while a phase in B u,d 1×3 does not contribute toθ QCD at treelevel, it does generate an O(1) δ CKM . Upon integrating out the vector-like pair, we find the effective 3 × 3 mass matrices squared of the up and down sectors in the SM: Recall that the diagonalizing matrices of the above mass matrices, there is an O(1) phase in the rightmost term of eq. (3.5), which translates to δ CKM ∼ O(1), and a Jarlskog invariant [58] that has the correct observed magnitude. Interestingly, the NB construction also automatically generates the rolling potential for the relaxion. Indeed, the Lagrangian in eq. (3.1) clearly breaks the U(1) N symmetry at the last site, both in the up and in the down sector. Because of the bigger Yukawa couplings, the up sector dominates the radiative corrections to the rolling terms in the relaxion potential. By matching to eq. (2.1) and eq. (2.2), we can then estimate the Higgs cut-off and the rolling potential scale as where g clock and m clock are the O(1) clockwork quartic and mass term in eq. (2.8), and we used the NB condition in eq. (3.7) to get the inequalities on the right hand side. It is worth emphasizing that the existence of the physical phase, θ N in eq. (3.1), which ultimately arises because π N takes a VEV, is closely related to the generation of the rolling potential. This is because in the absence of the rolling potential, π N has only derivative couplings to other SM fields, and no physical phase can arise in the quark mass matrix in such a scenario. The scaling of eq. (3.8) and of eq. (3.9) are a consequence of the hard breaking of the U(1) N symmetry. These imply where in the last inequality, we substitute the upper bound on g u andg u that is required to keep the radiative corrections to the NB construction under control and will be derived later. This inequality, together with eq. (2.7), poses a serious limit on how much the NB relaxion can push up the Higgs UV threshold Λ H compared to other relaxion models where JHEP08(2018)153 In what follows, we show that besides this constraint, one can still get a large viable parameter space for the simplest possible NB relaxion, where also the flavor puzzle and neutrino masses are addressed in a coherent way. Another possible direction would be to relax the upper bound in eq. (3.10) by breaking the U(1) N only softly while still generating an O(1) phase from the relaxion VEV. We leave this challenge for future investigations.

Quark sector: basic setup
We now embed the NB relaxion in a FN setup, by identifying U(1) clock with a horizontal flavor symmetry. Both the SM Yukawa couplings and the vector-like masses of the new fermion pairs of the NB relaxion in eq. (3.1) arise now as higher dimensional operators induced by the underlying FN construction.
The scalar Φ m at the m th site of the clockwork chain is identified with the flavon field, which couples to SM quarks via non-renormalizable interactions, and U m = e iπm/f is the FN familon [16]. The resulting effective Lagrangian is: 3 where Q are the SM SU(2) doublet quarks, and d c and u c are the SM SU(2) singlet quarks. The charges of the fields presented above are normalized with respect to the U(1) m FN symmetry, 4 and the SM Higgs is uncharged without loss of generality, [H] = 0. We normalize the charges such that [Φ m ] = −1, andΦ m = Φ m /Φ * m if the FN charges are positive/negative, so that the FN symmetry is respected. The cut-off scales, Λ u and Λ d , would be associated to the masses of the FN messengers in explicit UV completions [59,60]. After Φ m takes a VEV f (see eq. (2.10)), powers of √ 2ε u,d = f /Λ u,d < 1 account for the hierarchies in the Yukawa matrices: (3.12) and the hierarchies between µ u,d and f : In addition to operators of the form (Φm/Λ u,d ) 3 n , one can consider lower dimension operators of the formΦm−n/Λ u,d , that are allowed by the U(1) clock symmetry. This can potentially jeopardize the FN suppression of the SM Yukawas. However, we assume that the SM quarks are localized at the m th site, so that no tree-level interactions are allowed with clockwork fields other thanΦm. Consequently, the dangerous operators above will be only radiatively generated and are further suppressed by powers of , which make them subdominant. Clearly, this issue does not arise if m = 0. 4 To obtain the charge of any field that is charged under the U(1)m symmetry, with respect to U(1) clock , one must rescale its U (1) ψ u u c , thus forbidding any Yukawa interaction between the vector-like quarks, ψ u,d and ψ c u,d , and the SM fermions. An explicit breaking of the U(1) N is introduced here along the lines of eq. (3.1). The leading operators that break the U(1) N symmetry but preserve both the U(1) m and Z 2 symmetries are In the above, we have assumed the same charge, This corresponds to U(1) clock having a zero Adler-Bell-Jackiw (ABJ) anomaly with QCD, n QCD being the anomaly coefficient. Alternatively, one can see that if eq. (3.15) is satisfied, L Q can be made real by quark chiral rotations, without inducing a GG term. Now, we turn to the condition in eq. (3.6), which is the crucial requirement to get an O(1) contribution to the CKM phase. We define again B u,d to be the 1 × 3 blocks of the mass matrices, as in eq. (3.3), so that elements of B u now include powers of ε u . The fact that the components of B u have different degrees of ε u suppression means that this condition cannot be satisfied in the up sector, unless hierarchical g u k andg u k are introduced. However, introducing a flavor pattern in these couplings will be somehow distasteful. On the other hand, our choice of down FN charges [d c ] = − [ψ d ] implies that the condition in eq. (3.6) can be satisfied for g d k ∼g d k ∼ g d . This results in an O(1) contribution to δ CKM from the down sector as long as µ d |g d | f . From now on we will simplify our discussion by taking g u,d k ∼g u,d k ∼ g u,d , and assuming µ d ∼ B d k and µ u |B u k |. This can be achieved by appropriately choosing that charges of the vector-like fermion pairs in eq. (3.13).
So far, we have admitted only the lowest order breaking of the U(1) N symmetry by the couplings g u,d k ∼g u,d k ∼ g u,d in eq. (3.14). Further higher order corrections, proportional to powers of g u,d , can potentially spoil the structure of the quark mass matrices required for a successful NB mechanism. Such effects are either caused by radiative corrections at the scale f , or by irrelevant operators generated at the scale Λ u,d . In the presence of the U(1) N breaking terms in eq. (3.14), the states at the scale Λ u,d that generate the FN operators of eq. (3.11), also generate dangerous irrelevant operators. For instance, one dangerous c u being an O(1) number. This operator gives a contribution to the 3 × 1 block of the up mass matrix in eq. (3.3), and thus toθ QCD . Another potential contribution toθ QCD can come from the phase in the backreaction sector, θ 0 , via radiative effects involving the states in the backreaction sector. Such a contribution is always suppressed by the size of explicit breaking, (Λ br /v) 4 , and in most cases, where the backreaction sector is well sequestered from the QCD sector, by multiple loop factors. Thus we expect only a weak model dependant upper bound on Λ br from the requirement that this contribution is within experimental bounds. In particular, for the sterile neutrino backreaction sector we propose in section 4.1, (Λ br /v) 4 ∼ 10 −18 and this contribution is completely irrelevant.
In appendix A, we discuss the various contributions toθ QCD . For a very general class of UV models, we find the largest contributions to bē where α q jk are O(1) numbers. The boundθ QCD 10 −10 (from measurements of the neutron electric dipole moment [55]) translates into an upper bound on the explicit breaking of the U(1) N : We further show in detail that once eq. (3.18) is fulfilled, the radiative threshold effects at the scale f , considered in refs. [57,61], are also under control. Notice that unlike refs. [57,61], we introduce U(1) N breaking in a controlled way by the couplings g u,d j ∼ g u,d k ∼ g u,d . This allows us to estimate any higher order contribution toθ QCD parametrically in powers of g u,d by using symmetry arguments only.
As in the case of NB relaxion, the U(1) N breaking in eq. (3.14) radiatively generates the rolling potential. The parametric dependence illustrated in the previous section holds besides that g u f would be here bounded from below by µ d . Most importantly, eq. (3.10) still limits how high the UV cut-off of the Higgs sector can be.

Froggatt-Nielsen charges
Before giving an explicit charge assignment for our setup, we review the basic requirements on the FN charges in our construction. For simplicity, we assume g u,d j ∼g u,d j ∼ g u,d for all three generations, but the requirements below can be easily adapted if some flavor texture is assumed in the g's. ]| in either the up or down sector. This is achieved in the down sector in our model where all the SM quarks have the same charge. As we will see later in this subsection, this feature is completely consistent with the mixings and masses in the down sector. 3. We always assume that the second term in eq. (3.5) does not spoil the hierarchical structure of the first. This condition is generally true, with our assumption g u,d j ∼ g u,d j ∼ g u,d , for a large class of charge assignments satisfying the following conditions (q ∈ {u, d}): Apart form the above, the charge assignment should satisfy another requirement to keep the higher order corrections toθ QCD under control. We discuss this in appendix A. We are now ready to present an explicit charge assignment with [u c k ] ≤ 0, that gives n QCD = 0, satisfies all the other requirements above, 5 and reproduces, with a single 5% tuning, the SM quark masses and mixings. (3.20) The above charge assignment satisfies eq. (3.19) above, hence the texture of the quark masses is determined by the Yukawa matrices Y u,d only. The parametric form for the up and down Yukawa matrices is The down Yukawa matrix, Y d , has a quasi-diagonal form (i.e., Y d jk /Y d kk ≤ 1 for j ≤ k), and one can read off masses and mixings parametrically:

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The up Yukawa matrix, Y u , is instead not quasi-diagonal, unless we tune the O(1) coefficient y u 12 of the 12 entry of eq. (3.21) to be O(ε 2 u ). Once we perform this tuning, we find that eq. (3.22) holds also for the up sector with d → u. We checked that with this O(5%) tuning the charge assignment in eq. (3.20) can fit all the quark masses and mixings for ε d = 0.08 and ε u = 0.16 (we used the SM Yukawas defined at the scale 10 9 GeV from ref. [65]). The above charge assignment also gives µ d ∼ B d k , where we saturate the bound g u,d ∼ 10 −3 in eq. (3.18). Having ε u ∼ 2ε d translates into a mild hierarchy between the cut-off of the up and down sectors: Λ d ∼ 2Λ u . The fact that all the down quarks have the same charge follows from where the right hand side of the above equation is O(1) for all possible pairs j < k for ε d = 0.08.

The lepton sector
We can easily extend our FN construction to the charged and neutral lepton sector in a standard way, such that the Yukawa couplings in these sectors also arise from higher dimensional operators. The neutrino masses can be addressed by the seesaw mechanism, by adding sterile neutrinos that have a FN preserving Majorana mass. We refer to ref. [15] for a complete implementation of the FN mechanism in the lepton sector along these lines.
To obtain the backreaction potential, we still need to introduce a U(1) clock breaking sector at the first site of the clockwork chain, such as the strongly coupled sector in the non-QCD model of ref. [1], or the weakly coupled one in ref. [2]. The backreaction scale in this scenario would depend on the details of the new sector, and can be as high as 4πv. This will thus give us a model that addresses all the SM hierarchies and neutrino masses, and thus will provide an existence proof of the hierarchion idea.
In what follows, we pursue a conceptually more elegant and minimal alternative, where the sterile neutrino sector itself gives rise to the backreaction potential, and there is no need to introduce an extra ad hoc sector. A unique feature of our construction is that the backreaction is generated by states which are singlet under the SM gauge group. These should be below the EW VEV v (and not 4πv like in eq. (2.5)) to get a successful backreaction potential. The only other model where a successful relaxion mechanism is achieved with only SM singlets is the one in ref. [47], which involves, however, two light axion-like states.

The sterile neutrino backreaction
We couple the SM leptons to the 0 th site of the clockwork constructionà la FN. We identify the scalar Φ 0 at the 0 th site of the clockwork chain with the flavon field, which couples to SM leptons via non-renormalizable interactions, and U 0 = e iπ 0 /f is the FN familon. Since π 0 |φ ≈ 1, the familon of the lepton sector is identified with the relaxion and it will be approximately massless as long as the U(1) clock is not explicitly broken. The FN

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Lagrangian for the lepton sector is where L are the SU(2) doublet leptons, e c are the singlet leptons, and N c are two sterile neutrinos which are added to the SM. The charges of the fields are normalized such that [Φ 0 ] = −1, and we define the Yukawa couplings in analogy with the quark sector. Terms such as k are prohibited by a lepton number symmetry, under which L and N c carry opposite charges, and Φ 0 is neutral.
If the sterile neutrino sector breaks the FN symmetry softly, the U(1) clock gets explicitly broken, and a backreaction potential is radiatively generated. As we shall discuss, the main model building challenge is to make the Higgs-dependent contributions to the potential dominating the Higgs-independent ones, such that the EW scale can be successfully selected by the relaxion mechanism. The basic idea to achieve this would be to make use of the FN charge assignment to impose a non-generic pattern in the sterile neutrino mass matrix.
We present here a simple example of how a successful backreaction sector can be achieved with only SM singlets. Two extra sterile neutrinos, N , are added, which have a lepton number opposite to that of the N c 's. We write the following Lagrangian where we have defined the Dirac mass as Notice that the Dirac mass term preserves all the symmetries, whereas the Majorana mass term for N softly breaks both the lepton number and, with two or more generations, the FN symmetry.
To understand the structure of the radiatively induced potential, without loss of generality we can rotate the fields to a special, more convenient, basis, where the only nonderivative interactions of

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All the contributions to the relaxion potential are then proportional to cos ∆nφ f (as expected from the fact that the breaking of the shift symmetry only arises for two or more generations). Since a collective breaking mechanism is at work, the quadratic divergent diagrams are independent of U 0 . Integrating out the full neutrino sector at 1-loop, we get two kinds of contributions to the Coleman-Weinberg (CW) potential: where M ≈ max M D , M M , and we cut-off the loop integral at the scale of the clockwork radial modes, m clock ≈ g clock f , where g clock , defined in eq. (2.8), is an O(1) coupling. In appendix C, we show how the scaling of these contributions can be easily derived in the limit M M M D by integrating out the N 's. Another way is to directly expand the full CW potential in the mass insertion approximation.
Notice that V D is log-enhanced, and that the U 0 -dependent piece scales linearly with the off-diagonal entries of the Dirac mass M D . Indeed, it is easy to show that if M D is diagonal, then eq. (4.5) does not depend on U 0 . 6 V br is, instead, a sum of finite contributions, like the one showed in eq. (4.6), and is non-zero when the Dirac mass M D is diagonal. This difference makes it possible to parametrically suppress V D by making M D nearly diagonal, thus getting a successful backreaction potential with sterile neutrinos at the EW scale.
For simplicity we take all the entries in M M to be of the same order, and fix |[N k ] + [N c k ]| to get the diagonal terms in M D of the same order: For ease of notation, we use the following definitions for the FN charges: where j = k, there is no summation on repeated indices, and we have taken m clock 10 9 GeV. Notice that under these conditions, the constraint of eq. (2.5), coming from suppressing the 2-loop contributions to the backreaction potential, is automatically fulfilled. The advantage of getting the backreaction potential from the sterile neutrino sector is that within the same construction, we can explain the spectrum of SM neutrino and charged JHEP08(2018)153 leptons. Furthermore, the unique flavor structure presented above gives predictions on the absolute scale of the SM neutrino parameters. To obtain the active neutrino mass matrix, we integrate out the four sterile neutrinos, and get the Weinberg operator , and we write on the right hand side the parametric behavior of the non-zero neutrino masses, defining y N as the order of magnitude of the elements of the Yukawa matrix Y n . Since W is rank 2, one of the neutrino mass eigenstates is massless. Hence, the absolute scale of the SM neutrinos mass parameters is deduced from the measurements of neutrino oscillations. The large mixing angles in the lepton sector are explained by assigning equal or similar charges to the lepton SU (2) doublets (see, for instance, refs. [66,67]). In the case of one massless neutrino eigenstate and inverted hierarchy structure, (m 2 − m 1 ) /m 1 < 2%, namely m 1 and m 2 are approximately degenerate. This approximate degeneracy cannot be accounted for by a general anarchic mass matrix, thus our model favors normal flavor ordering of neutrino masses. The backreaction potential in eq. (4.6) depends quadratically on the EW VEV. However, getting the correct SM neutrino masses provides an extra constraint on the parametric of the backreaction potential, which gives To get the upper bound, we used eq. (4.9), and took m ν to be the upper bound on the sum of SM neutrino masses [68]. We now give a working charge assignment for the full lepton sector -one which leads to a successful backreaction, and a correct flavor structure for the SM leptons and neutrinos. We take ε n = 0.09 and ε c = 0.07, and assign the following U(1) 0 charges: This charge assignment is valid for M = 20 GeV and f = 10 9 GeV, as can be understood from eq. (4.7). In this specific choice, the additional heavy neutrino mass states will have their mass values span in the range ∼ 1 − 100 GeV. Due to [L j ] being zero, the mass hierarchies of the charged leptons are realized by choosing the lepton SU(2) singlets charges: c . Given the parametric in eq. (4.10), a value of y N ∼ 10 −7 gives the correct neutrino mass scale. While this is a small value for the Yukawa coupling compared to standard seesaw scenarios, it is still much larger than the size of the Yukawas for purely Dirac neutrinos, which is y N ∼ m ν /v ∼ 10 −14 . The smallness of neutrino masses in our model arises then from a combination of the FN and seesaw mechanisms. Moreover, the charge assignment of the sterile neutrinos results in a nearly diagonal M D mass matrix, which is required in order to suppress the Higgs-independent terms in eq. (4.5).

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As a final remark, it is worth mentioning that since the relaxion φ gets a VEV at the end of its dynamics (see eq. (2.6)), there is a physical phase, e iθ 0 , in the leptonic sector, which can always be rotated into diagonal entries of M M . The existence of such an O(1) phase opens the interesting possibility that our construction could satisfy the Sakharov conditions for baryogenesis. An investigation of this idea is left for future works.

Parameter space and phenomenology
We now discuss the phenomenological consequences of our construction, and assess its parameter space. Our results are summarized in figure 2. Like in other relaxion models, we have to deal with two constraints: • There is an upper bound on Λ H coming from requiring a successful relaxion cosmology. As first discussed in ref. [1], in order for the relaxion mechanism to work, two requirements must be met: first, the vacuum energy during inflation should be greater than the vacuum energy due to the relaxion field, and secondly, the time evolution of φ should be dominated by its classical rolling. Combining these requirements, one finds that where we also indicated the lower bound on Λ H arising from not having seen any new physics at the LHC. Notice that this upper bound can be overcome in alternative setups, where the relaxion is also the inflaton, as in ref. [51], and the first requirement is not necessary. The necessity of the second requirement is discussed in more detail in ref. [69].
• There is an upper bound on Λ br which comes from the requirement of having a successful backreaction sector. The estimate from naive dimensional analysis of this bound is given by eq. (2.5). In the hierarchion setup, requiring the backreaction to arise from the sterile neutrino sector implies the more stringent bound given in eq. (4.11).
There are two extra constraints which come from the NB relaxion: • The relations in eq. (3.8) and in eq. (3.10) provide a direct relation between the cut-off scale Λ H and relaxion decay constant f . These relations are typical of UV sensitive implementations of the NB relaxion, where the U(1) clock is broken explicitly by the NB sector.
• In order to keep the quantum corrections of the NB construction under control, we get a strong upper bound on the couplings g u,d , which we write in eq. (3.18). The details of how this bound is obtained are in appendix A. As already noticed in ref. [6], the bottom line is that such an upper bound is generic in any flavor construction which goes beyond Minimal Flavor Violation.  . Allowed parameter space of the hierarchion construction. We marginalize on g u,d ∼ g u,d ∈ (10 −3 , 10 −6 ). The blue dashed contours indicate the maximal value of these couplings. The blue shaded boundaries results from LHC constraints, having successful relaxion cosmology (see eq. (5.1)), and the upper bound on the backreaction scale in eq. (2.5). In the region inside the green boundary, the backreaction is generated by the sterile neutrino portal (see eq. (4.11)). We include constraints on the hierarchion from its Higgs portal couplings [41] (red), from flavor violating muon decays [32] (magenta), and star cooling from electron coupling [70,71] (orange). The red dot-dashed contours correspond to the relaxion-Higgs mixing in eq. (5.4).
Putting all the above constraints together, we get the shaded blue triangle-shaped boundaries in figure 2. The shape of these boundaries is typical of any NB relaxion model as noticed in ref. [6]. The boundary on the right is given by the upper bound on the backreaction scale. The smaller green triangle-shaped region in figure 2 corresponds to the region of the parameter space where the sterile neutrino portal can generate the backreaction scale, and eq. (4.11) is satisfied. The left and bottom boundaries of the triangle are given by the cut-off constraints in eq. (5.1). Through the matching conditions in eq. (3.8) and in eq. (3.10), the left boundary is dependent on the value of g u,d ∼g u,d ∼ g u,d 10 −3 . In figure 2 we marginalize over these couplings, indicating in the blue contours their maximal value in every region of the parameter space. The Higgs UV cut-off is strongly bounded from above for the sterile neutrino backreaction sector, but can be much higher if a new JHEP08(2018)153 backreaction sector is introduced Λ H (10 2 , 10 5 ) TeV· g ugu 10 −6 · Λ br 10 MeV, 100 GeV 4 7 .
(5.2) Two related drawbacks of the hierarchion setup are the increased number of clockwork sites compared to other relaxion scenarios, and the theoretical challenge of screening the relaxion backreaction potential from Planck scale suppressed corrections. We refer to ref. [6] for a discussion of this last point.
We now comment on the phenomenology of our setup. The mass of the hierarchion is set by the backreaction sector, so that we get where the two values on the right hand side of the inequality correspond to the highest possible backreaction scale and to the sterile neutrino backreaction, respectively. Within this mass range, the hierarchion is always long lived, so it will show up as missing energy at collider experiments, and possibly affect astrophysical and cosmological processes. The main novelty of the hierarchion is that it carries the standard Higgs portal couplings of any relaxion model together with the familon couplings typical of FN constructions based on global symmetries [15,21,26]. We briefly describe the features of these two set of couplings in turn: • The Higgs portal coupling are generated from the backreaction sector, as described in ref. [41]. The relaxion mixing with the SM Higgs can be written as and it is shown in figure 2 as dot-dashed red contours. In our particular mass range, the relevant constraints exclude the red-shaded region in figure 2. This is the rough combination of bounds coming from astrophysical processes [72][73][74][75], from distortion of the Extragalactic Background Light [41], and from flavor-violating Kaon decays induced by the Higgs portal couplings [42].
• The familon-type couplings result in derivative interactions of the hierarchion with SM fermions, which induce ∆F = 1 FV processes at tree-level. It is convenient to summarize here the couplings of the hierarchion to SM fermions after EWSB: sector, then the lepton sector needs to be localized at the 0 th site, and the lepton FN charges are unsuppressed. We can estimate the width of the FV lepton decays as Notice that the FV decay widths of the muon and the tau are suppressed with respect to the generic estimates of ref. [21], by ∼ (m e /m µ ) 2 and ∼ (m µ /m τ ) 2 , respectively. This is because when [L] = (0, 0, 0), we need to pay a right-handed rotation to get a FV coupling. As the right-handed charges need to reproduce the lepton mass hierarchy, the 12 and 23 off-diagonal terms in eq. (5.5) are suppressed by ∼ m e /m µ and m µ /m τ , respectively. 7 In figure 2, we show the current best bound on BR(µ + → e + φ) < 2.6 · 10 −6 from the TRIUMF experiment [32], which translates into f 2.8 · 10 7 GeV. Bounds from FV tau decay gives subdominant constraints. We comment in appendix D on possible improvements in searches of FV decays in the lepton sector at Belle II, MEG II, and Mu3e.
• The flavor diagonal couplings of the hierarchion to SM electrons affect star cooling, resulting in f 6 · 10 8 GeV [70,71] up to relaxion masses of 100 keV. This constraint is almost two orders of magnitude stronger than the one from FV leptonic decays when [L] = (0, 0, 0). This constraint severely reduces the parameter space for the sterile neutrino portal.
• The couplings to SM charged quarks are suppressed by 1/3 m compared to the ones of the SM leptons, because of the small overlap between φ and π m . Generically, the dominant constraint on FV decays is the one of the charged Kaon where f m = 3 m f , and B s = 4.6 is the non-perturbative parameter related to the quark condensate [76]. Combined E787 and E949 data [42] give BR(K + → π + φ) < 7.3 · 10 −11 , which implies f m 8 · 10 10 GeV. This becomes the strongest bound on f as long as m 2 − 3. Current Kaon experiments, like NA62 for K + [44] and KOTO for K L [45], will extend the reach on f m of about two orders of magnitude. Complementary bounds can be obtained from FV decays of B-mesons, which, however, are sensibly weaker than the ones from Kaons, and do not pose any further constraint on our construction.
The finite allowed region in figure 2 is a notable feature of our construction, implying that future experiments can potentially probe the full parameter space of the hierarchion.

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This is especially true for the sterile neutrino backreaction model (the dark green triangle in figure 2), which could be possibly discovered/excluded by the next generation of experiments probing lepton flavor violation, if dedicated triggers on electron-only events will be developed. In order to get enough background rejection on electron-only events, an upgrade of the data-acquisition system might be needed (see for example ref. [40] for a discussion on Mu3e). We further comment on these issues in appendix D, and defer a more quantitative study for a future work.

Conclusions
In this paper, we presented a relaxion model where the quark flavor textures and the smallness of the strong CP phase are also accounted for. We also discussed two ways of embedding the charged lepton flavor textures and neutrino masses in our construction. We showed how sterile neutrinos can generate the "backreaction" potential, tying together the relaxion mass and the Standard Model neutrino masses. The sterile neutrino backreaction is a unique example of how the relaxion potential can be generated without adding new electroweak (EW) charged states around the weak scale.
Models addressing all the Standard Model problems together already appeared in the context of standard solutions of the hierarchy problem, like Supersymmetry or Compositeness. However, in these setups there is always a certain amount of tension between CP and flavor observables, and the naturalness of the EW scale, which is often dubbed as "the new physics CP and flavor puzzles" [77]. A key difference of the hierarchion construction is that flavor and CP violating processes are not an issue since there is no cost in pushing up the scale of new physics if the relaxion mechanism is at work.
Following the Nelson-Barr (NB) relaxion idea [6], the O(1) phase of the relaxion, which was causing the "relaxion CP problem", becomes a natural source for the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) phase in our model. The large hierarchy between the small θ QCD and the large CKM phase is guaranteed by the NB mechanism. In this paper, we further showed how the NB relaxion can be embedded in a full Froggatt-Nielsen construction, explaining the quark masses and flavor textures at the price of a single small coupling controlling the relaxion "rolling" potential g u,d ∼g u,d 10 −3 . In the explicit charge assignment we showed, a residual 5% tuning in the up quark matrix is left unexplained. This issue could be possibly solved in more general charge assignments.
Our construction gives an upper bound on the scale of colored states of 10-1000 TeV, depending on the hierarchion decay constant. This bound motivates future colliders, directly testing energy scales beyond the reach of the LHC. The future reach of collider searches has also an interesting interplay with the searches for new light states with flavor violating (FV) couplings. Indeed, the hierarchion is generically a light familon, and gives a strong motivation to extend the coverage and reach of precision measurements looking for rare FV decays of leptons and mesons. In particular, upcoming experiments, like MEG II and Mu3e, might have the possibility of probing the parameter space of the hierarchion beyond the present best constraints, given by star cooling. A sufficient increase in sensi-JHEP08(2018)153 tivity of these experiments in electron-only events could possibly probe the full parameter space of the hierarchion in its most interesting realization. where the elements of a u,d andã u,d are of order unity (see section B for a simple example of a UV completion). Keeping this caveat in mind, from now on, for simplicity, we will use the IR g's instead of the UV γ's.

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The transformation laws of table 1 completely determine the parametric form of the higher order corrections. At leading order in g q j ∼g q j ∼ g q , we get In the above,Φ |x| m = Θ (x) Φ |x| m + Θ (−x) (Φ * m ) |x| , and P is a shorthand for an interchanging operation g q j , Φ N , U N ↔ g q j , Φ * N , U * N . Furthermore, only powers of the modulus | Φ m | appear in the expressions above, since the quark sector respects the U(1) m symmetry, and has a zero anomaly coefficient, so the complex phase can always be rotated away. Although all couplings are real in our model, and the phase of Φ m can be rotated away, maintaining the distinction between g q j /g q j /Φ m and g q * j /g q * j /Φ * m above is useful since they carry opposite charges under the transformations of table 1.
The most dangerous contributions come from δθ q 2 and δθ q 3 , where inverse powers of ε q arising from (Y q ) −1 can potentially lead to dangerous FN enhancements of the strong CP phase. The FN quark charges thus control not only the flavor structure but also the magnitude ofθ QCD . We now show that the charges in eq. (3.20) have been chosen such JHEP08(2018)153 that these enhancements do not occur. In order to estimate δθ q 2 and δθ q 3 , we use the charge assignment in eq. (3.20). Similarly, for δθ q 2 we have for the charge assignment in eq. (3.20), where β q jk are O(1) numbers. Regarding δθ q 1 , the contribution to the imaginary part of eq. (A.8) vanishes if b q jk ∝ δ jk . On pure symmetry grounds, b q jk is a generic matrix with O(1) entries, so the contributions from δθ q 1 are of the same order as the ones from δθ q 2,3 . However, for the simple UV completion presented in the following appendix, b q jk − δ jk is further suppressed by a loop factor or by ε 2 q . Finally, note that any diagram that generates the dangerous operators above must involve the couplings g q j andg q j , and ultimately light ψ q 's or q c 's propagators. Local contributions will thus be generated at least at 1-loop level. The dominant contributions tō θ QCD scale as where α q jk are, again, O(1) numbers. The experimental bound,θ QCD < 10 −10 , translates into the constraint g q ∼g q 10 −3 · 0.1 ε q . (A.14) We then assume the couplings that give rise to g q in the UV are small enough to satisfy this bound. By assuming this, we are able to address all the SM Yukawa hierarchies together with the strong CP problem.
Threshold effects at the clockwork scale. We now estimate the threshold contributions toθ QCD , that arise when the heavy radial and angular modes of the clockwork chain are integrated out. Barring the direct coupling of the radial and angular modes of Φ m to Q j q c k , the Lagrangian respects an extended version of minimal flavor violation (EMFV), i.e., any flavor violation arises from the SM Yukawa matrices Y q , g q , or g q (see standard discussion in refs. [78,79]). The non-EMFV contributions arise from the ρ m Q j q c k and π m Q j q c k couplings, which are proportional to ([Q j ] + [q c k ]) · Y q jk . We checked that the contributions involving these couplings are subdominant compared to EMFV contributions.
In the low energy theory below the scale of the clockwork pNGB's, the EMFV contributions are again determined parametrically by the selection rules in table 1

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where we have also used the fact that any contribution to a coupling involving ψ c q must involve µ q . Notice that EMFV implies the appearance of the Yukawa matrices, Y q , in eq. (A. 16 The leading EMFV contribution is then O(g 4 q ), and 2-loop suppressed [57,61]. 8

B Renormalizable UV completion of the quark sector
Let us present a simple example of a renormalizable UV model, focusing on the non-trivial quark sector. As was stated in section A, the U(1) N should be broken in the UV by couplings that obey the selection rules in table 1. After integration out of the heavy FN intermediate fields, the effective operators of eq. (3.11) and eq. (3.14) must be recovered, where eq. (3.14) is the only source of U(1) N breaking in the IR. In fact, the most standard way of UV completing these FN operators already provides such an example. We introduce eight different kinds of heavy vector-like quark chains, all are localized at the m th site of the clockwork construction: D A , Ū A , D c A , Ū c A , D A , Ũ A , D c A , and Ũ c A , where A is a generation label. The heavy quarks D c /U c are in the same gauge group representation as the SM down/up quarks, d c /u c , and the heavy quarks D/U are in the conjugate gauge representation. The bar denotes fields which are even under the imposed Z 2 symmetry, while the tilde denotes fields which are odd. By convention, the U(1) m FN charges of the new fields are represented by their subscript (e.g., the pairD AD c −A transforms as a scalar). Finally, in order to ensure that contributions toθ QCD arise only at loop-level, we assume that fields with the same quantum numbers as ψ u,d do not exist. Given this field content, the most general renormalizable Lagrangian that respects all the symmetries, is

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kinetic mixing insertion between N c 1 and N c 2 is needed to close the loop. Other (subleading) contributions to V br are also recovered. For example, we recover the one involving two Majorana mass insertions of eq. (C.1), which scales as ∼ Tr Y n Y n † M N c M N c † .

D About the experimental status of flavor-violating leptonic decays
Here we want to comment on the present status of searches for FV decays accompanied by missing energy in the lepton sector. We first summarize the existing searches, and then indicate some missing one that would be interesting to have from the experimental collaborations.
Muon FV decay. FV muon decay in eq. (5.6) gives an electron/positron line with energy E line e = m µ /2 at the end of the SM background distribution. The current best bound on such a signal comes from the TRIUMF experiment [32], where 1.8 · 10 7 µ + were collected, giving the constraint BR(µ + → e + φ) < 2.6 · 10 −6 , which translates into f 2.8 · 10 7 GeV. Since the distribution of the positrons from eq. (5.6) is isotropic, the SM background from µ → e νν was sensibly reduced at TRIUMF by looking only at the positrons in the direction opposite to the muon polarization. A slightly weaker bound, but less dependent on the purely axial nature of the familon couplings, was obtained from the Crystal Box detector [31] by requiring an extra photon in the final state: BR(µ → e φγ) < 1.1 · 10 −9 , implying f 4.5 · 10 6 GeV. The latter bound can in principle be improved by the 100 times larger luminosity of the MEG experiment [39], and even larger dataset expected from MEG II [37]. MEG triggers are, however, optimized to improve on µ → eγ only [36]. In principle, a dedicated analysis of electron-only events at MEG and/or MEG II could also improve the bound from the TRIUMF experiment (see ref. [80] for a similar discussion in the context of R-parity violating SUSY models). In principle, also the Mu3e experiment can have some sensitivity to single electron events if an electron trigger is developed together with a detector upgrade (see fore example ref. [40]). 9 Tau FV decay. A dedicated analysis of ARGUS data, based on an integrated luminosity of 472 pb −1 [33,34], sets a bound on the FV tau decays in eq. (5.7). From BR(τ → φ e , µ) < 2.6 , 4.5 · 10 −3 , we get f 2.5 , 1.8 · 10 5 GeV. An improvement of the bound on the FV tau decay with a muon in the final state has been recently obtained from Belle data [35], with an integrated luminosity of 1020 pb −1 : BR(τ → φ µ) < 1.1 · 10 −4 , corresponding to f 1.2 · 10 6 GeV. Future B-factories, like Belle II, will produce 10 11 τ 's, pushing the reach on f to 4 · 10 6 GeV, where we have assumed the systematic uncertainties to be under control so that the bound on BR(τ → µ φ) scales as the squared root of the luminosity. It would be interesting to probe also BR(τ → µ φ γ), for which the SM background is sensibly reduced (see ref. [81] for a similar comment in the context of light Z ).
Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. 9 We thank Lorenzo Calibbi for many discussions about muon beam experiments.