Exotic Massive 3D Gravity

The linearized equations of `New Massive Gravity' propagate a parity doublet of massive spin-2 modes in 3D Minkowski spacetime, but a different non-linear extension is made possible by `third-way' consistency. There is a `Chern-Simons-like' action, as for other 3D massive gravity models, but the new theory is `exotic': its action is parity odd. This `Exotic Massive Gravity' is the next-to-simplest case in an infinite sequence of third-way consistent 3D gravity theories, the simplest being the `Minimal Massive Gravity' alternative to `Topologically Massive Gravity'.


Introduction
The graviton, if it exists [1], is massless, as far as we know [2]. The main theoretical argument for a strictly massless graviton was, for many years, the difficulty of finding a consistent interacting field theory that becomes equivalent to the Fierz-Pauli (FP) field theory for a massive spin-2 particle in the linearized limit [3]. This theoretical difficulty was overcome in recent years [4,5], as reviewed in [6], although other problems remain [7] and the resulting "massive gravity" models may be ruled out by observational evidence [8]. However, the theoretical problem of how to consistently extend the FP theory to include interactions was first solved in 2 + 1 dimensions (which we abbreviate to 3D) via the "New Massive Gravity" (NMG) model [9][10][11], and the related parity-violating "General Massive Gravity" (GMG) that has a limit to the earlier "Topologically Massive Gravity" (TMG) [12]. Although such 3D massive gravity models have no direct implications for "real world" gravity, massive or otherwise, they may have applications to condensed matter physics [13].
Omitting a possible cosmological constant term, the NMG field equation for the metric of a three-dimensional (3D) spacetime takes the form 1 where G µν is the 3D Einstein tensor and K µν is the tensor obtained by variation with respect to the metric g µν of a multiple of the integral of the scalar G µν S µν , where S µν is the 3D Schouten tensor. This equation admits a Minkowski vacuum, and linearization about it yields an equation for the metric perturbation tensor that is fourth-order in derivatives. Nevertheless, it is only second-order in time derivatives, and is equivalent to the second-order FP equation for a spin-2 particle of mass m. Perhaps the simplest way to see this is to observe that the differential subsidiary condition implied by the FP equation can be solved, in 3D, in terms of another symmetric tensor field; when expressed in terms of this new tensor field, the FP equation is precisely the linearization of (1.1) [14]. Of course, there is an infinite number of tensors that could be added to the NMG equation without changing the linearized equation in a Minkowski vacuum. These could arise from terms in the action that involve higher powers of the 3D Ricci tensor, but the full field equation will then typically involve terms that are higher than second-order in time derivatives, which will imply the propagation of additional degrees of freedom in non-Minkowski backgrounds, some of which will be negative energy "ghosts".
A simple way to find those 3D massive gravity theories that are guaranteed not to propagate additional unphysical modes is to start from a "Chern-Simons-like" formulation [15][16][17]. As the name suggests, Chern-Simons-like theories include the dreibein and dual spin-connection one-forms used to construct Chern-Simons (CS) actions for 3D gravity [18][19][20][21], but they also include additional auxiliary one-form fields. An "Nflavour" CS-like action will have N Lorentz-vector one-form fields, of which (N −2) are auxiliary, and the dimension per space point of the physical phase space is (assuming invertibility of the dreibein) 2(N − 2). This is zero for N = 2 because these are the topological CS cases. The N = 3 case includes TMG and the N = 4 case includes NMG; in particular, there is a 4-flavour parity-preserving CS-like action whose field equations reduce to (1.1) after elimination of the two one-form auxiliary fields and the spin connection.
Alternatives to both TMG and NMG may be explored in this framework by considering more general N = 3 and N = 4 CS-like models. For N = 3 one finds in this way the "Minimal Massive Gravity" (MMG) theory [22,23], which resolves certain difficulties of TMG with an anti-de Sitter (AdS) vacuum. The N = 4 case includes "Zwei-Dreibein Gravity" (ZDG) [24]; this resolves similar difficulties of NMG but elimination of the auxiliary one-form fields now requires an iterative procedure [25]; this yields an infinite series of terms in the equation analogous to (1.1), with convergence not guaranteed for all possible metrics. One aim of this paper is to present a systematic analysis of those N = 4 CS-like models for which the auxiliary fields may be finitely eliminated; i.e. without the need to assume the validity of an iterative procedure that generates an infinite series. With the further restriction to a parity-even action, we find only NMG.
However, a parity-preserving field equation may have a parity-odd action! The simplest example occurs for 3D CS gravity, for which there is both a parity even action (equivalent to the 3D Einstein-Hilbert action with a cosmological term) and an 'exotic" parity odd action, which was more recently discussed in [26]. But that was a topological CS gravity theory. Now, by considering N = 4 CS-like theories with a parity-odd action, we are led to a similarly "exotic" massive 3D gravity theory with (parity-preserving) field equation where the symmetric traceless H-tensor and the symmetric L-tensor can be expressed in terms of the Cotton tensor C as follows: The symbol ∇ indicates the covariant derivative defined in terms of the standard metric connection, and the alternating tensor ǫ is defined in terms of the invariant alternating tensor density ε by − det g ǫ µνρ = ε µνρ . (1.4) We should mention here that although it makes sense to set Λ = 0 in (1.2), this cannot be done in the CS-like action; in this respect, there is a similarity to the exotic CS action for 3D gravity. For convenience, we shall refer to the new massive 3D gravity theory with field equation (1.2) as "Exotic Massive Gravity" (EMG). On dimensional grounds, one might expect the H and L tensors appearing in (1.2) to result from variation of some curvature-squared and curvature-cubic terms, respectively, but this is not the case. The reason is simple: neither tensor satisfies the Bianchi-type identity that is satisfied by any tensor found by variation of an action with respect to the metric. Instead, one finds that This shows that there is no action for the metric alone whose variation yields the equation (1.2). In this respect, EMG is similar to MMG and the reason is the same: the consistency of the equation (1.2) is of "third way" type, in the terminology of [27].
To check consistency with the Bianchi identity satisfied by the Einstein tensor in (1.2) we use (1.5) to deduce that The fact that the right hand side (RHS) is not identically zero calls into question the consistency of (1.2) because it appears to imply a constraint on curvature that would be incompatible with the propagation of modes by the linearized equation, but we may now use (1.2) in (1.6) to deduce that and hence that (1.6) does not impose unacceptable constraints on the curvature tensor. But whereas this is normally true as a consequence of Bianchi-type identities and/or matter equations of motion, it is true here as a consequence of the gravitational field equation whose consistency we are checking! This is "third-way" consistency. A corollary is that the EMG field equation is resistant to modification by the inclusion of additional tensor terms: the addition of a generic tensor will yield equations that are inconsistent even if this additional tensor satisfies a Bianchi identity. However, there is one simple consistent modification of the EMG equation and that is the addition of a parity-violating Cotton tensor term; the modified field equation is where µ is a new mass parameter, which we may take to have either sign. We shall call this "Exotic General Massive Gravity" (EGMG) because it is a parity-violating generalization of EMG in the same sense that GMG is a parity-violating generalization of NMG. As we shall see it also has a 4-flavour CS-like formulation, but now with an action of no definite parity, although with the restriction that Λ = −m 4 /µ 2 ; in the µ → ∞ limit, this becomes the above mentioned Λ = 0 restriction on the EMG action. Another result of this paper is a semi-systematic construction of an infinite sequence of third-way consistent 3D gravity field equations. The simplest example is MMG and the next-to-simplest example is EMG. Both are atypical in that they admit modifications not allowed in the general case, but the general case leads to equations that are higher than 4th order. The main advantage of the construction is that a simple modification of it leads directly to a consistent coupling to matter. This is usually trivial but a complication of third-way consistency is that the matter stress tensor is not a consistent source tensor for the metric equation [22]. The consistent source tensor for MMG was found in [28] by making use of the CS-like action; it is quadratic in the stress tensor! Here we recover this result in a much simpler way, and extend it to EGMG.
Notice that the metric for a maximally symmetric 3D spacetime will satisfy (1.8) if G µν = −Λg µν since the Cotton tensor is identically zero in such backgrounds; we may therefore identify the parameter Λ as the cosmological constant. We analyse EMG and EGMG in a linearization about an AdS vacuum (Λ < 0), determining the "no tachyon" condition, which is always satisfied for sufficiently large AdS radius. We also investigate unitarity conditions via a linearization of the CS-like action. Because the EMG action is parity odd, one of the two spin-2 modes must be a ghost, and we confirm this. The same turns out to be true for EGMG, so none of the new massive gravity models here is unitary. In addition, we show that the product of the two central charges in the asymptotic symmetry algebra is negative, so that any holographic dual CFT will certainly be non-unitary, but this is also a feature of 3D conformal gravity [29,30].
In the following we first present the new 3D "exotic" massive gravity models as examples arising from a systematic construction of third-way consistent field equations, thereby making contact with the earlier MMG theory. We then present their CS-like actions, a Hamiltonian analysis of them, and results on linearization about AdS. We follow this with a systematic analysis of CS-like actions of definite parity; the results confirm that NMG and EMG are the only possibilities for propagation of a paritydoublet of spin-2 states if we insist on an explicit metric equation not given by an infinite series. We conclude with a discussion of our results and some comments on their implications.

Systematics of third-way consistency
The new 3D massive gravity model that we have called "Exotic Massive Gravity" joins a very short list of field equations that are known to be third-way consistent; the only previously known examples, which are also both in 3D, are "Minimal Massive Gravity" [22], which propagates a single spin-2 mode, and a modified 3D Yang-Mills equation that is related to multi-membrane dynamics [31]. Here we present a construction that yields an infinite sequence of third-way consistent generalizations of the 3D Einstein field equations. The MMG and EMG/EGMG equations constitute the simplest and next-to-simplest cases.
Our starting point is any symmetric "Einstein-type" tensor G µν that satisfies the Bianchi identity From this we construct the following "Schouten-type" symmetric tensor which satisfies the identity Now we use the Schouten-type tensor to construct the tensor which is symmetric as a consequence of (2.3). For the choice G µν = G µν , in which case S µν = S µν , this H -tensor is the Cotton tensor, but we do not call it a "Cotton-type" tensor because it does not satisfy a Bianchi identity for any other choice of G µν ; instead, it satisfies the identity We shall also need the symmetric tensor which satisfies the identity We now have the ingredients needed for a general construction of third-way consistent field equations, but first we consider further the prototypical choice G µν ∝ G µν .

MMG
The J-tensor appears in the MMG field equation where γ is an arbitrary dimensionless constant and the constant Λ 0 has dimensions of the cosmological constant; it is the cosmological constant for γ = 0, which is the TMG limit. Consistency for γ = 0 follows from the fact that where the second equality results from using, first, the field equation E µν = 0 to replace the Cotton tensor, and then the symmetry of both S and S 2 . The final identity also follows from symmetry of S and S 2 , as shown in [22]. The consistency of the equation E µν = 0 is of third-way type because it depends on the validity of this equation rather than just on Bianchi identities.

EMG and EGMG, and beyond
More generally, we will consider field equations of the form For the choice G µν = G µν /µ this equation reduces to the special case of the MMG equation (2.9) with γ = 1. It is a special feature of the MMG case that consistency does not determine γ; in the general case, consistency fixes the relative coefficient of the H and L tensors. To prove consistency we use (2.5) and (2.7), and the Bianchi identity satisfied by the Einstein tensor, to deduce that The second equality results from using the field equation E µν = 0, and the final identity uses the symmetry of the S , S 2 and S 3 tensors. Consider, for example, which yields where the H and L tensors are those of (1.3). In this case (2.11) is, for Λ 0 = Λ, the EMG equation (1.2). This EMG example is still special in one respect: the tensor S µν is traceless (because it is proportional to the Cotton tensor). If we add a multiple of S µν to E µν then the first equality of (2.12) is still valid but when we use E µν = 0 in the next step we get an additional term because of the additional term in E µν , but this additional term is proportional to ǫ ν ρσ S ρ λ S λσ .
(2.15) This is identically zero for any symmetric S -tensor but this tensor will satisfy the Bianchi identity required for the validity of the first equality of (2.12) only if it is traceless, as it is for this EMG case. This special feature is what allows us to modify the EMG equation to get the EGMG equation of (1.8) without sacrificing consistency. The next simplest choices for G µν are found from varying, with respect to the metric, the integral of a curvature-squared term. For example, one could choose where K µν is the tensor appearing in the NMG equation (1.1). This yields an Htensor that is 5th-order in time derivatives and, ultimately, a third-way consistent field equation that is also 5th-order in time derivatives (and presumably higher than secondorder in time derivatives, although we have not verified this). An infinite number of third-way consistent field equations may be found in this way, but if we restrict to equations of 4th-order or less then the only cases are MMG and EMG/EGMG.

Matter coupling
Given a metric field equation E µν = 0, the coupling to matter is usually achieved by changing the equation to where T µν is the matter stress tensor (in some units). This modification is not consistent when the consistency of E µν = 0 is of third-way type, as it is for In these cases, matter coupling can be achieved by replacing the initial "Einstein-type" symmetric tensor by where λ is a constant. This still satisfies but now as a consequence of the Einstein tensor Bianchi identity and the matter field equations, which imply that ∇ µ T µν = 0. The new Einstein-type tensor gives rise to a new Schouten-type symmetric tensor S ′ µν , and two other symmetric tensors H ′ µν and L ′ µν , defined as before: These new tensors satisfy the following identities which are entirely analogous to the identities of (2.5) and (2.7).

MMG revisited
Recall that G µν = G µν /µ in this case, which means that whereT As we also have H µν = C µν /µ and L µν = −J µν /µ 2 for this MMG case, it is convenient to use a notation for which in which case we may rewrite (3.6) as Assuming that γ = 0 (because otherwise we would be discussing TMG) we now replace E µν of (3.2) by for arbitrary constant η. Using (3.10) we find that We have used E ′ µν = 0 to get to the second line. The third line follows from the relation between the G ′ and S ′ tensors and the symmetry of the latter. The final identity is, as usual, due to the symmetry of powers of the S ′ tensor.
The equation E ′ µν = 0 is therefore consistent. It can be written in the form where Θ µν is the MMG source tensor. For the choice (3.14) the source tensor is This is precisely the result found by other means in [28].

EMG/EGMG
Recall that for EMG we have which then gives us A peculiarity of this EMG case is that the modified Einstein-type tensor has no definite parity, which implies that the source for the EMG field equation will break parity. This suggests that we should consider matter coupling to EMG in the context of its parityviolating EGMG extension, which motivates us to replace E µν of (3.2) by To prove the consistency for λ = 0 we use the identities (3.6) to compute We have used E ′ µν = 0 to arrive at the second line. The third line follows from the relation between the G ′ and S ′ tensors and the symmetry of latter; the final identity is due to the symmetry of powers of the S ′ tensor.
We may write the equation E ′ µν = 0 in the form where the EGMG source tensor is which becomes the standard source term for TMG in the m 2 → ∞ limit, but for finite m 2 the µ → ∞ limit is no longer possible (because it implies λ → ∞).
The µ → ∞ limit is possible for the choice λ = m, and in this case one has the matter-coupled EMG equation This is indeed exotic but not surprising in light of our earlier observation that coupling matter to EMG breaks parity!

CS-like and Hamiltonian formulations
The EMG and NMG equations have the same linearized limit in an expansion about a Minkowski vacuum, and similarly for EGMG and GMG. This tells us that EMG propagates a parity doublet of massive spin-2 modes in this vacuum, and that EGMG propagates these spin-2 modes but with the mass degeneracy lifted by parity violation. This implies that the physical phase space of linearized EMG and EGMG has dimension 4 per space point, but it is far from clear whether this is also true of the full non-linear equations. This issue is most easily addressed in the context of a Chern-Simons-like formulation since it is then a short step to the Hamiltonian formulation, which allows a simple background-independent determination of the physical phase-space dimension. The general N-flavour CS-like model is defined by a Lagrangian 3-form constructed from a set {a r ; r = 1, . . . , N} of Lorentz-vector valued one form fields by exterior multiplication, without the use of a metric (which is implicit in the identification of one member of the set as an invertible dreibein). Making use of a dot and cross product notation for 3D Lorentz vectors, the general Lagrangian 3-form of this type may be written as where the exterior product of forms is implicit. The coupling constants g rs and f rst can be viewed as symmetric tensors of an N-dimensional "flavour space", with g rs a metric for this space if we assume it be invertible. These coupling constants are restricted by the requirement that the a r include the dreibein e and the dual spin-connection ω, such that L is invariant (or transforms into a closed 3-form) under local Lorentz transformations. The local-Lorentz covariant extensions of de and dω are the torsion and curvature two-forms: respectively, The only way that ω can otherwise appear is through the covariant derivative D(ω) or the Lorenz-Chern-Simons 3-form For N = 2 the local Lorentz invariance is sufficient to imply that L is a CS action for a 3D gravity model with no local degrees of freedom. For N = 3 there is one additional 1-form field, which can be used to construct a CS-like action for the parityviolating massive gravity theories TMG and MMG. These propagate a single spin-2 mode in a Minkowski vacuum and, more generally, have a physical phase space whose dimension per space point is 2. The N = 4 CS-like theories generically have a phase space whose dimension per space point is 4, implying the propagation of two modes. Both NMG and ZDG can be formulated as N = 4 CS-like theories, as can their parityviolating extensions, and these all have the expected physical phase space dimension. This result is consistent with the fact that two massive spin-2 modes are propagated in a Minkowski vacuum, and it also tells us that no new local degrees of freedom can appear in any other background. We now aim to establish the same result for EMG and EGMG, and the first step is to find a CS-like formulation for them.
We undertake a more systematic analysis of N = 4 CS-like models in the following section. It will be shown there that the attempt to find an action of this type for the EMG equations (1.2) leads uniquely to the following Lagrangian three-form constructed from one-form fields {e, ω, h, f ): The auxiliary field h is parity even and has dimensions of mass-squared, while f is parity odd and has dimensions of mass-cubed. Integrating L over a 3-manifold with local coordinates x µ (µ = 0, 1, 2), we find that where the constant of proportionality has dimensions of inverse mass-squared in units for which = c = 1, and L µνρ are the components of L EM G . The remarkable feature of this result is that I EM G is parity-odd. This is sufficient for the field equations to preserve parity, even though the action is not parity invariant; this is what makes EMG 'exotic'. In principle, the fact that we have found a parity-odd CS-like action for EMG does not preclude the existence of some other parity-even action, but another result of our later systematic analysis is that there is no even-parity N = 4 CS-like action for EMG.
A slight modification of the EMG Lagrangian 3-form is sufficient to describe EGMG: Apart from the µ-dependent modification of some of the coefficients of L EM G , there is one additional term, proportional to e · e × e, that was absent from L EM G , and it leads to a parity-even term in the action; paradoxically, this term is responsible for the parity violation of the EGMG field equations.
We shall now focus on the EGMG case since EMG is the subcase with |µ| = ∞. The equations of motion obtained from L EGM G by variation with respect to (e, ω, h, f ) are For an invertible dreibein e, this requires e · h = 0 , e · f = 0 . (4.10) These 2-form equations are relevant to the Hamiltonian formulation, to be discussed below, since the space-space components are constraints on canonical variables. The field equations obtained from variation of (ω, h, f ) are jointly equivalent to which may be solved algebraically for ω and h, given invertibility of the dreibein, and the one further equation which cannot be solved algebraically for f . However, it is possible to solve algebraically for f from the equation obtained from variation of the dreibein e, as may be seen by writing this equation in the form Given that we have already solved for h in terms of e and ω, we may now solve this equation algebraically for f in terms of e and ω. By solving the zero torsion equation for ω in terms of e, in the usual way, we thereby have explicit expressions for h and f in terms of the curvature R and its covariant derivatives. Using these in (4.12) yields a field equation for the dreibein e. By introducing the metric and auxiliary tensors we may express the results of solving for the auxiliary one-forms h and f in the following tensor form: Notice that these tensors are symmetric, as required by (4.10). On substituting these results into the equation (4.12) one recovers the EGMG field equation (1.8). This confirms our claim that the field equations of the action (4.6) are equivalent to the EGMG equations, assuming invertibility of the dreibein, and the same follows for EMG by taking the |µ| → ∞ limit.
It is important to appreciate here that we may not use (4.15) to eliminate h and f from the action to get an equivalent action for e alone. This is because the solution for f required the use of the e equation. Thus, the existence of an action implies consistency of the equations for the metric but this consistency is necessarily of third-way type because there is no action functional of the metric alone that yields these equations.

Hamiltonian formulation
Now we make use of a general procedure for passing from a CS-like action (4.1) to a Hamiltonian formulation. For CS theories one simply has to rewrite the CS action by performing a time-space split: µ = (0, i) with i = 1, 2, so that Substitution into (4.1) yields where ε ij ≡ ε 0ij and (4.18) The time components of the one-form fields are now Lagrange multipliers for the N Lorentz-vector primary constraints φ r = 0. For CS theories these N constraints form a first class set and hence generate N gauge invariances, sufficient to ensure that the dimension per space point of the physical phase space is zero; i.e. there are no local degrees of freedom.
For the more general CS-like models, the count of degrees of freedom is different for two reasons. Firstly, not all N primary constraints are first class and, secondly, one must take into account "secondary" constraints arising from the assumed invertibility of the dreibein. These are the space-space component of 2-form equations (4.10), i.e.
Without the invertibility assumption for e, we could interpret the equations (4.10) as constraints on the Lagrange multipliers (e 0 , h 0 , f 0 ), in accordance with Dirac's prescription for construction of the Hamiltonian [32]. The above constraints are therefore not "secondary" in Dirac's sense and must be dealt with differently [16,33]. Here we follow the procedure of [16] in which these constraints are omitted from the "total Hamiltonian"; consistency then requires certain conditions on the Poisson bracket relations of the 'secondary' constraints, but we find that these are satisfied.
To proceed, it is convenient to first integrate the primary constraint functions, over a spacelike hypersurface Σ, against a set of smooth Lorentz-vector valued fields {ξ r ; r = 1, . . . , N}. We then have a basis for the (infinite dimensional) vector space of primary constraints provided by functionals of the form where Q[ξ] is a boundary term that we add, in the case that Σ has a boundary, to ensure that these functionals have well-defined functional derivatives [17]. The Poisson bracket of two such functionals, corresponding to fields ξ and η, is where [ξ, η] t = f t rs ξ r × η s , and P ab For the particular case of relevance here, we shall need to use the fact that the 3-form (4.6) is the special N = 4 case of the general CS-like Lagrangian 3-form (4.1) with where we use the [extra 'the' deleted here] names of the four one-form fields as labels replacing r = 1, 2, 3, 4.
As we have seen, we have two 'secondary' constraints in this case, which are ∆ eh = ∆ ef = 0. Their Poisson bracket is proportional to ∆ ef and hence zero on the surface defined by the enlarged set of constraints, but their Poisson brackets with the primary constraints is non-zero, such that the rank of the full matrix of Poisson brackets of constraint functions is the rank of the sub-matrix (P ab ) rs , but evaluated on the surface defined by the full set of constraints. We find that The rank of this matrix is 4, which is therefore the dimension of the physical phase space. This result is expected from the fact that the linearized theory propagates two massive (spin-2) modes, and this allows us to conclude that no additional modes appear in the non-linear theory.

Linearization about AdS
Any maximally symmetric solution of the EGMG equation (1.8) also solves the simpler equation The parameter Λ is therefore the cosmological constant; its value determines whether the vacuum is Minkowski, de Sitter (dS) or anti de Sitter (AdS) according to whether Λ is zero, positive or negative. This is in contrast to NMG/GMG, for which the cosmological constant is a quadratic function of a cosmological parameter Λ 0 . In the CS-like formulation, a maximally symmetric vacuum solution has e =ē , ω =ω, In addition, the auxiliary fields take the form for constants C h and C f . From the field equations (4.8), and recalling the relation (4.7) between the parameters ν and Λ, we learn that Following [22], we now expand the 1-form fields about this vacuum solution by writing where (k, v, p, q) are perturbations. Substitution into the field equations (4.8) yields the linearized equations whereD = D(ω). We will not consider here the further analysis of these equations for the dS vacuum with Λ > 0. Instead we proceed by supposing that Λ ≤ 0, so that where ℓ is the adS radius of curvature. The Minkowski vacuum (Λ = 0) is found by taking the ℓ → ∞ limit.

No-tachyon conditions
In order to diagonalize the linear equations about an AdS vacuum, we set where (φ + , φ − , f + , f − ) is a new basis for the perturbation one-forms. The field equations (5.7) in this basis are where which gives M ± = m in the EMG (µ → ∞) limit. This result for M ± is independent of ℓ and hence applies in the Minkowski limit, for which M ± are the masses of the two propagating modes, of helicities ±2. As expected, the masses M ± agree with those found for GMG in a Minkowski background.
In a background with Λ = 0, the particle masses are M ± , where M 2 ± = M 2 ± + Λ, and the no-tachyon condition is (for a mode of non-zero spin) M 2 ± > 0. Equivalently (ℓM) 2 ± > 1, which is itself equivalent to 3 This requires For EMG this no-tachyon condition reduces to mℓ > 1, which requires the AdS radius to be larger than the scale set by 1/m. For µ = 0, this lower bound becomes more restrictive but, for any given ratio m/|µ|, it is satisfied for sufficiently large AdS radius.

Unitarity
When the EGMG Lagrangian 3-form (4.6) is expanded about the AdS vacuum to second order in perturbations, the second-order term L (2) takes the following form in the basis (φ + , φ − , f + , f − ): where The relation of the parameter ν to the AdS radius is just the formula (4.7) for the AdS case. Notice that 17) and that (5.18) Following the similar analysis for MMG in [22], we conclude from the form of L (2) that the no-ghost conditions for perturbative unitarity are These conditions imply that b + b − > 0, which is certainly not satisfied in the EMG limit for which |µ| → ∞; in this case (5.20) and hence b + b − < 0. We conclude that EMG is not perturbatively unitary. This was to be expected because a parity-odd action for a parity doublet implies that one of the two modes is a ghost; a simple spin-1 example can be found in [14]. A necessary condition for non-perturbative unitarity in AdS is that the asymptotic Virasoro ⊕ Virasoro symetry algebra implied by standard Brown-Henneaux boundary conditions have positive central charges c ± . These central charges are easily determined in the CS-like formalism [17]; one finds that c ± ∝ a ± for a positive constant of proportionality that depends on the normalization of the action. Thus, positivity of the central charges is equivalent to the conditions This requires a + a − > 0, so it is already clear from (5.17) that the conditions of perturbative unitarity in AdS and positive central charges for the asymptotic symmetry algebra cannot both be satisfied when K < 0, which is equivalent to ν < 0 . In fact, when ν < 0 we see from (5.15) that so that b + b − < 0 and perturbative unitary is not possible. That leaves K > 0, which is equivalent to ν > 0 (recall that no CS-like EGMG action exists for ν = 0). To analyse this case, we rewrite the expression (5.18) in the form The no-tachyon condition (5.13) implies that both bracketed expressions are positive, so that a + a − < 0, and hence b + b − < 0, for ν > 0.
To conclude, the CS-like action for EMG/EGMG does not yield even a perturbatively unitary theory. This is disappointing but certainly no surprise for EMG because of its parity odd action.

Systematics of CS-like actions
The most general four-flavour (N = 4) CS-like action can be written as We restrict our attention to this N = 4 case as N > 4 leads to higher than 4th order metric equations that propagate at least one spin-2 mode that is either a tachyon or a ghost [35], and the N < 4 possibilities are already known. As mentioned in the introduction, our aim will be to identify those cases for which the field equations allow h and f (and ω) to be eliminated algebraically and finitely, i.e. such that the result is not given by an infinite series of terms. This will exclude theories such as ZDG, but will include NMG and GMG, possibly in more than one way, in addition to the EMG and EGMG theories presented in the previous sections. The main issue is whether there are any additional possibilities.
We shall also restrict to actions of definite parity, which is sufficient for equations of motion that preserve parity. This is partly to keep the analysis manageable and partly because we expect all parity-violating N = 4 CS-like theories to be connected to a parity-preserving theory by a limiting process. However, we must still consider actions of both positive and negative parity, and allow for all possible intrinsic parity assignments for the auxiliary fields h and f . There is no freedom to choose an intrinsic parity for ω; it must have odd parity because otherwise R(ω) would have no definite parity. This is also expected from the fact that ω is the dual spin-connection one-form, i.e. ω a = 1 2 ǫ abc ω bc , where ω bc is the usual (parity-even) spin-connection one-form. The dreibein one-form e must also have even parity if we insist on even parity for the integral of the spacetime volume form e · e × e.

Parity-Even Action
We start our investigation by assuming a parity even action. Irrespective of the choice of intrinsic parity for h and f , this requires We next observe that the coexistence of some terms is not permitted by the even parity assumption. For example, f · R(ω) and f · T (e) cannot coexist since T (ω) is parity even while R(ω) is parity odd; which we allow will depend on the choice of intrinsic parity for f . This motivates separate consideration of the following possibilities 1. f and h are parity odd.
2. f and h are parity even.
3. f is parity odd and h is parity even.
The 4th case in which f is parity even and h is parity odd is equivalent to case 3.

f and h are parity odd
In this case we require a 4 = a 6 = a 8 = a 10 = a 11 = a 12 = a 14 = a 15 = a 17 = 0 .

f and h are parity even
In this case we require a 9 = a 14 = a 16 = 0 , (6.6) which leads to the field equations These equations do not allow the simultaneous algebraic elimination of h, f and ω.

f is parity odd and h is parity even
In this case we need to set a 4 = a 7 = a 8 = a 10 = a 11 = a 16 = 0 , The first of these equations may be used to express f in terms of h and D(ω)h but this requires a non-zero coefficient for e × f , and the f × h term must be absent to avoid an inversion of (e − h) that would lead to an infinite series. The second equation is now the only one involving T (ω), and must be used to eliminate ω, but this requires a nonzero coefficient for the T (ω) term; in addition the f × h term must be absent because otherwise ω will include a torsion tensor that depends on h, which now depends on ω, and this would again lead to an infinite series. These considerations imply that we should impose a 2 14 − 2a 12 a 15 = 0 , a 9 a 14 − a 1 a 12 − a 3 a 15 = 0 , (6.11) and a 1 a 14 − a 9 a 15 = 0 , a 2 9 − 2a 1 a 3 = 0 . (6.12) The equations of (6.10) then become equivalent to the two equations where Ω = ω + αf , α = a 9 a 14 − 2a 3 a 15 a 1 a 14 − a 9 a 15 . (6.14) This tells us that Ω is the usual torsion-free (Lorentz dual) spin connection one-form, and allows us to express f in terms of h. Now we turn our attention to the e and h field equations, which we can rewrite as Since a 5 = 0, there is an a 5 e · h × h term in the action and a shift of h by a factor times e will allow us to set a 6 = 0 without loss of generality. Similarly, the freedom to shift ω by a factor times f in the action, and the fact that a 15 = 0, allows us to set a 14 = 0 without loss of generality, but it then follows from (6.11) that a 3 = a 12 = 0 too. We may therefore set a 3 = a 6 = a 12 = a 14 = 0 ⇒ α = 0 , γ = a 9 . (6.18) We then have for non-zero a 5 , a 9 and a 15 . The dreibein equation, which is the first of equations (6.15), now simplifies to The Lagrangian 3-form that yields these equations is L = a 1 e · R(ω) + 1 3 a 2 e · e × e + a 9 f · T (ω) + a 5 e · h × h + a 15 h · R(ω) . this Lagrangian three-form coincides with the NMG Lagrangian three-form found in [15] except for an interchange of the roles of h and f .

Parity-Odd Action
As in the previous subsection, our starting point is the Lagrangian three-form (6.1).
The assumption of odd parity now forces us to set a 1 = a 2 = a 3 = a 5 = 0 . (6.23) Furthermore, as in the parity-even case, not all of the remaining terms in (6.1) can coexist. To deal with this we again consider separately the possible parity assignments for h and f . As a result, the e, ω, h and f field equations become, respectively, The first of these equations equation can be solved for ω, but the remaining three equations cannot be used to solve for f and h because all e × f and e × h terms appear in only one of them.

f is parity odd and h is parity even
In this case a parity-odd action requires a 6 = a 9 = a 12 = a 14 = a 15 = a 17 = 0 . (6.28) As a result, the e, ω, h and f field equations become, respectively, This tells us that Ω is the usual torsion-free (Lorentz dual) spin connection one-form, and it allows us to solve for f in terms of Dh. Now we turn our attention to the ω and f equations, which we may rewrite as where We need to solve some linear combination of these equations for h, which means that we need an equation involving e × h, and this equation should not involve f because f ∼ Dh, and that would lead to a differential equation for h. It should also not have an h × h term because this will lead to an infinite series solution for h. However, the relation a 7 a 18 = a 11 a 16 implies that the e × h and h × h terms cannot be separated by taking linear combinations of the ω and f equations. This means that we must set to zero the coefficient of the h × h term in at least one of these equations; i.e. either a 18 = 0 or a 11 = 0. If we set a 18 = 0 then the constraints (6.31) and inequalities (6.32) imply that a 11 = 0 too. If we instead set a 11 = 0 then either a 18 = 0 or a 7 = 0, but the latter option leaves us without an equation containing e × h but not h × h. We are therefore forced to choose a 18 = a 11 = 0 (⇒ β = a 7 /a 16 ) . (6.37) The constraints (6.31) are now satisfied, and the first of the inequalities (6.32) reduce to a 16 = 0. Recalling that a 16 is the coefficient of h · T (ω) in the action, we see that a shift of ω by a factor times f can be used to set to zero the coefficient a 7 of the e · f × h ≡ h · f × e term, and a shift of h by a factor times e can be used to set to zero the coefficient a 20 of the e · T (ω) term. So, without loss of generality, we now set The We must now combine the ω and e equations to get an equation involving e × h for which both the D(Ω)f and h × h terms are absent. If a 13 = 0 this cannot be done, except trivially when a 8 = 0 too, in which case the e equation reduces to a quadratic curvature constraint. We therefore exclude a 13 = 0, which will allow us to take a combination for which the D(Ω)f term cancels. Requiring that the f × f cancels too, but that the e × h does not, leads to the additional constraint on coefficients We still have the freedom to normalize the action and the four one-form fields. If we choose to do this by imposing the five conditions then we recover precisely the EMG action (4.4).

Discussion
A peculiarity of gauge theories in a three-dimensional spacetime is that they may describe massive particles; of any spin s but s > 1 requires a higher-derivative field equation. The simplest s = 2 example is the parity-violating Topologically Massive Gravity, or TMG, which is a 3rd-order extension of 3D General Relativity (GR) propagating a single massive spin-2 mode. If we insist on preservation of parity, which implies propagation of a parity doublet of massive spin-2 modes, then the simplest example is "New Massive Gravity", or NMG, which is a 4th-order extension of 3D GR. Although these massive 3D gravity theories have higher than second-order field equations, they are still second-order in time derivatives, and their linearizations about a Minkowski vacuum are equivalent to the second-order Fierz-Pauli (FP) equations for a massive spin-2 particle (in the NMG case) or the related "square-root" FP equations (in the TMG case). In contrast to 4D GR, which is the unique field theory describing interactions of massless spin-2 particles at arbitrarily low energy, there can be many inequivalent, but generally covariant, field theories describing interactions of massive spin-2 particles in a 3D spacetime. For example, there are bi-metric alternatives to NMG, such as "Zwei-Dreibein Gravity (ZDG). In fact, NMG can be viewed as a bi-metric theory but with an auxiliary second 'metric' that can be trivially eliminated. In contrast, the attempt to eliminate the second metric of a bi-metric alternative to NMG leads to a field equation for the remaining metric that involves an infinite series of terms. This last observation suggests that TMG and NMG could be the unique 3D gravity theories propagating, respectively, a single massive spin-2 mode or a parity doublet of them, if a restriction is made to field equations given by a finite number of terms involving a single metric and its derivatives.
As far as we know, TMG and NMG are indeed unique in this sense if it is additionally assumed that the field equation arises from variation of an action that also involves only the single metric and its derivatives. This additional assumption appears innocuous but it overlooks the possibility that an equation involving only the metric and its derivatives may be derivable from an action with auxiliary fields that cannot be eliminated from the action, even though (by definition of "auxiliary") they can be eliminated from the field equations. In this case the field equation, call it E µν = 0, will be such that ∇ µ E µν ≡ 0, but the inconsistency that this usually entails is absent.
This new possibility for consistent field equations, dubbed "third-way" consistency, was originally discovered from an exploration of possible modifications of TMG within the Chern-Simons-like formulation of massive 3D gauge theories, motivated by unitarity problems of TMG with an AdS vacuum. This led to "Minimal Massive Gravity", or MMG, which resolves the unitary problems of TMG. We have shown here that a similar exploration of the possible modifications of NMG yields a third-way consistent alternative to NMG, but the CS-like action is parity-odd rather than parity even. By analogy with the "exotic" parity-odd CS action for 3D GR with AdS vacuum, we have called this new massive gravity theory "Exotic Massive Gravity", or EMG; the analogy is imperfect but one aspect of it is that, in both cases, the action requires a non-zero cosmological constant term.
We have also shown that there is a generalization of the CS-like action for EMG to one of no definite parity; a zero cosmological constant is now allowed and linearization about the Minkowski vacuum yields a 4th-order equation that is identical to that of linearized "General Massive Gravity", or GMG, so called because it generalizes NMG to allow for arbitrary masses of the two spin-2 modes. As the action for this new parity-violating massive gravity model reduces to the parity-odd EMG action in the limit of equal masses for the two spin-2 modes, we have referred to it as "Exotic General Massive Gravity", or EGMG.
A feature of the CS-like formulation of massive 3D gravity theories is that it greatly simplifies the Hamiltonian formulation, thereby making possible a simple count of the number of local degrees of freedom independently of any linearized approximation. We have used this method to confirm that the physical phase space of EMG and EGMG is exactly what one expects from the propagation of two spin-2 modes in a Minkowski or AdS vacuum. This tells us that there are no additional local degrees of freedom hiding in the non-linearities.
Although EMG and EGMG both arise naturally within the CS-like formalism as alternatives to NMG and GMG, respectively, we originally found them from a semisystematic investigation, in the context of 3D gravity, of third-way consistent field equations. We have presented a fairly general construction that yields an infinite series of such field equations, of which MMG is the simplest example and EMG/EGMG the next simplest examples; further examples are higher than 4th-order. The results of this direct construction of the EMG/EGMG field equations are slightly more general than those of the CS-like action route, in the sense that the parameter space is slightly larger; for example, the EMG field equations remain consistent for zero cosmological constant even though there is no EMG action for this case.
Another feature of our general construction of third-way consistent field equations is that it can be easily modified to generate consistent matter-coupling. The usual procedure, in which the matter stress tensor becomes the source for the metric equation, is inconsistent if the consistency of the matter-free metric equation is of third-way type; for MMG, for example, the consistent source tensor is quadratic in the matter stress tensor. We have recovered this result very simply from our general construction and we have also found the corresponding matter-coupled extension of EGMG, and of EMG but in this case the matter coupling violates parity; this is yet another exotic feature of EMG.
Our general construction of third-way consistent 3D massive gravity models includes all those with a "four-flavour" CS-like action (appropriate to the assumption of 4thorder field equations) on the assumption that the action is either parity even or parity odd. We have also shown that it includes the EGMG theory for which the action has no definite parity. We have not attempted a systematic analysis of the general parityviolating case, but we suspect that such an analysis will not lead to any new theories. Of course, we are excluding here those 3D massive gravity theories, such as ZDG and its generalizations, that lead to an equation for the metric that involves an infinite series of terms in the curvature and its derivatives; one motivation for this exclusion is that the infinite series will likely diverge for strong fields.
A unusual property of the EMG and EGMG field equations, given that they involve tensors quadratic in the curvature, is that there is a unique maximally symmetric vacuum, which may be de Sitter, Minkowski or anti-de Sitter according to the choice of cosmological parameter Λ, which is also the cosmological constant. In contrast, the cosmological constant for NMG and GMG is a quadratic function of the cosmological parameter. We have examined the linearization of EMG and EGMG about its AdS vacuum, both at the level of field equations and at the level of the action. At the level of the field equations, the EGMG parameter space is restricted only by a simple no-tachyon condition, which is satisfied for an AdS radius larger than some critical value that depends on the other parameters.
Given an action, one can ask whether both modes have positive kinetic energies; this is the no-ghost condition required for unitarity of the perturbative quantum gravity theory. It is a general feature of parity-preserving 3D field theories, in a Minkowski or an AdS vacuum, that if one mode of a parity doublet is physical then the other mode is also physical if the action is parity-even (i.e. invariant) but a ghost if the action is parity-odd, so EMG cannot be ghost-free. We have confirmed this and further shown that EGMG also propagates one spin-2 mode as a ghost, so neither EMG nor EGMG is perturbatively unitary. In addition, and for similar reasons, one of the two central charges of the asymptotic symmetry algebra is negative, implying that the holographically dual 2D conformal field theory, if it exists, is also non-unitary.
This conclusion is disappointing but we have not considered here the "critical" points in parameter space at which any holographical 2D dual would be a logarithmic CFT; such CFTs are non-unitary but have applications in condensed matter; see e.g. [36]. We have also not considered how the new "exotic" massive gravity models introduced here differ from their "standard" NMG/GMG counterparts in a nonrelativistic limit; they provide new possible relativistic extensions of the non-relativistic spin-2 theories proposed in the context of bulk properties of fractional quantum Hall states; see [13] for a discussion of this idea with references to the condensed matter literature.
Finally, since the EMG/EGMG theories admit anti-de Sitter vacua, they also admit Bañados-Teitelboim-Zanelli black holes [37], but the thermodynamics will be "exotic", as it is for the exotic Chern-Simons formulation of 3D General Relativity [26] and 3D conformal gravity [29]. The new models found here provide a means for exploration of this topic in the context of massive gravity rather than topological gravity; the EGMG model, in particular, could be viewed as a "massive deformation" of 3D conformal gravity.