Anatomy of maximal stop mixing in the MSSM

A Standard Model-like Higgs near 125 GeV in the MSSM requires multi-TeV stop masses, or a near-maximal contribution to its mass from stop mixing. We investigate the maximal mixing scenario, and in particular its prospects for being realized it in potentially realistic GUT models. We work out constraints on the possible GUT-scale soft terms, which we compare with what can be obtained from some well-known mechanisms of SUSY breaking mediation. Finally, we analyze two promising scenarios in detail, namely gaugino mediation and gravity mediation with non-universal Higgs masses.


Introduction
Recent results from ATLAS [1] and CMS [2] show intriguing hints for a Higgs boson with a mass around 124-126 GeV. While the reported excess of events is only at the level of about 2-3 σ per experiment, the consistency between the already excluded mass range, the excess in the remaining small window, and theoretical expectations provides a strong motivation to take these hints seriously and investigate their implications. 1 If the cause of the observed excess were the lightest Higgs boson of the MSSM, it would be rather heavy, requiring large radiative corrections to its mass from the top-stop sector. In this case either the average stop mass must be large, M S ≡ √ mt 1 mt 2 3 TeV, or the stop mixing parameter |X t | must be around twice M S [4]. The latter, known as the "maximal mixing scenario", is the subject of this paper.
Several recent papers, including [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], have explored the implications of a heavy MSSM Higgs from a bottom-up perspective, prescribing the MSSM soft parameters at the JHEP08(2012)089 TeV scale. 2 In this approach, the soft terms can simply be chosen by hand to yield maximal mixing. However, one should keep in mind one of the key motivations for low-energy supersymmetry: The supersymmetric Standard Model can naturally be extrapolated up to a very high fundamental scale. Indeed, gauge coupling unification in the MSSM points to the GUT scale M GUT ∼ 10 16 GeV as the scale where it should be embedded into a more fundamental theory. It is therefore worthwhile to investigate if maximal mixing can result from some reasonable choice of GUT-scale parameters, what further relations between the GUT-scale soft terms this would imply, and which classes of models of high-scale SUSY breaking mediation can (or cannot) accommodate maximal mixing. Furthermore, it is clearly of interest how the GUT-scale conditions for maximal mixing affect the physical spectrum and the low-scale observables, such as Higgs cross-sections and decay rates. These subjects are addressed in the present paper.
The implications of a 125 GeV Higgs for GUT-scale MSSM scenarios have been investigated previously in [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. 3 It was observed [19] (see also [31]) that, in the CMSSM and in NUHM models with sizeable m 0 , large |A 0 | ≈ 2 m 0 is preferred to obtain a heavy Higgs. Our work goes beyond these studies by providing a thorough discussion of the prerequisites for maximal mixing in more general models, accompanied by a detailed numerical analysis.
This work is organized as follows: In section 2 we give a brief review of the maximal mixing scenario, and explain why it is non-trivial to obtain maximal mixing when running from the GUT-scale. Using semi-numerical solutions of the renormalization group equations, we derive some necessary conditions for maximal mixing. In section 3 we comment on the possibility of realizing maximal mixing in several well-established classes of models of SUSY breaking mediation, namely gaugino mediation, models with strongly-coupled nearconformal hidden sectors, radion mediation in 5D models, and gauge mediation. Section 4 contains a detailed numerical analysis of a gaugino-mediated and a simple gravity-mediated model. Moreover, we comment on the case of very heavy 1st/2nd generation sfermions. Conclusions are contained in section 5. In three appendices, we give more details about the method we use to solve the MSSM renormalization group equations, and comment on fine-tuning and on the danger of introducing charge-and color-breaking minima in the scalar potential.

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Factorizing the trilinear couplings into Yukawa matrices y and soft coefficient matrices A, as in eq. (2.2), is convenient for our purposes. In fact, for much of what we have to say, the only relevant trilinear soft terms are those for the third generation, in particular A t ≡ A u33 . For simplicity we will mostly assume flavor-universal soft terms in the following, in which case A u,d,e = A 0 1 at the GUT scale.
In the decoupling limit m A m Z , taking into account the one-loop corrections from the top-stop sector, the mass of the lightest MSSM Higgs is Here as usual GeV, m t is the running top mass at the scale m t , and M 2 S = mt 1 mt 2 with mt 1,2 the stop masses. X t is the stop mixing parameter, defined at the scale M S as The tree-level bound m h < m Z quickly saturates for tan β 5. To further lift m 2 h from m 2 Z = (91 GeV) 2 to around (125 GeV) 2 , radiative corrections nearly as large as the treelevel value are required. In eq. (2.3) the contribution from the logarithmic term can be increased by simply raising M S , but naturalness demands that the soft mass scale should be not too far above the electroweak scale. The X t contribution is easily seen to be maximized at |X t /M S | √ 6 = 2.45, although some studies taking two-loop effects into account suggest a maximal mixing contribution closer to |X t /M S | ≈ 2 (see e.g. [33] for a detailed discussion). Values larger than about √ 6 will however induce dangerous chargeand color-breaking minima in the scalar potential, as detailed in appendix 8. For these reasons, in the present paper we will focus on the range which we take to define maximal stop mixing.
If maximal mixing is to be obtained from a GUT-scale model, this places non-trivial restrictions on the GUT-scale soft terms. The A t parameter generically changes drastically during renormalization group (RG) running, because it receives large radiative corrections from gluino loops. At one loop, the dominant terms in its RG equation arė Sizeable gluino masses, which are now favored in the light of direct LHC search bounds, will drive A t towards large negative values at the electroweak scale (in a phase convention where M 3 is positive). The soft-breaking masses m 2 Q 3 and m 2 U 3 entering M S will also receive large radiative corrections, because they carry color and because of the large top Yukawa JHEP08(2012)089 coupling. The corresponding one-loop RGEs arė It is evident that a sizeable M 3 will also have a large effect on the scalar soft masses.
To better quantify the effects of RG running, let us assume universal GUT-scale gaugino masses M 1/2 as predicted by many GUT models, and universal trilinears A 0 . The most relevant parameters are actually M 3 , M 2 and A t , so we are effectively imposing M 2 (M GUT ) = M 3 (M GUT ). 4 We can solve the two-loop RGEs [34] semi-numerically and express the electroweak-scale mixing parameter as a function of the GUT-scale soft terms (see appendix 6). For M GUT = 2 · 10 16 GeV, M S = 1 TeV and tan β = 20 we obtain Terms with coefficients < 0.2 have been suppressed. Similarly, we have (2.10) The coefficients in these equations vary at most by about 10% in the range 5 < tan β < 40. The only exception are the coefficients involving µ in eq. (2.9), which become important for lower values of tan β. This is because, as is evident from eq. (2.4), µ enters X t at the tree level with a 1/ tan β suppression. Explicitly, for the same parameters but with tan β = 5 we obtain and (2.12) From these expressions one can read off some conditions on the GUT-scale soft terms under which maximal mixing results. We will make the extra assumptions that no soft term is hierarchically larger than the gaugino mass (such that all terms which we neglected in JHEP08(2012)089 • If the largest GUT-scale soft parameter is M 1/2 , then maximal mixing is excluded. Specifically , as is depicted in figure 1.
• If the sfermion masses are universal, specifically m 2 Q 3 = m 2 U 3 ≡ m 2 0 , then maximal mixing does not allow for m 0 to be the largest soft parameter. However, maximal mixing is possible if either m 2 Q 3 or m 2 U 3 is large and the other is small. In that case a necessary condition on the spectrum is and sizeable negative A 0 is strongly preferred (even though there remains a tiny slice of parameter space where A 0 can be zero, if all other parameters are chosen optimally). When deviating from the optimal case of sizeable m Hu and negligible m U 3 (Q 3 ) , the required m Q 3 (U 3 ) : M 1/2 ratio can grow very large. This is illustrated in the top row of figure 2.
5 Very large scalar soft masses for the first two generations may be an interesting and natural alternative scenario for maximal mixing, see e.g. [35][36][37] and our section 4.3. 6 The relatively large coefficients of the M 2 1/2 m 2 U 3 and M 2 1/2 m 2 Q 3 terms in eqs. (2.10) and (2.12) have led the authors of [38] to propose tachyonic GUT-scale soft masses for the scalars of the third generation. This would render MS small and thus allow for a sizeable |Xt/MS| ratio. In this paper however we prefer to restrict ourselves to models where sfermion masses are positive at all scales, to avoid possible complications from introducing additional vacua to the scalar potential.  • |A 0 | can easily be the largest soft parameter if A 0 is negative. In the limit that all other soft terms are negligible, we find that values of are generic in situations with maximal mixing, particularly if the scalar masses are unified or negligible. This is easily understood in the light of the large coefficients of the A 0 terms in eqs. (2.9) and (2.10). It is illustrated in figure 3 for the case of negligible m 2 U 3 and m 2 Q 3 , and in the bottom row of figure 2 for the case of dominant sfermion masses m Q 3 ,U 3 > M 1/2 .

• If m 2
Hu is positive, and m Hu is the largest GUT-scale soft parameter, then maximal mixing seems possible, at first sight, even without significant A 0 contributions as can JHEP08(2012)089 be seen from figure 3. This is because of the negative-sign M 2 1/2 m 2 Hu contribution in eq. (2.10). However, maximal mixing in this case requires a moderate hierarchy, which becomes more pronounced if m Q 3 and m U 3 are non-negligible or if A 0 is positive, and weaker if A 0 is negative. Such a hierarchy is in conflict with electroweak symmetry breaking, as can be understood from the equivalent formula for the electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) order parameter m Z (here quoted for tan β = 20): In RGE language, the gaugino masses (specifically the gluino mass) are typically responsible for driving m 2 Hu negative at the electroweak scale, thus triggering electroweak symmetry breaking. If the GUT-scale value for m 2 Hu is too large, and M 1/2 is too small, electroweak symmetry is not broken, because the r.h.s. of eq. (2.16) remains negative. Sizeable m Q 3 or m U 3 , or sizeable negative A 0 can remedy this, but only the latter is favorable for maximal mixing. The situation remains the same qualitatively also for smaller tan β. For tan β ≈ 5, relatively large µ can however slightly widen the allowed regions for maximal mixing, since X t = A t − µ/ tan β has a stronger µ-dependence if tan β is small. The effect of µ on maximal mixing at smaller tan β is also illustrated in figure 4. We do not consider values of tan β < 5, since they no longer maximize the tree-level Higgs mass eq. (2.3). To summarize, generically, maximal mixing in a GUT-scale model with unified gaugino masses at tan β 5 requires

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This is a non-trivial requirement on any GUT-scale model. In addition, it is beneficial but not strictly necessary for maximal mixing if there are positive up-type Higgs soft masses m 2 Hu , and small third-generation soft masses m 2 as compared to the gaugino mass.
The resulting X t /M S at the electroweak scale will necessarily be negative. All this we have deduced from the semi-numerical solution of the RGEs underlying eqs. (2.9), (2.10), (2.11), and (2.12); see appendix 6 for more details. The picture is confirmed by parameter space scans performed with SoftSusy3.2.4, whose results are shown in section 4.

Models
We assume F -term SUSY breaking in some hidden sector, mediated to the visible sector by messenger states which can be supersymmetrically integrated out at some high scale M . If X = F θ 2 is the Goldstino background field which parametrizes SUSY breaking, the lowest-order operator inducing a gaugino mass takes the form As before we assume gaugino mass unification, i.e. a GUT-preserving F -term VEV.

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If the hidden sector couples to the Higgs, we can have the Giudice-Masiero operator which induces a µ term, and the operators which contribute to the Higgs soft masses. The operators are often neglected because they can be absorbed by a holomorphic field redefinition In order to cleanly separate hidden and visible sectors, we instead keep these operators explicit, noticing that they also induce soft Higgs masses, and (together with the Yukawa couplings) flavor-universal trilinear A-terms, and (together with L µ ) a B µ term. If c Au and c A d were set to zero by the above field redefinition, these soft terms would instead arise from the induced superpotential terms and the change in the c H u,d coefficients in eq. (3.3). Finally, there are the operators which also induce a B µ term. If the hidden sector couples to matter fields, the equivalents of eq. (3.3) and (3.4) with Higgs fields replaced by matter fields can be present.They will induce soft masses and flavor non-universal A-terms. The latter can also arise from superpotential operators of the form We will assume that the µ/B µ problem is solved; in particular there are no unacceptably large contributions to µ and B µ as would arise from the renormalizable terms From the discussion in section 2 it is clear that, in order to realize maximal mixing, models with vanishing or suppressed direct couplings to matter fields are preferred. The operators of eqs. (3.1)-(3.5) are then all that is needed to fix the high-scale soft masses. Furthermore, the model should allow for c 1/2 and c Au to be chosen such that the resulting A t : M 1/2 ratio is around −(1-3). SUSY breaking scenarios with suppressed couplings of the hidden sector to matter fields are not generic, because the scalar masses cannot easily be forbidden by symmetry (by contrast, suppressed gaugino masses are easily obtained but phenomenologically undesirable). We will list a number of well-known examples, and comment on the implications of our study.

Gaugino(-Higgs) mediation
Gaugino-mediated supersymmetry breaking in its minimal form is defined by the gaugino masses being the only non-vanishing terms at the mediation scale. In other words, only the operators of eq. (3.1) are present at the scale M ; the only MSSM fields to couple directly to the hidden sector are the gauginos. This was originally motivated by 5D models [39][40][41] in which the hidden sector and the chiral (Higgs and matter) superfields of the MSSM were separated in an extra dimension, with only the MSSM gauge fields coupling to both. Deconstructed models [42,43], models with Seiberg duality [44], and models with strongly coupled near-conformal hidden sectors (see below) may also give rise to gaugino mediation.
Independently of maximal mixing, the minimal scenario is not viable phenomenologically because it is missing a µ term. Realistic extensions therefore require that also the Higgs fields should be directly coupled to the hidden sector. In the 5D picture, the Higgs and gauge fields would be bulk fields, while the MSSM matter fields would be localized on one brane and the hidden sector on the other. Generically, all operators in eqs. It should be mentioned that the mediation scale M can be parametrically lower than M GUT in gaugino-mediated models. For significantly lower M , running effects become less important, and the condition for maximal mixing eventually approaches eq. (2.5) with the boundary values of A t and µ at the scale M substituted, and with m Q 3 and m U 3 well approximated at leading-log order.

Scalar sequestering
Scalar sequestering [45,46] is a more restrictive version of gaugino-Higgs mediation. The hidden sector is assumed to be close to a strongly-coupled conformal fixed point over a large range of energies, with X a composite operator satisfying ∆ X † X − 2∆ X > 0. This implies that [46,47], 7 at the scale M where the theory exits the strong coupling regime, The operators responsible for matter soft masses also end up being suppressed. Eventually the dominant soft terms at the scale M are M 1/2 , A 0 , m 2 H u,d and µ, which are all of the same order, while the combination and the matter soft terms are suppressed. Our analysis is applicable for M close to M GUT . The phenomenological consequences of the condition eq. (3.9) were discussed in detail in [49]. It was shown that for µ > 0, B µ almost always has the same sign as A t (and the opposite one if µ < 0). Moreover, small or vanishing B µ requires also small A t , in apparent conflict with maximal mixing, cf. figure 3 in [49].

Radion mediation/Scherk-Schwarz SUSY breaking
In 5D models, supersymmetry can be broken by giving an F -term to the radion multiplet. This multiplet hosts the 5D gravitational degree of freedom which corresponds to the compactification radius. Radion mediation is equivalent to breaking SUSY by the Scherk-Schwarz mechanism, and generalizes to modulus-mediated SUSY breaking in superstring models. Of particular interest are models whose compactification scale is close to M GUT , since in that case boundary conditions can be used to break the grand-unified symmetry down to the MSSM. Minimal models of this kind give rise to specific GUT-scale soft term patterns, so it is natural to ask if they can also accommodate maximal mixing.
The role of the operator X in eqs. (3.1) to (3.5) is then played by X = T M/(2R), where M is identified with the 5D Planck mass, and T is the radion multiplet with T = R + F T θ 2 . For the simplest model with a flat S 1 /Z 2 extra dimension, the gaugino masses are (see e.g. [50]) and the A-terms depend on the localizations of the matter fields and on the origin of the Higgs field. They are given by the sum of the contributions from the Higgs and the matter fields involved in the respective trilinear coupling. Roughly speaking, in gauge-Higgs unified models where the Higgs originates from the 5D gauge multiplet, the Higgs contributes but bulk matter fields Q 3 and U 3 originating from 5D hypermultiplets each contribute leading to A t = +M 1/2 in the most naive model with unlocalized Q 3 and U 3 . Localizing Q 3 and U 3 towards one of the branes brane allows to reduce their contribution, but in the potentially interesting limit in which they are completely brane-localized (which would leave us with A t = −F ω = −M 1/2 from the Higgs contributions), the Yukawa couplings vanish. In models without gauge-Higgs unification, with the Higgs coming from a bulk hypermultiplet, it gives a wrong-sign contribution In short, maximal mixing does not occur in minimal radion-mediated models. While in realistic models the exact sfermion soft terms depend on the modelling of the matter sector, and more elaborate examples may allow for maximal mixing in principle, we were unable to find an example. For instance, for the model of [51] we find that A t /M 1/2 is bounded such that it can never become large and negative, A t /M 1/2 −0.72. Furthermore, the third-generation soft masses are typically comparable and of the order of the gaugino mass, so large ratios which might still allow for maximal mixing (see the upper row of figure 2) do not appear. In conclusion, maximal mixing seems not to be a generic feature of radionmediated SUSY breaking in 5D.

Gauge mediation
Gauge-mediated supersymmmetry breaking, by definition, encompasses models whose hidden sector decouples from the MSSM as the MSSM gauge couplings are switched off [52]. Similar as in gaugino-mediated models (with which there is indeed some overlap), µ is missing in pure gauge mediation, and needs to be generated by additional Higgs-hidden sector couplings. This generically induces a too large B µ , a problem which needs to be solved in realistic models, or overcome with very special soft mass patterns [53,54].
Pure gauge-mediated models also predict vanishing A-terms at leading order at the mediation scale. A priori it is not clear that this prediction is maintained when the model is extended such as to solve the µ/B µ problem, but it was shown in [55] that generically this is indeed the case. Therefore gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking does not lead to maximal mixing.
The mediation scale M is often taken to be far below M GUT in gauge-mediated models (for exceptions, see e.g. [56,57]). However, this generically does not improve the prospects for achieving maximal mixing (see also [9]). The implications of a 124-126 GeV CP-even Higgs boson for minimal gauge mediation have been investigated in detail in [58], one of the conclusions being that "the majority of the sparticle masses are in the several to multi-TeV range".

Numerical analysis
Let us now illustrate the impact of maximal mixing by means of parameter space scans of two models. The first is gaugino mediation, and the second is a more generic gravitymediated model with non-universal Higgs masses (NUHM) and universal sfermion masses m 0 . In the NUHM case, we will distinguish between m 0 < M 1/2 and m 0 > M 1/2 ; gaugino mediation can be regarded as a special NUHM scenario with m 0 = 0. In addition, we will also briefly survey a NUHM scenario where maximal mixing is generated from large sfermion masses for the first two generations.
We furthermore compute the dark matter relic density Ωh 2 and the SUSY contribution ∆a µ to the muon anomalous magnetic moment, but do not impose any restrictions on them a priori.

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We will also discuss the implications of maximal mixing for a possible Higgs signal near a mass of 125 GeV. Taking into account a ≈ 2 GeV theoretical uncertainty in the Higgs mass calculation [67], the mass range of interest is actually between 123 and 127 GeV. We approximate the signal strength for a given final state X, relative to the Standard Model expectation for the same Higgs mass, as This is justified because differences in σ(gg → h) versus Γ(h → gg) should largely cancel out when taking the taking the MSSM/SM ratio. It is important to note that SUSY contributions can lead to modifications in both Higgs production and Higgs decays as compared to the SM. The effective ggh coupling is dominated by the top-quark loop, while the effective hγγ coupling is dominated by the contribution from W bosons with a subdominant contribution of the opposite sign from top quarks. Both couplings can receive a large contribution from third-generation sfermions, in particular from stops [69]. In case of no stop mixing, the light stop loop interferes constructively with the top loop, while the interference is destructive in the case of large mixing. In the first case hgg rate will increase, while in the latter case it will decrease. The contrary is true for the hγγ couplings. Moreover, weakly interacting particles such as charginos and sleptons will contribute only to the hγγ coupling. In particular, light staus that are strongly mixed can enhance the h → γγ rate [10]. Another important effect is the enhancement or suppression of h → bb, which can significantly change the overall branching ratios. In fact an enhancement of the γγ signal, i.e. R(γγ) > 1, is often due to a suppression of BR(h → bb).

Gaugino mediation
In the gaugino-mediated model the non-vanishing soft masses at the GUT scale are M 1/2 , A 0 , µ, B µ , m 2 Hu and m 2 H d . Given m Z , the last four parameters can be traded against tan β, µ, and the pseudoscalar mass m A . Our input parameters are therefore M 1/2 and A 0 at M GUT , together with tan β, µ and m A at the electroweak scale. We choose µ > 0 and perform flat random scans letting M 1/2 , µ and m A vary up to 2 TeV; tan β is allowed to vary between 1 and 60. Regarding A 0 , we scan over two different intervals, |A 0 /M 1/2 | ≤ 3 and A 0 ∈ [−4, 0] TeV. Of 256k valid points from these scans, 158k remain after the basic mass limits and the flavor constraints listed above. Of these, 10k points have m h = 123-127 GeV.  750 GeV. The highest h mass is achieved for A 0 /M 1/2 ≈ −1.5, but stops are heavy in this case, above 2 TeV. Although large m h still allows fort 1 masses below 1 TeV in case of maximal mixing, overall a Higgs in the 123-127 GeV mass range points towards a heavy spectrum. The correlations between gluino, stop and 1 st /2 nd generation squark masses are shown in figure 8. Remarkably, the latest LHC bounds of mg ,q 1.4 TeV [70,71] for CMSSM-like scenarios with mg mq are automatically evaded. In fact, requiring m h > 123 GeV, we find mt 1 715 GeV, mq 1.5 TeV and mg 1.7 TeV in gaugino mediation. Moreover, for tan β ≤ 50 we find a maximal h mass of around 125 GeV (which is however subject to an ≈ 2 GeV theoretical uncertainty). 750 GeV (i.e. mg 1.7 TeV). Bottom row:t 1 masses below 1 TeV can still be reconciled with large m h , but only at maximal mixing. If the gluino is light enough to be seen at the LHC, maximal mixing is also strongly favored.  Owing to the vanishing sfermion soft masses, m 0 = 0, over most of the gaugino mediation parameter space, the LSP is the lighter stauτ 1 . 8 (92% of the points satisfying mass limits, flavor constraints and m h = 123-127 GeV have aτ 1 LSP, while 7% have a neutralino LSP.) Hence one might expect that the gg → h → γγ rate be enhanced by the lightτ 1 contribution [10]. While the h → γγ partial width is indeed enhanced for light staus 9 (and light stops with large mixing), this is mostly compensated by the suppression of the h → gg partial width due to thet loop contribution, and by the larger total h width (mostly due to larger Γ(h → bb)). As a result, the gg → h → γγ signal strength is typically 80-90% of that in the SM. A similar suppression arises for the ZZ final state. This is illustrated in figures 9 and 10. The few points with a signal strength R > 1 at m h > 123 GeV feature very large tan β = 52-60, and a reduced h → bb rate.

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Finally, in figure 11, we illustrate the implications of maximal mixing and a heavy CPeven Higgs for the GUT-scale Higgs soft masses m Hu , m H d , and for the weak-scale Higgs mass parameters µ and m A . (We use the convention m H u,d ≡ sign(m 2 H u,d ) × |m 2 H u,d |). As can be seen, positive up-type Higgs soft masses m 2 Hu are preferred, in particular in case of small µ (as preferred by fine-tuning). This confirms our expectations from section 2. Moreover, the pseudoscalar Higgs mass m A prefers to be large in the maximal mixing case, well above current limits. 8 More precisely, to obtain a consistent cosmological picture the stau should in that case be the next-to-LSP, and the true LSP a gravitino or axino [68]. 9 Note that m h > 123 GeV leads to mτ 1 > 99 GeV in our dataset.

NUHM model
Let us now turn to the gravity-mediated model with non-universal Higgs soft masses (NUHM). The parameters are the same as in the gaugino-mediation case, but for nonvanishing soft masses for squarks and sleptons at M GUT . For simplicity, we take the latter two to be universal at the GUT scale. (As discussed in section 2, the scalar masses which actually affect maximal mixing are mainly m Q 3 and m U 3 .) We scan over M 1/2 , A 0 , tan β, µ and m A as in the previous subsection, allowing however |A 0 | up to 6 TeV. In addition, we let m 0 vary from 0 to 5 TeV. Over most of the parameter space, the non-vanishing m 0 makes the sleptons heavier than theχ 0 1 . We thus keep only points with a neutralino LSP, without however restricting Ωh 2 . We will discuss theχ 0 1 relic density at the end of this subsection. Figure 12 shows a projection of the scanned NUHM parameter space, analogous to figure 5 in the gaugino mediation model. As discussed in section 2, it makes a difference whether M 1/2 or m 0 is the largest soft mass. In figure 12 and following figures, we hence distinguish between the two cases M 1/2 > m 0 and m 0 > M 1/2 . As expected, maximal mixing requires a ratio between A 0 and max(M 1/2 , m 0 ) of about −1 to −3. Moreover, a heavy (m h > 123 GeV) MSSM Higgs requires large mixing with a large negative A 0 -the tip of the scatter plot being again around A 0 ≈ −2 TeV -or an overall heavy spectrum. A difference to the case with vanishing m 0 is that now much larger negative values of A 0 still give a valid spectrum. Another interesting difference is that with increasing m 0 , larger values of |X t /M S | become consistent with a heavy h. Indeed, for large m 0 , the lowest M S giving m h = 123-127 GeV is found for X t /M S ≈ −3 to −3.5. On the other hand, as previously mentioned such large values of |X t /M S | give rise to dangerous chargeand color-breaking minima in the scalar potential, so although SOFTSUSY gives a valid spectrum the corresponding points should not be trusted to be phenomenologically viable. The correlations between m h , M S and amount of stop mixing are shown in figure 13. Furthermore, figure 14 shows the dependence of m h on tan β and mt 1 , with X t /M S again JHEP08(2012)089 indicated by a color code. We see that at large m 0 , maximal mixing is possible also for large tan β. As a side remark we note that the maximal h mass in these scans is about 128 GeV, consistent with the current 95% CL limit.
Consequences for LHC SUSY searches are illustrated in figure 15. For M 1/2 > m 0 , we still find mq mq 1.5 TeV. For m 0 > M 1/2 , however, gluinos can be as light as 500-600 GeV (with stops being light and maximally mixed, and m h in the desired range). First and second generation squarks need to be heavy in this case, around 2-3 TeV, as can be seen in the bottom-right panel in figure 15.  Expectations for the Higgs signal in the γγ and ZZ channels are shown in figure 16. We observe that for a Higgs mass in the desired range, R(γγ) and R(ZZ) 0.9, rather independently of the stop mass (a decoupling effect of heavy stops can however be seen in the lower boundary of R at a given X t /M S ). Higgs signal strengths close to or above JHEP08(2012)089 1 occur for m 0 M 1/2 ; they require heavy stops with small mixing, combined with large tan β and large m A , such that the h → bb rate is suppressed.

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Finally, although it does not directly have to do with maximal mixing, let us consider the question of neutralino dark matter. The relic density of the neutralino LSP is plotted versus the neutralino mass in figure 17. Interestingly, for M 1/2 > m 0 , a large fraction (45%) of the points have Ωh 2 < 0.135, and overall the relic density does not exceed 20. The points with very low Ωh 2 typically feature a higgsino-like LSP, which makes the scenario difficult to detect at the LHC [72,73]. In the remaining cases, when µ is large, Ωh 2 is low because of co-annihilations. For m 0 > M 1/2 , the situation is quite different, and we find the "usual" MSSM picture with Ωh 2 ranging from 10 −5 to 10 3 . Roughly 2% of the points have 0.09 < Ωh 2 < 0.135. An example of a "perfect" point the sense of light stops, maximal mixing, m h = 125 GeV and Ωχ0 1 h 2 = 0.1 is given in table 1.

Split generations, inverted sfermion-mass hierarchy
So far we have considered only the case that there is no large hierarchy between the three generations of sfermions. An interesting alternative, motivated also by the absence of any signal of new physics in the flavor sector, is the case of an inverted sfermion-mass hierarchy, JHEP08(2012)089 with squarks and sleptons of the first two generations being very heavy (in the multi-TeV range) while the third generation and the gauginos are light, of the order of 1 TeV. Together with the requirement of small µ, this is often referred to as "effective SUSY" or "natural SUSY" in the literature.
To illustrate this case, we perform a scan over the NUHM parameter space as before, but setting the soft masses of the first two generations m 01 = 10 TeV. For the third generation, we assume a universal soft mass m 03 , which we let vary between 0 and M 1/2 . As also shown in [35], in this setup a Higgs near 125 GeV with light stops is possible even for small |A 0 |. This is because, during RG running, M S is driven down by the first two generation squarks being very heavy [74]. Therefore maximal mixing now occurs also at smaller A 0 , see figure 18. Scenarios with maximal mixing, mt 1 below 1 TeV, and a Higgs near 125 GeV can now be found for A 0 /M 1/2 ratios of around −0.2 to −2. 10 10 The large splitting between the first two generations of squarks and and the third generation can induce a sizable off-diagonal (2,3) entry in the left squark mass matrix from RGE running when taking the full flavor structure into account. In this work, we have neglected the Yukawa couplings of the first two generations, but we have checked that the effect from minimal flavor violation (MFV) on the B-physics observables which we consider is small enough to be neglected in this study. A detailed investigation of MFV effects for split generations is left for a future work.

Discussion and conclusions
If the MSSM is to accommodate a Higgs boson around 125 GeV, maximal stop mixing is the only way to avoid multi-TeV stop masses. Since the Higgs sector and the top/stop sector are coupled to each other by the large top Yukawa coupling, multi-TeV stop masses generically imply multi-TeV mass parameters in the Higgs potential. A relatively small electroweak scale can then only arise through delicate cancellations, which requires considerable finetuning. In the context of phenomenological models which prescribe the MSSM parameters at the TeV scale, it has therefore been argued that, in the most natural remaining regions of the MSSM parameter space, the stop masses should be as small as possible (see, for instance, [75,76]). To be compatible with a 125 GeV Higgs, the stops will then have to be maximally mixed.
However, as we have argued, one of the most appealing aspects of the MSSM is that it can be valid up to very high energies. It is not clear a priori if a given set of TeVscale MSSM parameters can result from some healthy UV completion at a high scale, or if instead it is a point in the "swampland". For example, and of immediate relevance to maximal mixing, it is not possible to obtain X t /M S ≈ +2 from a GUT-scale model (barring hierarchically large GUT-scale trilinear terms), because of the negative gluino contribution to A t during its RG evolution. Indeed, we have shown in some detail that in models where all GUT-scale soft parameters are of the order of the gaugino mass or smaller, the trilinear coupling must be large and negative at M GUT for maximal mixing to result. In that case one has X t /M S ≈ −2 at the electroweak scale.
In models of high-scale SUSY breaking mediation, the fine-tuning required to obtain a small electroweak scale from a large soft mass scale also involves the gluino mass and the top trilinear. The electroweak scale is very sensitive to the UV-scale M 3 , since gluino loops strongly affect the stop masses and thus indirectly the Higgs mass parameters and the electroweak scale. This is evident e.g. from the large coefficient of M 2 3 in eq. (6.2).

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The sensitivity of the electroweak scale with respect to A t is less pronounced. Overall, the least fine-tuned remaining parameter regions of the MSSM are characterized by low M 3 (or low M 1/2 if the gaugino masses are universal), correspondingly low M S , and maximal mixing; see appendix 7. Even in these regions the fine-tuning is at the permille level or worse [5,77]. Maximal mixing does not single out any particular scenario for SUSY breaking mediation; it follows from a parameter choice in models where the UV-scale trilinear soft terms are free parameters. It would be highly interesting to identify models which actually predict large and negative A-terms. Among the classes of models we studied, only gauge mediation and to some extent radion mediation predict the trilinear terms, and in these cases the prediction disfavors maximal mixing.
In models where maximal mixing is allowed, it becomes an interesting question what its phenomenological consequences are. We have studied three examples, with particular attention to the parameter regions which give a Higgs boson around 125 GeV. In each case all experimental constraints can be satisfied for suitable parameter choices. Squarks and gluinos typically turn out to be heavy, beyond the reach of the 2011 LHC run at √ s = 7 TeV. They may however be within reach of the √ s = 8 TeV run in favorable cases. The gg → h → γγ signal strength consistently turns out to be some 10-40% below that of the Standard Model. Table 1 lists the properties of four representative points, two for gaugino mediation and two for the NUHM case, with stops below 1 TeV and maximal-mixing. GM-1 is the point with lowest M S , while GM-2 is the point with lowest M S and µ < 500 GeV from the gaugino mediation scan. Both these points have a stau as the lightest sparticle with a relic abundance of the order of 10 −2 . 11 NUHM-1 is a low-stop-mass point from the NUHM scan with M 1/2 > m 0 . It features a neutralino LSP with large higgsino component and a relic density which is too low, so that theχ 0 1 would provide only about 20-30% of the dark matter. NUHM-2 has a large m 0 of order 2 TeV and A 0 ≈ −2m 0 . It exactly matches the desired Higgs mass (125 GeV) and has a bino-like neutralino LSP with a relic density of Ωh 2 = 0.1. The SLHA files of these maximal mixing benchmark points are included as ancillary files in this preprint.  Table 1. Sample points with light stops, maximal mixing, and a Higgs near 125 GeV in the gaugino mediation (GM-1, GM-2) and NUHM (NUHM-1, NUHM-2) models. Ωh 2 ('LSP') is the relic abundance of theτ 1 for the GM points, and of theχ 0 1 for the NUHM points. σ SI and σ SD are the spin-independent and spin-dependent scattering cross sections off protons; for NUHM-1 these should be rescaled by a factor ξ = Ωh 2 /0.1123 for comparison with the experimental limits (ξσ SI = 6.7 × 10 −8 and ξσ SD = 3.5 × 10 −5 for NUHM-1).

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6 Semi-numerical solutions of the MSSM renormalization group equations The one-loop RGES of the MSSM can be integrated analytically when keeping only the top Yukawa coupling nonzero [78]. 12 The procedure can be summarized as follows: As a first step, one writes down the closed-form solutions for the gauge coupling and gaugino mass RGEs, which are of course easily found and well known. The top Yukawa RGE is a Bernoulli equation whose solution, given the solutions for the gauge couplings, can be expressed as a simple integral. Then the A t RGE becomes a linear ODE with known inhomogeneous term and known coefficient functions, and is easily solved in terms of an integrating factor. Finally, having solved all of these RGEs, the coupled RGEs for third-generation scalar masses and for m 2 Hu can be integrated in a suitable basis. In this paper we are using a somewhat refined approach to improve precision. We keep all third-generation Yukawa couplings, and we are using two-loop RGEs for the gauge couplings, Yukawa couplings, and gaugino masses. Boundary values for the gauge and Yukawa couplings are matched to SOFTSUSY GUT-scale values, in order to properly take threshold corrections into account. With the more complicated coupled two-loop system to solve, the solutions can no longer be expressed by simple integrals, but this is unnecessary to extract the information we need. We will now briefly describe our method.
As a first step, we fix some value of tan β and some soft mass scale M S . Using appropriate boundary values for the gauge and Yukawa couplings, we solve their RGEs numerically between M GUT and M S . What we are eventually interested are however the SUSY breaking mass parameters. Quite generally, from the structure of the RGEs and from dimensional analysis, it follows that their values at M S take the form Here hatted quantities denote boundary values at M GUT as in the main text, and the α, β, γ coefficients are functions of tan β and of M S . They are obtained by numerically solving the RGEs with special boundary conditions. For instance, setting all GUT-scale masses except M 1 to zero allows to read off the α a1 , β x1 , and γ φ11 coefficients from the numerical solution, and similarly for the others. The same method is also applied to the µ and B µ RGEs.

Fine-tuning
To find the least fine-tuned regions of parameter space, we quote again eq. (2.16), valid for M S = 1 TeV and tan β = 20, A common measure of fine-tuning [83] is derived from the logarithmic sensitivity of the electroweak scale with respect to parameter variations, where a ∈ {M 1/2 , A 0 , m Hu , m H d , m Q 3 , m U 3 , m D 3 , µ, . . .} runs over all independent dimensionful GUT-scale parameters. The fine-tuning is then estimated as 1 fine-tuning = max a C a . (7. 3) The worst offender in high-scale mediation scenarios is generically the gaugino mass. This remains true even if |A 0 | is large enough to allow for maximal mixing: From eq. (2.16) we find C M 1/2 = 2.9 For |A 0 | < 3 M 1/2 , C M 1/2 dominates. Furthermore, from the fine-tuning point of view, it is favorable to go to maximal mixing in order to raise the Higgs mass, rather than to raise the overall soft mass scale. For the least fine-tuned regions compatible with a Higgs mass m h 0 > 123 GeV, with M 1/2 /m Z ≈ 10 and maximal mixing, we find a fine-tuning measure of around a few permille. It is clear that the LHC Higgs mass results, when firmly established, will substantially raise the fine-tuning price of the MSSM.

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8 Charge-and color-breaking minima We briefly review a criterion for charge-and color-breaking minima [84][85][86] in the context which is relevant for us. Consider the direction | U 3 | = | Q 3 | = |h u | ≡ X in field space, with all other VEVs vanishing. The potential energy along this direction reads V (X) = 3 y 2 t X 4 + 2 A t y t X 3 + (m 2 U 3 + m 2 Q 3 + m 2 Hu + |µ| 2 ) X 2 + D-terms . (8.1) It is minimized at 2) and is negative at X 0 if A t satisfies For m Z M S , the r.h.s. of this inequality is 3(m 2 U 3 + m 2 Q 3 + m 2 Hu + |µ| 2 ) ≈ 6 M 2 S . The potential energy of the realistic electroweak vacuum is If V (X 0 ) < V 0 , there is a charge-and color-breaking vacuum. It is easily checked that, for soft terms in the TeV range, the domain V (X 0 ) < V 0 is reached quickly once A t starts exceeding the bound eq. (8.3): The electroweak vacuum is quite shallow, compared to the CCB vacuum whose scale is set by the soft terms. We therefore conclude that points with |X t /M S | √ 6 (8.5) lead to charge and color breaking. Note that this is only a sufficient criterion, and that generally stronger constraints can be found by exploring other directions in field space [87]. Furthermore, we are neglecting D-terms and loop corrections. Finally, we have evaluated all running quantities at the scale M S here. Demanding the absence of CCB vacua at other scales may, again, lead to more restrictive bounds [87]. On the other hand, a CCB vacuum may be viable phenomenologically if the lifetime of our false vacuum is long on cosmological timescales.
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