On HQET and NRQCD operators of dimension 8 and above

Effective field theories such as Heavy Quark Effective Theory (HQET) and Non Relativistic Quantum Chromo-(Electro-) dynamics NRQCD (NRQED) are indispensable tools in controlling the effects of the strong interaction. The increasing experimental precision requires the knowledge of higher dimensional operators. We present a general method that allows for an easy construction of HQET or NRQCD (NRQED) operators that contain two heavy quark or non-relativistic fields and any number of covariant derivatives. As an application of our method, we list these terms in the 1/M4 NRQCD Lagrangian, where M is the mass of of the spin-half field.


Introduction
Effective field theories such as Heavy Quark Effective Theory (HQET) and Non Relativistic Quantum Chromo-(Electro-) dynamics NRQCD (NRQED) are indispensable tools in controlling the effects of the strong interaction in diverse areas such as flavor physics, see e.g [1][2][3], and proton structure effects in hydrogen-like systems, see e.g. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The increasing experimental precision requires the knowledge of higher dimensional operators. For example, in extracting |V cb | from inclusive B decays, matrix elements of HQET operators of dimension seven and eight are now used [15]. These operators contain two heavy quarks fields and four or five covariant derivatives. As was shown in [16], see also [17,18], at dimension seven, four spin-independent and five spin-dependent matrix elements are needed. At dimension eight, seven spin-independent and eleven spin-dependent matrix elements are needed. A natural question arises: are these all the possible operators at each dimension? In particular it could be that semileptonic decays considered in [16] depend only on a subset of the possible HQET operators. The HQET and NRQCD Lagrangians up to and including power 1/M 3 , where M is the mass of of the spin-half field, were given in [19]. These include operators of dimension seven and below. Although these two theories differ in the their power counting, the two Lagrangians can be related via field redefinitions. The dimension-seven Lagrangian contains six spin-independent operators and five spin-dependent operators. For the spindependent operators the number is the same as the numbers of the spin-dependent matrix elements considered in [16], while the spin independent number of operators is different. Why is there a difference and what is the relation between these two bases?
More recently, the NRQED Lagrangian up to and including power 1/M 4 was calculated in [9]. It includes NRQED operators of dimension eight and below. The Lagrangian was constructed by considering all the possible rotationally invariant, P and T even, Hermitian combinations of iD t , iD, E, B, and σ. The analogous construction of the NRQED Lagrangian up to 1/M 2 was explicitly demonstrated in [20]. For higher power of 1/M , corresponding to higher dimensional operators, this construction becomes tedious. There can be different choices for the form of the operators. It is not immediately clear if a pair of JHEP07(2017)137 operators is linearly independent and what is the total number of linearly independent operators. It would be useful to find a simpler way to construct these operators. Furthermore, the 1/M 4 NRQED Lagrangian contains four spin-independent and eight spin-dependent operators. This is less than the number of matrix elements considered in [16]. Presumably the rest correspond to NRQCD operators that do not exist for NRQED. What are they?
In this paper we address all of these questions. We show that by considering the general decomposition of the diagonal matrix elements of pseudo-scalar heavy meson H of the form H|h iD µ 1 . . . iD µn (s λ )h|H , where iD µ is the covariant derivative and s λ is the four-dimensional generalization of the Pauli matrices, into linearly independent tensors, we can determine the form and number of linearly independent operators at each dimension (up to some possible color factors). This method was used in [21] for dimension five and six HQET operators. We improve on [21], by applying constraints from various symmetries and generalize it to an arbitrary operator dimension. 1 We will show that one can make oneto-one correspondence between these HQET operators and NRQCD (NRQED) operators. This allows in principle to construct the bilinear NRQCD (NRQED) Lagrangian at any given order in 1/M .
We present several applications of our method. We relate the Manohar [19] and Mannel-Turczyk-Uraltsev [16] bases for the dimension-seven operators. We relate the dimension-eight operators of [16] to the NRQED operators of [9]. We analyze the general dimension-nine spin-independent HQET matrix element, not considered so far in the literature, and calculate moments of the leading power shape function up to and including dimension nine HQET operators. Finally, we will present the bilinear NRQCD Lagrangian at order 1/M 4 .
Throughout this paper we will not discuss four-fermion operators. The main reason is that the one heavy fermion sector can be considered as interacting with another heavy fermion leading to, e.g. higher power NRQCD and NRQED four-fermion operators, see [9,[23][24][25], or as interacting with a relativistic fermion leading to the four-fermion operators QED-NRQED operators, see [9,14]. Each case should be considered separately depending on the application and is beyond the scope of this paper. Similarly we will not consider pure gauge operators.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows. We present our notation, the general method, and a tabulation of the operators up to and including dimension eight in section 2. We compare our basis to the known dimension seven and eight HQET operators in section 3. We compare our basis to the known NRQED and NRQCD operators in section 4. In section 5 we analyze the general dimension-nine spin-independent HQET matrix element, calculate moments of the leading power shape function, and give the 1/M 4 NRQCD Lagrangian. We present our conclusions in section 6.
After the first version of this paper appeared on arxiv.org, a paper by Kobach and Pal appeared on arxiv.org that uses a Hilbert series to construct an operator basis for NRQED and NRQCD/HQET up to and including dimension eight [26]. As the authors of [26] JHEP07(2017)137 explain "While the Hilbert series can count the number of operators that are invariant under the given symmetries, it does not say how the indices within each operator are contracted. In general, this needs to be done by hand." While analyzing the color indices they have pointed out some operators with the same Lorentz structure but different color structures that were omitted in the first version of this paper. We address the issue of possible multiple color structures and correct this omission in section 2.1.

General considerations
We begin by presenting the notation we use.
We define the metric as g µν = diag(1, −1, −1, −1). The four velocity v is defined by, v = p/M , where p is the particle momentum and M its mass. We often take v = (1, 0, 0, 0) to simplify the discussion. We follow the standard HQET notation reviewed in [1][2][3]. In particular we denote the heavy quark field as h. We will consider diagonal matrix elements of HQET operators between pseudoscalar meson states H containing a heavy quark. Between heavy quark fields the Dirac basis reduces to four matrices [21]. Following [21] we take the basis to be 1, s λ , where the spin matrices s λ are a generalization of the Pauli matrices for a frame moving with velocity v. In The matrices s λ are orthogonal to v, i.e. v · s = 0. We follow [19] and define the covariant derivative as The (chromo-) electric and magnetic fields are defined as For the case of HQET and NRQCD E ≡ E a T a and B ≡ B a T a , where T a is an SU(3) color matrix. As usual, [X, Y ] ≡ XY − Y X, {X, Y } ≡ XY + Y X denote commutators and anti-commutators.
We analyze matrix element of the form H|h iD µ 1 . . . iD µn (s λ )h|H , where n is a positive integer. We would like to collect the constraints on them as a result of heavy quark symmetry, parity, time-reversal, and Hermitian conjugation before the tensor decomposition.
The equation of motion of HQET imply that iv · Dh = 0. As a result, multiplying the matrix element by v µn gives zero. 2 Since this is a forward matrix element, we find that if we multiply the matrix element by v µ 1 we will get zero too. Therefore HQET implies that µ 1 and µ n must be orthogonal to v [21]. An analogous relation holds for the NRQED or NRQCD operators. By a field redefinition one can always eliminate operators of the form . . . iv · Dψ or ψ † iv · D . . . from the Lagrangian. See [20] for an explicit example. This property allows us to treat NRQCD operators similar to HQET operators.
The effective field theories we consider are invariant under parity and time-reversal. As a result the matrix elements have definite transformation properties under these symmetries. Consider v first. Under parity the meson four-momentum changes as p = (p 0 , p ) . Under time-reversal the meson four momentum changes as p = (p 0 , p ) Notice that in both cases for the standard choice of v = (1, 0, 0, 0), v does not change. Un-

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der the combined operation of parity and time-reversal p = (p 0 , p ) P T → p P T ≡ (p 0 , p ). As a result v P T → (v 0 , v ), i.e. any choice of v is invariant under P T . Consider next the covariant derivative iD µ . Under parity iD µ P → (−1) µ iD µ , where (−1) µ = 1 for µ = 0 and (−1) µ = −1 for µ = 1, 2, 3. Due to presence of i, under time-reversal iD µ T → (−1) µ iD µ . Under the combined operation of parity and time-reversal iD µ P T → iD µ . Finally we need to consider the transformation ofhh andhs λ h. If ψ is the full QCD quark field,hh =ψ (1 where the complex conjugation arises from the anti-linear T . As a result, the spinindependent matrix elements are real, while the spin-dependent matrix elements are imaginary. Constraints from parity are more transparent for the standard choice of v = (1, 0, 0, 0), where v does not change under parity. For this case,hh,hs λ h, iD 0 are even and iD i is odd. As a result, regardless of the spin structure, the matrix elements vanish if they have an odd number of spacelike covariant derivatives. Hermitian conjugation also restricts the number of linearly independent matrix elements. Sincehh,hs λ h, and iD µ i are hermitian, we find that Combining this with the P T constraints implies that the spin-independent (spindependent) matrix elements are symmetric (anti-symmetric) under the inversion of the indices. In the following we refer to it as "inversion symmetry". Since H is a pseudo-scalar, the matrix element of H|h iD µ 1 . . . iD µn (s λ )h|H can only depend on v µ i and g µ i µ j and ǫ αβρσ . Alternatively, we can follow [16] and define Π µν = g µν − v µ v ν . In general v µ Π µν = 0 and v ν Π µν = 0. For the standard choice of v = (1, 0, 0, 0), Π 00 = 0 and Π ij = −δ ij . Also, since the indices in ǫ αβρσ cannot all be orthogonal to v, we can replace ǫ αβρσ by ǫ αβρσ v α without loss of generality.
Another constraint to keep in mind is that in four dimensions one can have only four independent directions. As a result, certain tensors with more than four indices are not independent. For example, in a tensor of the form Π µν ǫ αβρσ v α , relevant for the matrix elements of dimension seven spin-dependent operators, three indices are the same and not all the tensors obtained by permuting indices between Π µν and ǫ αβρσ v α are linearly independent. For spin-independent operators a similar constraint arises only starting at dimension eleven operators where the structure Π µ 1 µ 2 Π µ 3 µ 4 Π µ 5 µ 6 Π µ 7 µ 8 arises.

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The decomposition gives a correspondence between the operatorsh iD µ 1 . . . iD µn (s λ )h and non-perturbative parameters. Questions such as the linear independence of a given set of operators, and the number of linearly independent operators of a given dimension are answered by considering the vector space of non-perturbative parameters of a given dimension. 3 Another issue we need to address is that of possible color factors. The covariant derivative D µ = ∂ µ + igA µa T a combines a unit matrix in color space, i.e. a color singlet, and a product of an octet vector field A µa and an octet of SU(3) color matrices. By gauge invariance the two must appear together, and the covariant derivative does not have an independent color singlet and color octet parts. Operators constructed from two covariant derivatives can be expressed in terms of a commutator or an anti-commutator of two covariant derivatives. A commutator has only an octet part while the anti-commutator has again both singlet and octet parts that cannot be separated. The case of three covariant derivatives is analogous to that of two covariant derivatives, see section 4.
When we consider four covariant derivatives the situation changes. We can now have a product of two commutators of covariant derivatives. Consider for example the NRQCD operator [26]. It contains the symmetric product of two different SU(3) colors matrices: T a , T b = 1 3 δ ab + d abc T c . Now the singlet and octet parts are not connected by gauge invariance and they give rise to two operators with different color structure. Instead of a singlet and an octet we can choose the basis of T a , T b and δ ab . Thus we have two different operators with two chromo-electric fields: Only the first one is generated by commutator and anti-commutators of covariant derivatives. The second operator is generated when we consider the one-loop self-energy corrections to the first operators. Thus a one gluon exchange between ψ † and ψ in ψ † E i a E i b T a , T b ψ gives the color structures where i, j, k, l = 1, 2, 3 and a, b = 1, . . . , 8 and we have used a color identity for T c ij T c kl . In other words, when calculating observables at tree level only ψ † E i a E i b T a , T b ψ appears [19]. At one loop we need to consider also ψ † E i a E i b δ ab ψ. The case of five covariant derivatives is discussed in sections 2.2.6 and 2.3.6.
In applications to power corrections to inclusive B decays, only the contribution of the dimension five operators are known with O(α s ) Wilson coefficients [27][28][29]. The dimension six and seven operators are known only with O(α 0 s ) Wilson coefficients. This explains why the dimension seven operator ψ † E i a E i b δ ab ψ and similar dimension eight operators were not included in [16] as was recently pointed out in [26]. The analysis we perform below is sensitive only to the possible Lorentz structure of H|h iD µ 1 . . . iD µn (s λ )h|H and it does not distinguish operators that contain T a , T b from δ ab . These need to be put "by 3 A potential caveat to this argument is that one can imagine an operator that has a zero matrix element.
The only such example is the operatorh iv ·Dh, which is the first term in the HQET and NRQCD (NRQED) Lagrangians. This term is unique in the sense that it is the only one that includes iv · D in the HQET Lagrangian or iDt (not in a commutator) in the NRQCD (NRQED) Lagrangian.

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hand". While not ideal, the main complication arises from the Lorentz indices and it is fairly easy to identify the different colors structures, at least below dimension nine. We show below how one can identify and enumerate the number of operators that have more than one color structure. Using the constraints discussed above we can now perform the tensor decomposition.

Tabulation of spin-independent operators up to dimension eight
These operators are of the form H|h iD µ 1 . . . iD µn h|H , where n = operator dimension − 3. We decompose the matrix elements of such operators in terms of non-perturbative parameters multiplying the possible tensors allowed by the symmetries.

Dimension three
For dimension three there are no covariant derivatives and one has, see e.g. [2],

Dimension four
Since we have only one covariant derivative iD µ 1 , the matrix element must be proportional to v µ 1 . Since iv · Dh = 0 the matrix element must vanish. Thus

Dimension five
Since iv · Dh = 0 andh iv · D = 0, the matrix element can only depend on Π µ 1 µ 2 and we have 1 where a (5) is a non-perturbative parameter. The dimension of the operator appears in the superscript. Notice that Π µ 1 µ 2 = Π µ 2 µ 1 as required by the inversion symmetry.

Dimension six
We need to consider H|h iD µ 1 iD µ 2 iD µ 3 h|H . The tensor ǫ ρµ 1 µ 2 µ 3 v ρ is ruled out by parity. This is most easily seen by taking v = (1, 0, 0, 0) which requires µ 1 , µ 2 , µ 3 to be space-like. Hence the matrix element has a an odd number of space-like covariant derivatives and is zero by parity. The only possible tensor combination is a product of a v and Π. We must use Π µ 1 µ 3 and we find only one possible non-perturbative parameter: JHEP07(2017)137

Dimension seven
Here we need more than one tensor structure. We can have a product of two Π's or a product of Π and two v's. For products of two Π's we can contract µ 1 with µ 2 , µ 3 , or µ 4 using Π. The other two indices are also contracted by Π. In total we have three such combinations of two Π's. Using two v's, they can only be contracted with µ 2 and µ 3 giving us a fourth tensor. In total we have It is easy to check that each tensor separately is invariant under inversion. Our notation for the parameters is such that the subscript denotes the first two indices that are contracted via Π's in numerical order, and the dimension of the operators appears in the superscript. We also use a different letters for tensors with a different number of v's.
As was mentioned in the introduction, the NRQED Lagrangian has four spinindependent operators. We will show in section 4 that these can be related to the four operators above. It should be clear already though that it is easier to tabulate the operators as was done here than to construct them from E, D, and B.
As was pointed out in [26] and discussed in section 2.1, there can be more than one color structure for operators constructed from four covariant derivatives. This is most easily seen when one constructs NRQCD operators and then consider the possible color structure, as we do in section 4. But we can anticipate the result by considering structures It is a symmetric product of two SU(3) color matrices that give rise to two possible color structures: a singlet and an octet. There can be corresponding to the possible partitions of four indices into two pairs. In order to form scalar operators, we need to multiply these structures by one of the four possible tensors on the right hand side of (2.8): We find only two linearly independent combinations from all of the contractions, namely, a 13 −a (7) 14 , and b (7) . We confirm this result in section 4.1.4. We conclude that we can form only two such operators with two possible color structures each. Including the possible color structures, there are in total six possible NRQCD (HQET) operators.

Dimension eight
We have five covariant derivatives, so we must have an odd number of v's. We cannot have five v's and there is only one tensor with 3 v's: As a result of the inversion symmetry, tensors with one v must be of the form v µ 2 Π Π + v µ 4 Π Π or v µ 3 Π Π.
We also need to consider the issue of possible color structures. Multiple colors structures for a given operator arise from the anti-commutator of two color octets.
For five covariant derivatives there are two possibilities of color octets: There are 5 1 × 3 = 15 such structures. Contracting each of the possible structure with the tensors on the left hand side of (2.9), we find only one non-zero linear combination: a We will obtain the same result in section 4.1.5. Including the two possible color structures there are eight operators in total.

Tabulation of spin-dependent operators up to dimension eight
These operators are of the form H|h iD µ 1 . . . iD µn s λ h|H , where n = operator dimension − 3. Their matrix elements are complex. We decompose the matrix elements in terms of non-perturbative parameters multiplying the possible tensors allowed by the symmetries.

Dimension three
For dimension three there are no covariant derivatives. The matrix elements ofhs λ h can only be proportional to v λ . Since v · s = 0 we find that the matrix element is zero:

Dimension four
The matrix element of the operatorh iD µ 1 s λ h can only be proportional to Π µ 1 λ , since both v µ 1 = 0 and v λ = 0. But then for the choice v = (1, 0, 0, 0) the matrix element contains JHEP07 (2017)137 one space-like covariant derivative and is zero by parity. Thus

Dimension five
The operatorh iD µ 1 iD µ 2 s λ h has three indices, all of which are orthogonal to v. As a result, we cannot use three v's or a product of one Π and one v. There is only one possible structure: The tensor ǫ ρµ 1 µ 2 λ v ρ is antisymmetric under inversion as required.

Dimension six
There is only one possible tensor, a product of v and ǫ. Thus Again the inversion symmetry is manifest.

Dimension seven
For the matrix elements of dimension seven spin-dependent operators there are five independent tensors. One has 2 v's and ǫ and four that have Π and ǫ. Thus where we have imposed the inversion symmetry by combining tensors in the second line of (2.14) with the same non-perturbative parameters. Naively it might seem that there are two other possible independent tensors that involve But this would be an over-counting. The tensor Π µν ǫ σαβρ v σ has five indices orthogonal to v, but in four space-time dimensions there can be only three different indices orthogonal to v. Since α = β = ρ and µ = ν, it follows that three of the indices in the set {α, β, ρ, µ, ν} are equal. Therefore if λ is equal to any µ i it is also equal to some µ j and hence µ i = µ j and already included in the tensors of (2.14).
For the dimension seven spin-independent case one can construct operators with the same Lorentz structure but different color structure. We can check whether this is possible for the spin-dependent operators by contractingh {[iD µ i , iD µ j ], [iD µ k , iD µ l ]} h with the tensors on the right hand side of (2.14). We find that all of these vanish, so there are no such operators. We will find the same result in section 4.2.3.

Dimension eight
For the matrix elements of the dimension eight spin-dependent operators we can have one tensor with 3 v's, v µ 2 v µ 3 v µ 4 ǫ ρµ 1 µ 5 λ v ρ , and tensors which are of the form v Π ǫ. Following the discussion above, the Π's should depend only on µ i . Once we fix v µ i to be v µ 2 , v µ 3 , or v µ 4 , there are four indices left, which gives six pairs {µ j , µ k } for Π. Including the constraints from inversion symmetry, we find As for the spin-independent case we can check if there are operators with the same Lorentz structure but different color structure by contract- }} h with the tensors of the right hand side of (2.15). We find six linearly-independent combinations, indicating that there will be six operators with two possible color structures. We will find the same result in section 4.2.4. Including these possible color structures, there seventeen NRQCD (HQET) operators in total.

HQET operators
We can now easily relate the matrix elements analyzed in the previous section to the HQET parameters listed in [16]. As described in section 2.1, the operators listed [16] relevant to tree level matching of power corrections to inclusive B-decays have color structure of the form T a T b and not δ ab . The different color structure is generated via (at least) one gluon exchange. We list the other operators in section 4.

Dimension eight
In [16] seven spin-independent matrix elements are listed 6 as: Notice that for r 2 , r 3 , and r 4 the operators are not Hermitian. In the following we assume that the contractions of indices is done using Π, i.e. the contracted indices are space-like. If they are contracted using the regular metric tensor, it slightly changes the relation of r 4 and r 6 to our basis. As written above, we can relate these matrix elements to the parameters introduced in (2.9). We find 7 r 1 = 3c (8) , 13 + a 12 + 3a 15 , r 4 = 3 a 12 + a 13 + 3a 14 + 3b (8) 15 , r 7 = 3 b 12 + 3b 15 . (3.8)

Spin-dependent operators
Matrix elements of spin dependent operators of dimension three and four are zero. The first non-vanishing matrix element is of dimension five.

Dimension eight
In [16] eleven spin-dependent matrix elements are listed as:

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Notice that for r 9 − r 14 the operators are not Hermitian. In the following we assume that the contractions of indices is done using Π, i.e. the contracted indices are space-like. We can relate these matrix elements to the parameters introduced in (2.15). We find

NRQED and NRQCD operators
We now relate the known NRQED and NRQCD operators up to dimension eight to the decomposition of section 2. As we will see, there are dimension eight NRQCD operators that do not appear in the dimension eight NRQED Lagrangian. These operators were not considered before in the literature. We will list them in section 5.
The 1/M 3 NRQCD Lagrangian that contains operators up to dimension seven was given in [19] (4.1) We follow the notation of [19], but display explicitly the color factors for terms bilinear in E or B. For terms linear in E or B we have E i ≡ E i a T a and B i ≡ B i a T a . The operators on the last line of (4.1) appear only for NRQCD and not NRQED. Also, for NRQED the operators whose coefficients are c A1 and c A3 (c A2 and c A4 ) are identical.

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The 1/M 4 NRQED Lagrangian that contains operators of dimension eight was given in [9] Some of these operators need to be rewritten in a form appropriate for NRQCD operators, e.g. not assuming that E and B commute. We will do that below. The general procedure we will follow is to take a general NRQCD (NRQED) operator of the form ψ † Oψ where O is written in terms of D, E, B. We change ψ → h and ψ † →h and write O in terms of covariant derivatives iD µ contracted with Π and v. The matrix element of the resulting operator can be written in terms of the parameters of section 2. The utility of this method is that given two NRQCD operators we can immediately determine if they are linearly independent, based on the linear combination of parameters that corresponds to each operator. Possible multiple color factors for operators with the same Lorentz structure are considered separately. We will illustrate this procedure in detail below.

Dimension four
There is one spin-independent operator of dimension four in (4.1). It has one time-like covariant derivative ψ † iD t ψ. The corresponding HQET operator ishiv · Dh whose matrix element vanishes.

Dimension seven
There are six spin-independent dimension-seven operators in (4.1): Changing ψ → h and ψ † →h the matrix elements of these operators are 12 + a 13 + a 14 , 12 − 2a (7) 13 + a (7) 14 , 13 + 2a (7) 14 + b (7) , (7) . (4.5) These linear combinations of a 12 , a 13 , a 14 and b (7) are all independent of each other. We also have two pairs of operators that differ only by their color structure. These indeed depend on the linear combinations we have identified earlier, namely a

Dimension eight
There are four spin-independent dimension-eight operators in the dimension-eight NRQED Lagrangian (4.2).

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12 + 4a (8) 13 + 8a (8) 15 − 5b Notice that the last line of depends on the linear combination that was anticipated in section 2.2.6. We anticipated eight dimension eight spin-independent operators in section 2.2.6, but we have listed only five so far. It is clear the NRQCD Lagrangian will contain three extra spin-independent operators. We will list them in section 5.3.

Spin-dependent operators
Our convention for sign of the Levi-Civita tensor is ǫ 0123 = −1 and ǫ 0123 = 1. As a result, the three dimensional contraction The overall minus sign arises from the three space-like contractions.
Since D µ = D 0 , −D , we have an extra minus sign for each space-like derivative that appears in the triple product.

Dimension five
There are no dimension four spin-dependent operators. There is one spin-dependent operator of dimension five in (4.1): gψ † σ · Bψ. It can be written as − (5) . (4.7)

Dimension six
There is one dimension six spin-dependent operator in (4.1): The corresponding HQET matrix element is (6) . (4.8)

Dimension eight
There are eight spin-dependent dimension-eight operators in the 1/M 4 NRQED Lagrangian (4.2). For the NRQCD operators we rewrite The last operator in (4.2) contains two parts: The second part can be expressed in terms of other operators in (4.2), so we will not consider it below. The first part corresponds to two possible NRQCD operators 1 2 13 +b 14 + 3b 12 + 2ã (8) 14 + 3ã 15 +ã 14 + 2b 13 +b (8) . (4.10) As in the previous cases, one can check and verify that the matrix elements of operators that have two color structures depend on linear combinations of parameters calculated in 2.3.6. This confirms our observation that one can predict how many operators have multiple color structures using our general method. We anticipated seventeen operators in section 2.3.6, but generalizing the NRQED to the NRQCD case gives only fourteen operators. It is clear the NRQCD Lagrangian will contain three extra operators. We will list them in section 5.3.

Moments of the leading power shape functions
In analyzing charmless inclusive B decays one often encounters "shape functions" [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. These are Fourier transforms of diagonal matrix elements of non-local HQET operators, analogous to nucleon parton distribution functions. Moments of these shape functions can often be related to HQET parameters. The matrix elements decomposition presented above JHEP07(2017)137 makes the calculation of the moments especially easy. We illustrate this by calculating moments of of the leading power shape.
The leading power shape function can be defined as 8 where is n is a light-like vector, i.e. n 2 = 0, and n · v = 1. S n is a Wilson line in the n direction, see [37] for its definition.
For completeness we review how the moments of S(ω) are related to local HQET operators. The zeroth moment of S(ω) is where we have used the unitarity of the Wilson lines, S n (x)S † n (x) = 1. Using the identity, in · D S n (x) = S n (x) in · ∂, the first moment of S(ω) is Similarly we can show that the k-th moment of the S(ω) is presented here can be obtained from [37] by using the translation invariance of the matrix element elements and changing t → −t in the integration.
For all the moments apart from the sixth we have used the relations to previously defined HQET parameters from section 3. The sixth moment is expressed in terms of the new HQET parameters of section 5.1. Using the HQET parameters extracted in [15] one can use the moments up to the fifth one to improve the modeling of the leading power shape function.

NRQCD Lagrangian to order 1/M 4
From section 4 we learn that the 1/M 4 NRQCD Lagrangian contains three spinindependent operators and three spin-dependent operators that cannot be obtained from simple generalization of the NRQED Lagrangian. Here we list these new operators.
The new NRQCD operators contain commutators of chromoelectric and chromomagnetic fields, which vanish for NRQED. We can easily test the linear independence of the possible operators by calculating the matrix elements of the corresponding HQET operators. For the spin-independent operators we have 15 ), It is easy to check that these operators are linearly independent of the operators of (4.6) and Hermitian and invariant under P and T . For the spin-dependent operators we consider the set of spin-dependent NRQED where the notations follows from equation (4.2). We can generate new operators by replacing the commutators by anti-commutators and vice versa. Only three operators will be linearly independent of the NRQED spin-dependent operators. We can choose to modify 12 −ã 15 +ã 24 , It is easy to check that these operators are linearly independent of the operators of (4.10) and Hermitian and invariant under P and T . We can now list the full dimension-eight NRQCD Lagrangian. It is JHEP07(2017)137 Notice that we have modified the operators O X12 as explained in section 4.2.4. We have introduced extra a and b subscripts for operators that have multiple color structure but the same Lorentz structure. Explicit color indices are shown for these operators. These results agree also with [26] that uses a slightly different basis.

Conclusions
Effective field theories are an important tool in current research. The effective theory Lagrangian is often written as a series of operators with increasing dimension suppressed by the inverse powers of the cutoff scale of the theory. As research progresses, higher dimensional operators are receiving more and more attention. For example, the construction of higher dimension operators in the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SM EFT) was shown recently be simpler than one might expect [38].
In this paper we investigated the question of constructing higher dimensional operators for the HQET and NRQCD (NRQED) Lagrangians. Despite having a different power counting, the two Lagrangians are closely related. We showed how one can analyze operators that contain two HQET fields or two NRQCD (NRQED) fields with an arbitrary number of covariant derivatives. The method we use is to consider diagonal matrix elements of HQET operators between pseudo-scalar meson states. We write such matrix elements as non-perturbative HQET parameters multiplied by tensors constructed from the heavy quark velocity, the metric tensor and the Levi-Civita tensor. Imposing constraints from P and T symmetries, hermitian conjugation, and the fact that we consider theories in 3+1 dimensions, allows the reduce the number of HQET parameters of a given dimension. The number of possible HQET operators at each dimension corresponds to the number of HQET parameters. This method allows us to easily determine the number of operators at each dimension and whether a given set of operators of a given dimension is linearly independent. NRQCD and NRQED operators can be similarly analyzed by replacing those fields with HQET fields and considering the matrix elements of these operators.
One drawback of this method is that it does not distinguish operators that have the same Lorentz structure but different color structure. As was recently pointed out in [26], operators that contain a symmetric product of two color matrices, e.g. ψ † E i a T a E i b T b ψ, can be decomposed in terms of a color octet and a color singlet operators, e.g. ψ † E i a E i b d abc T c ψ and ψ † E i a E i b δ ab ψ. Since they only differ in their color structure, both will give the same linear combination of parameters. Alternatively we can use the basis of ψ † E i a E i b T a , T b ψ and ψ † E i a E i b δ ab ψ. The operator ψ † E i a E i b T a , T b ψ is generated by commutator and anticommutators of covariant derivatives and it is the only of the two that appears when calculating observables at tree level. The operator ψ † E i a E i b δ ab ψ will be generated when

JHEP07(2017)137
considering radiative corrections [19]. For applications to inclusive B decays this operator arises at only O(α s )/m 4 b , beyond the current level of precision. This explains why such operators were not considered in [16]. To address the possibility of multiple color structures, one has to consider them separately from the general method we presented. But using the method presented above allows to determine how many linearly independent operators there are for possible different color structures. We showed how this is done for the dimension seven and eight operators and confirmed the results of [26] for the multiple color structures.
We presented our general method in section 2. We demonstrated it by relating the HQET parameters of operators of dimension four, five, six, seven, and eight known from the literature to our basis in section 3. NRQCD operators up to dimension seven and NRQED operators up to dimension eight were previously known in the literature. We have analyzed these operators and related the corresponding HQET matrix elements to our basis in section 4. This allows to easily relate the known HQET and NRQCD operators to one another.
Going beyond the known operators, we presented several new results in section 5. We analyzed the dimension nine spin-independent HQET parameters, finding 24 possible parameters (not including multiple color structures) see equation (5.1). We calculated moments of the leading power shape function in terms of HQET parameters up to and including local matrix elements of dimension nine, see equation (5.6). This will allow to improve the modeling of the leading power shape function. Similarly, one can use this to improve modeling of subleading shape functions [39]. Most importantly, we constructed the dimension eight NRQCD operators that do not appear in the 1/M 4 NRQED Lagrangian. These allow to present for the full 1/M 4 bilinear NRQCD Lagrangian, see equation (5.9).
We conclude by considering possible extensions of this work. The method we presented allows in principle to write down all the possible HQET operators of any given dimension. It would be interesting to automatize the procedure using a computer program to construct these higher dimensional operators and of the NRQCD Lagrangian. Also, certain multiple color structures were considered separately from the general method. It would be desirable to find a method that automatically generate these color structures.
A separate interesting question is what are the Wilson coefficients of the operators. In particular what are the relations between coefficients of operators of different dimensions. These are known as "reparameterization invariance" [40] or "Lorentz invariance" constraints 9 [41]. For NRQED such relations are known for up to dimension eight operators [9,41] but not for NRQCD or HQET operators above dimension six. Such relations allow to determine the contribution of a certain higher dimensional operators based on the knowledge of lower dimensional operators. This has applications to semileptonic and radiative B decays, see e.g. [27,28,42].
Finally, throughout the paper we have not considered operators with more than two HQET or NRQCD (NRQED) fields. The reason, as explained in the introduction, is that