Invariants and divergences in half-maximal supergravity theories

The invariants in half-maximal supergravity theories in D = 4, 5 are discussed in detail up to dimension eight (e.g. R4). In D = 4, owing to the anomaly in the rigid SL(2,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$ \mathbb{R} $\end{document}) duality symmetry, the restrictions on divergences need careful treatment. In pure \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$ \mathcal{N}=4 $\end{document} supergravity, this anomalous symmetry still implies duality invariance of candidate counterterms at three loops. Provided one makes the additional assumption that there exists a full 16-supercharge off-shell formulation of the theory, counterterms at L ≥ 2 loops would also have to be writable as full-superspace integrals. At the three-loop order such a duality-invariant full-superspace integral candidate counterterm exists, but its duality invariance is marginal in the sense that the full-superspace counter-Lagrangian is not itself duality-invariant. We show that such marginal invariants are not allowable as counterterms in a 16-supercharge off-shell formalism. It is not possible to draw the same conclusion when vector multiplets are present because of the appearance of F4 terms in the SL(2,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$ \mathbb{R} $\end{document}) anomaly. In D = 5 there is no one-loop anomaly in the shift invariance of the dilaton, and we argue that this implies finiteness at two loops, again subject to the assumption that 16 supercharges can be preserved off-shell.


Introduction
Developments in the evaluation of scattering amplitudes using unitarity methods over the past decade or so have made it possible to push the investigation of the onset of ultraviolet divergences in maximal supergravity theories to higher loop orders than would have been possible using conventional Feynman diagram techniques. In particular, it has been shown that D = 4, N = 8 supergravity is finite at three loops (R 4 ) [1], and that D = 5 maximal supergravity is finite at four loops (∂ 6 R 4 ) [2], despite the existence of corresponding counterterms, at least at the linearised level [3][4][5]. Since these invariants are of F-type, i.e. correspond to integrals over fewer than the maximal number of odd superspace coordinates, it might have been thought that they should be protected by superspace nonrenormalisation theorems [5], but it is difficult to justify this argument because there are no known off-shell versions of maximal supergravity that realise all of the supersymmetries linearly. Indeed, such off-shell versions cannot exist in every dimension because it is known that divergences do occur for F-type counterterms in D = 6 and D = 7 above one loop [6]. However, these finiteness results can be explained instead by duality-based arguments. E 7(7) Ward identities can be defined at the cost of manifest Lorentz covariance [7,8], and can be shown to be non-anomalous. 1 These Ward identities imply that the counterterms associated to logarithmic divergences must be E 7 (7) invariant. The unique SU(8) invariant R 4 candidate counterterm can be proved to violate E 7(7) symmetry from a perturbative scattering amplitude approach [9] and from a direct field-theoretic argument [10] that makes use of dimensional reduction and of the uniqueness of the D = 4 counterterms at the linearised level [11]. In addition, there is no superspace measure for the R 4 invariant at the full non-linear level, while an analysis of the closed super-four-form that does define this supersymmetric invariant leads to the same conclusion: there is no three-loop acceptable counterterm that is both N = 8 supersymmetric and E 7(7) duality invariant [10]. Furthermore, these arguments can be extended to the other two F-term invariants in D = 4 arising at the five and six-loop orders [10,13], there being no four-loop invariant [11]. One can then use dimensional reduction and the known divergences at one, two and three loops in D = 8, 7 and 6, respectively, to show that these are the only F-term divergences that can arise in maximal supergravity in any dimension. This result can also be seen from an analysis of the conjectured duality properties of superstring theory [14,15]. It therefore seems that maximal supergravity must be ultra-violet finite up through at least six loops in D = 4, and that there are no divergences that correspond to the known JHEP07(2013)117 linearised BPS counterterms (F-terms) [3,4,11,16,17]. At the seven-loop order, we reach the borderline between F-term and D-term invariants. At this order there would seem to be a candidate D-term invariant, the volume of superspace, which is manifestly symmetric with respect to all symmetries and which would be difficult to protect by conventional fieldtheoretic arguments. However, it is now known that the volume of superspace vanishes on-shell for any N in D = 4, although there is still an N = 8 seven-loop invariant that can be written as a manifestly duality-invariant harmonic-superspacee integral over 28 odd coordinates [12]. The situation at this order is therefore somewhat ambiguous, although it is unlikely that there is an off-shell formulation of the maximal supergravity theory preserving all the supersymmetries linearly which could be used to try to justify the absence of a sevenloop divergence. A direct computational resolution of this ambiguity would seem to be a tall order, at least in the near future, but a similar situation arises in the half-maximal case which is more tractable from both the computational and formal points of view.
In D = 4, N = 4 supergravity the F/D borderline occurs at the three-loop level, i.e. for R 4 type counterterms. It has recently been shown that half-maximal supergravity is finite at this order [18][19][20] and that this state of affairs persists in D = 5 [21] (where the relevant loop order is two) and in the presence of vector multiplets [19,20]. These finiteness results have been obtained from scattering amplitude computations [18,21] in pure supergravity and from string theory [19,20] in supergravity coupled to vector multiplets. Field-theoretic arguments in support of these results have been given using duality arguments 2 [25] and conformal symmetry [26]. From the counterterm point of view, the situation resembles seven loops in N = 8 because the natural candidate for the R 4 invariant would be the volume of superspace. As in N = 8, this turns out to vanish in both D = 4 and 5, but in both cases one can also construct R 4 invariants as harmonic-superspacee integrals over twelve odd coordinates instead of the full sixteen. As we shall show, duality-invariant counterterms of this type can be re-expressed as full-superspace integrals with integrands that are not themselves duality-invariant. The issue is therefore to understand if this property is enough to rule out these counterterms as possible divergences. In order to do so, one has to assume that there are off-shell formulations of the theories under consideration that preserve all the supersymmetries as well as the duality symmetries, or at least a large enough subgroup thereof.
Perhaps the simplest case to consider is half-maximal D = 5 supergravity which has only one scalar, the dilaton Φ, and for which the duality symmetry is simply a shift of this field. As mentioned above, the superspace volume vanishes, but the full-superspace integral of any function of Φ will give rise to a supersymmetric R 4 invariant. The only choice of function for which this integral is shift-invariant is a linear one, because under a shift this would give rise to the volume, which vanishes. Moreover, one can rewrite this invariant as a twelve-theta harmonic-superspacee integral of a Grassmann-analytic function that is manifestly shift-invariant. In a sense, one can regard Φ as a zero-form potential for a gauge transformation with a closed zero-form parameter, i.e. a constant, and so the integral could JHEP07(2013)117 be thought of as the simplest type of Chern-Simons invariant. One could therefore rule this out as a divergence if one could show that divergences have to correspond to full-superspace integrals of integrands that are manifestly invariant under duality transformations.
For D = 4, N = 4 supergravity, the duality group is SL(2, R). This symmetry is anomalous [27], but we shall show that the anomalous Ward identities still require the three-loop counterterm to be duality-invariant. It turns out that this counterterm can be expressed either as a twelve-theta harmonic-superspacee integral with a manifestly dualityinvariant integrand or as a full-superspace integral of the Kähler potential on the scalar manifold. This potential can be regarded as a local function depending on the complex scalar field T , the unique independent chiral superfield in N = 4 supergravity, and on its complex conjugate. One would therefore need to show that the only allowable counterterms should be full-superspace integrals of integrands that are manifestly symmetric under the isometries of this space in order to rule out a possible divergence at three loops. This case has some features in common with (2,2) non-linear sigma models in D = 2, which also have Kähler target spaces. In [28] it was shown, using the background field method in superspace, that all possible counterterms beyond one loop have to be full-superspace integrals of tensorial functions of the background field, i.e. constructed from the Riemann tensor and its target-space derivatives. So in the case of a symmetric target space these functions would be constant, i.e. manifestly invariant under the isometries. If we could prove a similar result for N = 4 supergravity then three-loop finiteness would be a consequence.
As well as studying half-maximal supergravity theories we shall also consider the inclusion of n extra vector multiplets. In D = 4 this leads to an additional SO(6, n) duality symmetry that acts on the manifold of the extra scalars, while in D = 5 we have SO (5, n). In five dimensions there are no one-loop divergences to complicate matters and we shall argue that the extra multiplets do not affect the counterterm analysis at two loops. In four dimensions, on the other hand, there is a one-loop divergence corresponding to an F 4 counterterm [29]. We shall show that the full super-invariant corresponding to this is also invariant under SL(2, R)×SO(6, n), a fact that is non-trivial to prove. This invariant turns out to affect the analysis of divergences at three loops because the one-loop anomaly functional, in the presence of vector multiplets, necessarily includes an F 4 term. The presence of this term implies that the theory is no longer invariant at one loop under shifts of the dilaton, which it is in the absence of vector multiplets.
In order to argue our case, we shall have to assume the existence of a suitable offshell formalism that preserves all of the supersymmetries linearly. It was shown some time ago by a counting argument [30,31] that, in ordinary superspace with a finite number of component fields, this is only possible for N = 4 supergravity coupled to 6 + 8k vector multiplets. The case k = 0 corresponds to dimensional reduction of the off-shell D = 10, N = 1 construction given in [32] which makes use of a six-form potential rather than the usual two-form. However, even if one were able to construct these multiplets for arbitrary k, there would still be a difficulty with duality symmetry because some of the scalars appear as antisymmetric two-form potentials off-shell. For example, for k = 0, i.e. with six vector multiplets, one finds that the 36 scalars appear as 20 + 1 scalars and 15 two-forms. For this reason, we shall instead assume that a suitable off-shell theory can JHEP07(2013)117 be constructed in harmonic superspace even though no one has succeeded in doing this for a single N = 4 vector multiplet, owing in part to the vector multiplet's self-conjugate nature. 3 This difficulty should be contrasted with the successful construction of off-shell harmonic-superspacee formulations of the 8-supercharge hypermultiplet in D = 4, 5 & 6. Similarly to the 'finite-field' N = 4 cases, there is a "no-go" theorem for 'finite-field' off-shell formulations of hypermultiplets where the physical modes involve only scalar fields [34], but harmonic-superspacee constructions, with infinite numbers of component fields, nonetheless exist [35,36]. So the question of whether an off-shell formulation exists for half-maximal supergravity and its vector-multiplet couplings still remains open.
To summarise, the dimension-eight (R 4 ) invariants in pure half-maximal supergravity theories in D = 4, 5 can be considered to be on the F/D borderline because they can be expressed either as integrals of duality-invariant integrands over twelve odd coordinates or as full-superspace integrals whose integrands are not themselves invariant even though the integrals are. If we make the assumption that there exist off-shell versions of these theories that preserve all of the supersymmetries linearly as well as the duality symmetries, then the divergences would have to correspond to full-superspace integrals with integrands that are duality-invariant and hence would be absent at the corresponding (3,2) loop orders. When vector multiplets are present, this result still holds in D = 5 but is vitiated in D = 4 owing to the fact that the anomaly is altered in the presence of the vector multiplets. In D = 4, the requirement of duality symmetry is not compatible with manifest Lorentz invariance, so this would presumably have to be given up in superspace, as it must in the component formalism [8,37]. In superspace, it might be possible to make use of light-cone harmonic-superspacee techniques to help out in this context [38][39][40]. In D = 5, on the other hand, duality is fully compatible with manifest Lorentz symmetry.
Although our main motivation is the understanding of the ultra-violet behaviour of half-maximal supergravity theories, our classification of supersymmetry invariants is also of interest for understanding string-theory effective actions with half-maximal supersymmetry. In particular, the non-linear structure of the R 2 type supersymmetry invariant is shown to be such that the threshold function multiplying the F 4 type structure is not independent of the R 2 threshold. Our results are less conclusive for higher-derivative invariants like ∂ 2 F 4 , since we do not discuss in this paper the higher-order corrections required to promote a supersymmetry invariant considered modulo the equations of motion to an actual supersymmetric effective action. Nonetheless, the structure of R 4 type invariants is clarified, shedding light on the property that the tree-level R 4 invariant does not get corrected at one-and two-loops in heterotic string theory.
In the next section we give a brief summary of D = 4 supergeometry, including vector multiplets, and then continue in section 3 with a comprehensive study of invariants up to dimension eight. In order to do this, we make extensive use of harmonic-superspacee methods and the ectoplasm formalism. At dimension four there are R 2 and F 4 invariants, both of which appear in the cocycle (i.e. closed super-D-form) that determines the JHEP07(2013)117 SL(2, R) anomaly in the presence of vector multiplets. The F 4 invariant can be written as a harmonic-superspacee integral that is not manifestly SO(6, n) invariant, but that can also be expressed as a cocycle that is so invariant. At dimension six, the ∂ 2 F 4 one-quarter BPS invariant is also writable as a harmonic-superspacee integral, but in this case we have not been able to establish SO(6, n) invariance. In addition, there are invariants involving R 2 F 2 terms. At dimension eight, we show that the volume of superspace vanishes even in the presence of vector multiplets. As a consequence, the R 4 type duality invariant can be written either as a sixteen-theta full-superspace integral of a non-duality-invariant function of the N = 4 supergravity complex scalar field T or as a manifestly invariant twelve-theta harmonic-superspacee integral. There is also a ∂ 4 F 4 type duality invariant that can only be written as a twelve-theta harmonic-superspacee integral. In section 4, we discuss the SL(2, R) anomaly. It is given by a dimension-four (R ∧ R)-type invariant which involves F 4 in the presence of vector multiplets, and in the following section we discuss the implications of the anomaly in perturbation theory. This section includes a brief recap of superspace non-renormalisation theorems as well as a discussion of the notion of superspace co-forms that is needed in order to justify non-renormalisation of marginal counterterms. The nonrenormalisation theorem is illustrated by the example of (2, 2) non-linear sigma models in D = 2. A brief discussion of pure N = 4, D = 4 supergravity was given in reference [41].
In sections 6 and 7, we discuss the situation in D = 5. We give some details of D = 5 supergeometry, starting with the maximal N = 4 case, and then go on to discuss the invariants for the half-maximal N = 2 case, up to dimension eight. We show that the volume of D = 5 half-maximal superspace vanishes (although it does not in the D = 5 maximal case), and analyse the effect that this has on dimension-eight invariants. Since there is no one-loop anomaly for the D = 5 supergravity duality symmetry, which is simply invariance under shifts of the dilaton, it is more straightforward to argue that halfmaximal theories should be two-loop finite in D = 5, given the assumption of a suitable off-shell formulation. We also show that certain R 4 -type invariants cannot be written as full-superspace integrals, depending on the function of the dilaton that multiplies R 4 in the spacetime invariant. In the context of the heterotic string, we argue that this suggests that R 4 is only protected, i.e. of BPS type, for loop-orders one to four, but not beyond. We state our conclusions in section 8.
The borderline F/D problem is difficult to analyse from our field-theoretic point of view, owing to the need to assume the existence of a full off-shell formalism, but for higher loops there will certainly be candidate counterterms that are purely D-type and whose integrands are invariant with respect to all known symmetries. In this sense, an unambiguous test of "miraculous" ultra-violet cancellations in half-maximal supergravity will require calculations at one loop higher than those that have been carried out to date.

Supergeometry of N = 4 supergravity theories in four dimensions
In the superspace formulation of D = 4, N -extended supergravity there are preferred basis one-forms E A = (E a , E α i ,Ēα i ) related to the coordinate basis forms by the supervielbein This constraint, together with the imposition of conventional ones, implies that the only non-vanishing component of the dimension-one-half component of the torsion is together with its complex conjugate. For N ≤ 4 this leads to an off-shell conformal supergravity multiplet [43], while for N > 4 one finds a partially off-shell system [42,44].
To go on-shell in Poincaré supergravity, one needs to specify in addition a number of dimension-one superfields in terms of the physical fields. One can show that there are additional field strengths corresponding to the vector and scalar fields in the theory, as discussed in detail in [42,45]. The geometry relevant for N = 4 supergravity coupled to n vector multiplets can be obtained by truncating N = 8 supergravity to N = 4 supergravity coupled to six vector multiplets and then extending to n using SO(n) symmetry.

Field-strength tensors
In this subsection we give the non-vanishing components of the superspace field-strength tensors up to dimension one. As well as the torsion and the curvature we also have the field-strengths for the vectors and the scalars. In N = 4 we can replace the three-index spinor field by a one-index one, χ αijk = −ε ijkl χ l α , so that the dimension-one-half torsion can be rewritten as The non-vanishing components of the torsion at dimension one are where M αβij is the field-strength for the six vectors in the supergravity multiplet and λ αiA , A = 1, . . . n, denote the n vector-multiplet spinor fields. 4 The non-vanishing dimension-one

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components of the Lorentz curvature are together with their complex conjugates. The dimension-one components of the U(4) curvature, R k l , are its complex conjugate, and In the absence of the vector multiplets, the U(4) curvature collapses to U(1). The dimension-one SO(n) curvatures are As well as the geometrical tensors there are (complex) spin-one field strengths for the supergravity vectors, F ij , and for the n vector multiplets F A . For the scalars there are one-form field strengths P and P ijA . These fields obey the Bianchi identities where antisymmetric pairs of SU(4) indices are raised or lowered with 1 2 ε ijkl . The oneforms are covariantly constant, DP = DP ijA = 0, where D is covariant with respect to the local U(4) × SO(n). These forms are given by where the leading components of the dimension-one fields P a can be thought of as the supercovariant derivatives of the scalar fields. The non-vanishing components of the two-forms F ij , F A are given by F αα,βj,kl = −εαβε jklm χ m α ; F αα,βj,A = εαβλ αjA (2.11)

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The U(4) and SO(n) curvatures can be expressed in terms of the one-forms by (2.12)

Scalar fields and supersymmetry relations
The scalar fields in the supergravity sector take their values in the coset SO(2)\SL(2, R) and can be described by an SU(1, 1) ( ∼ = SL(2, R)) matrix V. The Maurer-Cartan form dVV −1 can be written where Q is the composite U(1) connection. The scalar matrix V can be parametrised in the form The U(1) gauge-invariant complex scalar superfield T can be considered to be a coordinate of the SO(2)\SL(2, R) coset on the unit disc. T is chiral while and The scalar fields in the vector multiplets parametrise the coset (SO(6) × SO(n))\SO(6, n). They can be represented by an SO(6, n) matrix U obeying the constraint U η U T = η, where η is the SO(6, n)-invariant metric in R 6,n . If we set where the pair ij represents an SO(6) vector index, A is acted on by SO(n), and I run from 1 to 6 andÎ from 7 to n + 6 and together make up an SO(6, n) vector index, and where then the SO(6, n) constraint can be written

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Here, and elsewhere in the text, the indices A, I,Î and ij are raised and lowered with the appropriate Euclidean metrics (and 1 2 ε ijkl for the ij). We have where P = P ijA is the one-form given in (2.10). In components, these Maurer-Cartan equations read and The supersymmetry variations of the dimension-one-half fermions are given bȳ and In this paper we shall also need the spinorial derivatives of the some of the dimension-one fields. These arē where the dots state for terms involving the matter fields that will not be relevant for our computations andρ iαβγ is the gravitino field strength. To compute these derivatives, one uses the supersymmetry algebra as defined in [42] for N = 4 supergravity coupled to six vector multiplets, and one extends the corresponding expressions to n vector multiplets using the SO(n) symmetry. It turns out to be helpful to use such expressions to compute first the torsion [42], and then to make use of the U(4) × SO(n) covariant supersymmetry algebra in order to obtain the expressions for n vector multiplets.

Harmonic superspaces
Since we shall be interested in investigating F-term invariants in the full non-linear theory, we shall need to know which sub-superspace measures are available. The simplest possibility is chiral superspace, and we know that the supergravity scalar fields T, U are indeed chiral. However, these are in fact the only independent chiral superfields due to the the fact that the dimension-one-half torsion is non-zero. This is similar to IIB supergravity, where it is known that there is no chiral measure for similar reasons. The other possible measures can be investigated using harmonic-superspacee methods. In flat superspace, we recall that a G-analytic (G for Grassmann) structure of type (p, q) consists of a set of p Ds and qDs that mutually anti-commute, and that such sets can be parametrised by the coset spaces (U(p) × U(N − (p + q)) × U(q))\U(N ), which are compact, complex manifolds (flag manifolds) [35,46,47]. Harmonic superspaces of type (N , p, q) consist of ordinary superspaces augmented by the above cosets. Analytic superspaces, which have 2(N − p) + 2(N − q) odd coordinates as well as the harmonic cosets, are generalisations of chiral superspace on which (p, q) G-analytic fields can be defined in a natural way. 5 In curved superspace one has to check that the corresponding sets of odd derivatives, suitably extended to include the harmonic directions, remain involutive in the presence of the non-trivial geometry. It turns out that this is only possible when both p, q ≤ 1 for N > 4, but for N = 4 one can also have (p, q) = (1, 1), (2,2) or (1, 0), (0, 1) [50]. Let us consider first (4, 1, 1) harmonic superspace. The harmonic variables, u 1 i , u r i , u 4 i (and their inverses u i 1 , u i r , u i 4 ), where r = 2, 3, can be used to parametrise the coset of U(4) with isotropy group (U(1) × U(2) × U(1)) in an equivariant fashion. The first obstruction to involutivity vanishes because T 1 α 1 βγ k = 0 (where quantities with indices (1, r, 4) are projected by means of the appropriate harmonic matrices), but we still need to check that the dimension-one curvatures do not cause problems. It is straightforward to show, using (2.6), (2.7), that no further obstructions to involutivity arise because and similarly for R 1 αβ4, k l and Rα 4β4, k l , for the same projections of the Lie algebra indices. The (4, 1, 0) (and (4, 0, 1)) cases are also fine. For the former, one splits the index into (1, r), r = 2, 3, 4, and the only possible curvature obstruction involves R 1 1 r , which clearly vanishes. For (4, 2, 2) harmonic superspace, the relevant harmonic coset is (U(2) × U(2)) \ U(4) for which we define harmonic variables (u r i , ur i ) and their inverses (u i r , u ir ) where r = 1, 2 andr = 3, 4, with where unitarity implies that, e.g. , u i r =ū r i .
G-analyticity of type (2, 2) is allowed [50] because the appropriate projections of the dimension one-half component of the torsion are 5 Further discussions of harmonic or projective superspace techniques in N = 2 supergravity theories can be found e.g. in [48,49]. Although the torsion and curvature tensors are compatible with involutivity for each of the above cases, harmonic-analytic fields will transform under non-trivial representations of the isotropy groups and there are constraints on the allowed representations that arise because of the non-vanishing components of the dimension-one curvature components restricted to the isotropy sub-algebra. It is straightforward to check that the representations under which putative integrands must transform are allowed. For example, in the (4, 1, 1) case, a G-analytic integrand should be of the form O 11 44 . Such fields are allowed because R 1  In other words, the su(4) curvature decomposes as the sum of two su (2) curvatures. In all of the above cases one can define measures for G-analytic fields by means of expansions of the Berezinian of the supervielbein with respect to 2p+2q normal coordinates. This will be done explicitly for (4, 1, 1) case later on; it is more difficult for (4, 2, 2) but it is clear from the construction that such a measure does exist. These integrals are the curved-space versions of integrals over analytic superspaces in the flat case.

Linearised invariants
We begin with a brief survey of invariants constructed from the on-shell linearised fieldstrength superfields that transform as primary superconformal fields. For N = 4 the superconformal algebra can be taken to be su(2, 2|4) but the abelian subalgebra generated by the unit matrix, i.e. R-symmetry, does not act on superspace -only the quotient algebra psu(2, 2|4) does. The quantum numbers associated with the latter are the dilation weight, L, the two spin quantum numbers, J 1 , J 2 , and three Dynkin labels (r 1 , r 2 , r 3 ) specifying an su(4) representation. 6 The chiral supergravity field strength superfield W has L = 1 and will also be assigned R = −1. (W is the linearised limit of T and we use the U(1) gauge in which U =  (4). Note that the U(1) symmetry of supergravity is not part of the superconformal symmetry for N = 4; it has been referred to as U(1) Y in the literature [51]. It does act on superspace, however, since it can be considered as a subgroup of U(2, 2|4) [52].
The invariants are integrals of monomials in the field strengths and their derivatives. These can be put into representations of the superconformal group, either primaries or JHEP07(2013)117 descendants. Because we are integrating, we need only consider the primaries, and since primaries with non-zero spin quantum numbers do not have Lorentz scalar top components, we can restrict our attention to primaries with J 1 = J 2 = 0 [17]. An important class of invariants consists of those that are short, or BPS. These correspond to the unitary series B and C representations with J 1 = J 2 = 0. The series B unitarity bounds are L + R = 1 2 m, or L − R = 2m 1 − 1 2 m, together with L ≥ 1 + m 1 , while for series C we have L = m 1 , R = 1 2 m − m 1 , where m 1 = k r k is the number of boxes in the first row of the su(4) Young tableau and m = k kr k is the total number of boxes [53]. In fact, the series C representations do not involve the supergravity field strength and thus have R = 0. The simplest pure supergravity invariants are the chiral ones, W p , and of these only p = 2 gives rise to a U(1) invariant integral. This is the linearised R 2 invariant and is in fact a total derivative on-shell. We can also construct (4, 0, 2) invariants with integrands of the form M αβ12 M αβ 12 W p+2 , for p ≥ 0, although only the one with p = −2 would be U(1) invariant (and is also a total derivative). The corresponding chiral primaries are of the form 1) where the three terms define integrands that are equivalent up to total derivatives. These are series B with L + R = 2 and su(4) representation [0, 2, 0]. The pure vector-multiplet invariants were considered in [11]. Here, we must insist on su(4) symmetry (and so(n)), and there is only one one-half BPS invariant W A W A W B W B in the [0, 4, 0] representation of su(4). It can be integrated over an eight-theta measure, either as a super-invariant, or in (N , p, q) = (4, 2, 2) analytic superspace. There is also only one one-quarter BPS invariant. [2,0,2]. It can be integrated with respect to a twelve-theta measure as a superaction or as an integral over (4, 1, 1) analytic superspace.
We can also have mixed supergravity-vector invariants. Since W is chiral the short ones in this series will be chiral with respect to fewer than four dotted derivatives. The simplest case is (4, 0, 2). Invariance with respect to su(4) means that we should have W A W A in the [0, 2, 0] representation. This superfield is the energy-momentum tensor for the vector multiplet. It can be defined on (4,2,2) superspace, but if we multiply it by some power p of W , then we get superfields of the required (4, 0, 2) type. This series of superfields has L = p + 2, R = −p, m = 4, m 1 = 2 and saturates the series B bound. Note that one must have p ≥ 2 since otherwise the integral would give zero due to the second-order constraint on W .
The final possibility for BPS invariants is (4, 0, 1). In order to ensure su(4) symmetry we require two powers of W A , but also two undotted spinorial derivatives. The representation has L = p + 3, for a factor of W p , p ≥ 2, and must be in the [0, 0, 2] representation which has m 1 = 2, m = 6. These fields again satisfy the series B bound. If we define the energy-momentum tensor superfield by then the primary linear combination is where

Dimension-four invariants: R 2 and F 4
We shall now analyse the various nonlinear invariants in N = 4 supergravity starting at dimension four.

R 2 invariants in pure supergravity
The first possible on-shell invariants in pure N = 4 supergravity are all of generic R 2 structure. Although the relevant SL(2, R) invariants vanish on-shell for trivial spacetime topology [74], there do exist non-vanishing invariants with a non-trivial dependence on the complex scalar field.
Because bothŪ andT are antichiral, one might think that one could define R 2 type invariants from an anti-chiral superspace integral of the kind for some antichiral measure d 8θ E. However, owing to the presence of the dimension onehalf torsion component,Ū andT are the only fields satisfying the antichirality constraint, and such a naïve measure does not exist. This should be compared to the attempt to construct a superspace-integral R 4 invariant in type IIB supergravity [55], a construction that similarly failed owing to the lack of a chiral measure, again due to the presence of a non-trivial dimension one-half superspace torsion component [56,57]. Nevertheless, in D = 4, N = 4 one can define invariants involvingŪ andT from closed super-four-forms using the ectoplasm formalism [58][59][60]. These depend on an arbitrary holomorphic function F (0) which one can intuitively think of as being the second derivative of the function F (−2) . In pure supergravity, super-four-forms can be expanded in terms of the supervielbeins as follows The property that this be d-closed implies that its pull-back to the bosonic component of superspace ι * L[F] defines a supersymmetric density, because variation with respect to local supersymmetry in space-time is then ensured to be a total derivative [58][59][60]. The pull-back is simply obtained in components by replacing the supercovariant components L, . . . , M ijkl αβγδ , M ijk αβγδl by their evaluations at θ = 0, such that where ψ α i (= E α i | θ=0 in the Wess-Zumino gauge) is the gravitino one-form. The main advantage of the ectoplasm formalism is that all possible invariants admit, by definition, a cocycle JHEP07(2013)117 representation, irrespectively of whether they can be defined as superspace integrals (also without involving prepotentials in a hypothetical off-shell formulation). Moreover, in order to prove the existence of such an invariant, one simply needs to check the lowest-dimension component of its d-closure, as we shall now demonstrate. The differential decomposes into four components [61] of bi-degrees (1, 0), (0, 1), (−1, 2) and (2, −1) respectively (where the first degree refers to the degree in the even basis forms E a , and the second to the degree in the odd basis forms (E α i , Eα i )). The first two components of d are respectively even and odd differential operators while the other two are algebraic, involving the dimension-zero and dimensionthree-halves torsions. The latter is not relevant to the present discussion, while the former can be defined in terms of the contraction operator ι c E a ≡ δ a c and the dimension-zero torsion, given in (2.1), by Since d 2 = 0 it follows that t 0 is nilpotent so that we can define cohomology groups H p,q t [61]. This means that we can analyse superspace cohomology in terms of elements of this group, in any spacetime dimension; see, for example, [61][62][63][64][65]. 7 A key feature of D = 4 is that the only non-trivial t 0 -cohomology groups have p = 0 for N > 2. Since t 0 maps onto lower-dimensional superform components, the lowest-dimensional component of a cocycle must itself necessarily be t 0 -closed, and one can remove any t 0 -exact component from it by redefining the cocycle by the addition of a trivial cocycle, L ∼ L + dΨ. In N = 4 supergravity in four dimensions the only non-trivial t 0 cohomology classes have bi-degree (0, 4) and correspond to irreducible representations of SU(4) for which the Dynkin labels [r 1 , r 2 , r 3 ] satisfy r 1 + 2r 2 + r 3 = 4. It is straightforward to check that all the irreducible representations of SU(4) for which the Dynkin labels [r 1 , r 2 , r 3 ] satisfy r 1 + 2r 2 + r 3 ≤ 2 are t 0 trivial, because they necessarily contain an SU(4) singlet that can be identified with Eβ i ∧ E α i . 8 The first non-trivial cocycle equation therefore states that Using d 2 = 0 together with t 0 L 0,4 [F] = 0 one then has 7 This approach to superspace cohomology is related to pure spinors [66][67][68] and also to the cohomology of supersymmetry algebras [69][70][71]. 8 In general, one can decompose a component of bi-degree (0, n) into the corresponding (0, p, q) components of degree p in E α i and q in Eβ j . For the components of degree (0, n, 0) and (0, 0, n), the symmetric tensor product of the associated representation decomposes into irreducible representations of SU(4) satisfying r1 + 2r2 + r3 = n because the antisymmetrisation of three SL(2, C) indices vanishes. For any other degree, the property that r1 + 2r2 + r3 < n implies, for the same reason, that the corresponding form includes a factor Eβ i ∧ E α i , and therefore that it is t0-trivial. Indeed, the only way to have lower values of r1 + 2r2 + r3 is either to have such a contraction, or to have three SU(4) indices antisymmetrised.

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and because there is no t 0 cohomology class at bi-degree (1,4), one concludes that there exists an L 2,2 [F] such that Similarly, for the other components one obtains Therefore, the property that d 1 L 0,4 [F] ≈ 0 in t 0 -cohomology is a sufficient condition for the existence of the entire cocycle. 9 In D = 4 we can further split the odd indices into undotted and dotted indices, so where ≈ means equal in t 0 -cohomology, and + denotes the appropriate sum over symmetric permutations of the sets of indices { i α, j β, k γ, l δ, } and {γ k,δl,ηp }. At bi-degree (0, 5), the t 0 -cohomology consists of all irreducible representations of SU(4) for which the Dynkin labels [r 1 , r 2 , r 3 ] satisfy r 1 + 2r 2 + r 3 = 5.
After some work, one verifies that such a cocycle exists for any holomorphic function, and The computation goes as follows: (3.16) requires that

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for some M ijδ k in the of SU(4). Then (3.15) requires that (3.20) for some N ij kl in the of SU (4). Because of the dimension-one-half component of the torsion, this equation is very constraining; the general solution depends on one antiholomorphic function Both (3.13) and (3.15) separately determine M ijkl αβγδ as functions of M ijk αβγδl in a consistent way, and (3.14) is satisfied for both M ijkl αβγδ and M ijk αβγδl individually. One easily checks that, for F (0) = 1, the chiral superform is just Rαβ ∧ Rαβ so that, in general, this invariant includes the term This invariant is of course complex, and the associated real invariants will be obtained from its real and imaginary parts, which are respectively even and odd with respect to parity. This may seem very different from the example of the type IIB superstring E (0) (T,T )R 4 invariant, for which the function E (0) is also known to satisfy a Poisson equation [72]. However, note that any holomorphic function of this kind necessarily satisfies a Laplace equation although this property was not used in checking the cocycle structure. The generalisation of these pure N = 4 supergravity cocycles to N = 4 supergravity coupled to n vector multiplets is rather complicated, and requires a discussion of the dimension-four F 4 invariant.

The F 4 invariant
The F 4 invariant in flat (4, 2, 2) analytic superspace was given in [11]. Here we show how to extend this result to the curved case. Because this superspace exists in the curved case there is no problem writing down this invariant in a similar way. However, it is not manifestly invariant under the SO(6, n) duality symmetry which is rather difficult to show directly. Nevertheless, we can show that this symmetry holds, as it must (because there is a known one-loop divergence), by use of the ectoplasm formalism to deduce that the analytic superspace integral is indeed duality-invariant by uniqueness.
One can easily check that both are G-analytic. Because of (2.20), one has

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and we obtain the unique U(4) × SO(n) invariant G-analytic integrand with the correct U(1) weight: The associated top component then clearly contains a term in F 4 and yields the one-loop counterterm for the matter vector fields. One proves, using superconformal representation theory, that this is the unique U(4) × SO(n) invariant at this order [11]. It follows that this invariant must actually be invariant as well under SO(6, n), despite the fact that the integral formula (3.26) does not display this symmetry manifestly.
To prove directly that this is indeed the case, one would need to show that In the linearised approximation, the integral of (W 34 ) 4 over the (4, 2, 2) measure is indeed invariant under linearised duality transformations, i.e. constant shifts, since (W 34 ) 3 is ultrashort. If (3.28) were not zero, it would necessarily start at five points with the linearised invariant part of it defined as the integral of (W 34 ) 5 over the (4, 2, 2) measure, and there could also be a contribution from the integral of (W 34 ) 3 component over the non-linear (4, 2, 2) measure; in principle, these might cancel each other, and indeed they do. However, this would be very complicated to check in practice. Instead, we shall show that there is a duality-invariant cocycle associated to this invariant. Within the linearised approximation, one finds that the naïve representative of this cocycle obtained from the one-half BPS supermultiplet in the of SU(4) [4] does depend explicitly on the scalar fields, and so looks non-shift-invariant. For projected into the of SU(4). However, one can trivialise the components depending explicitly on the scalar fields by adding the exterior derivative of a 3-form with (0, 3, 0) component
To prove that the complete non-linear cocycle can be chosen to be duality-invariant, we will compute its fermionic components directly. One finds that together with their complex conjugates. The cocycle equations are then satisfied, i.e. . Because the cocycle is unique in cohomology, the property that we can find a dualityinvariant representative is enough to prove that the integral (3.26) is duality-invariant.

R 2 type invariants with vector multiplets
In this subsection we will generalise the cocycle derived in section 3.2.1 in the presence of vector multiplets. As we shall prove, the cocycle is still anti-chiral in the presence of vector multiplets, but in a weaker sense, i.e. only M 0,1,3 = M 0,0,4 = 0. The other lowestdimensional components satisfy The last condition (3.40) is purely algebraic, and requires that where the second term defines a degree (3, 1) T −1,2 cohomology class as in section 3.2.1. One finds that the unique solution for Nα iβj l δ at this dimension is determined by an arbitrary anti-holomorphic function F(T ), One then computes that The next equation (3.38) requires that M ijδ l is still given by (3.21) and implies that One can finally check that the cocycle built in this way also satisfies (3.36) and (3.37). The final expressions for the other components take the form (3.47) 11 Here, the numerical subscripts denote odd indices and T−1,2 is the dimension-one-half torsion with an upper undotted index.

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For F(T ) = 1 one must get a supersymmetry invariant that preserves duality symmetry, and indeed, one can recognise that the (0, 4) components of L[F] for F = 1 can be identified with the ones of where L (1) is the cocycle (3.29) defining the F 4 invariant. The total derivative on the right-hand-side can be disregarded in cohomology, but we display it as it appears in the computation. The second term can be rewritten thanks to (2.12) as which is the exterior derivative of a globally defined Wess-Zumino like term. The real part of L[1] is therefore locally a total derivative, but its imaginary part includes the F 4 type invariant in presence of vector multiplets. We conclude that the invariant is in general of the form where the dots correspond to terms involving the derivatives of the function F only. Supersymmetry therefore implies that the function of the complex scalar τ multiplying the F 4 term in the effective action is the same as the one that multiplies the Gauss-Bonnet invariant. Overall, the F 4 threshold function is the sum of the real part of a holomorphic function of τ and a function that only depends on the other moduli parametrising SO(6, n)/(SO(6) × SO(n)), and which itself satisfies other constraints that we shall not display in this paper.

Dimension-six invariants:
It is well-known that there are no R 3 type invariants in supergravity [73], but in the presence of vector multiplets one can have invariants of types ∂ 2 F 4 and R 2 F 2 . These can be constructed using analytic superspace. For r = 2, 3 one has the (4, 1, 1) G-analytic superfields U 4r and one can define the unique U(4) × SO(n) invariant at this order by Note that this integrand is antisymmetric inÎ andĴ, and hence can only exist if one considers at least two vector multiplets. This invariant clearly includes a ∂ 2 F 4 term [11], but there is no a priori reason why it should be fully SO(6, n) symmetric. Nevertheless, it could be that it is, as in the case of the F 4 invariant. One can also consider (4, 2, 2) integrals of dimension-two G-analytic integrands. For a generic function F of the complex scalarT , one can consider a G-analytic integrand of the Here the derivatives of the function F are covariant Kähler derivatives. The G-analyticity condition requires that (2) , (4) .
This sequence will stop at weight 6 provided that the last function satisfies The existence of the functions L (2n) is consistent with the supersymmetry algebra thanks to this last condition, because it implies that which is consistent with (3.54), but not for L (6) unless (3.55) applies. It follows that L (6) must be proportional toχ 4 , and because it must also be annihilated by D r α , the only solution (at this dimension) is Because the first factor (V 34 ) 2 is itself G-analytic, we shall consider the ansatz where the four functions X (2n) are required to satisfy (3.54). The solution is Note that X (0) is real with respect to harmonic conjugation, as defined in [35,50], so that this invariant is real for F = 1. 12 This is the only invariant of this class that is 12 This follows from the property that 4Xij,kl for an operator X ij,kl in the real [0, 2, 0] representation of SU(4), i.e.X ij,kl = 1 4 ε ijpq ε klmn Xpq,mn.

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also invariant with respect to SL(2, R) duality symmetry, and one can prove that it is in fact (3.52). Indeed, one knows from the linearised analysis that there is only one SL(2, R) Rsymmetry invariant at this dimension, and one can verify that the two expressions coincide in the linearised approximation. For a general monomial function inT , In the linearised approximation, this invariant is therefore associated to the (4, 2, 0) integral of the one-quarter BPS integrand One straightforwardly computes that the corresponding (4, 2, 2) integral gives rise to a coupling of the formW n F 2 R 2 in the linearised approximation, and therefore in general one has (3.62) Of course this invariant is complex in general, and one must consider separately its real and imaginary parts to get a real invariant. Because the U(1) symmetry is axial, the real part is parity-even while the imaginary part is parity-odd.
The dimension-six invariants we have discussed exhaust the possible chiral primary operators of SU(2, 2|4) that can define invariants with six derivatives in the linearised approximation. We therefore conclude that the class of invariants depending on a general holomorphic function F(T ) in this section includes all invariants at this dimension.

R 4 type invariants
The pure supergravity invariants at this dimensions are of R 4 type [3,4,74,75] and in D = 4 arise at three loops. At this order, in N = 4, examples of such invariants are given by full-superspace integrals of arbitrary functions of the complex scalar superfield T . To analyse these fully, including the case when vector multiplets are present, it will again turn out to be useful to use harmonic-superspacee techniques.
Let us consider first (4, 1, 1) harmonic superspace. We can associate four odd normal coordinates with the four involutive odd directions, as in [12,76], and use these to relate full-superspace integrals to integrals over the remaining twelve odd coordinates, i.e. over (4, 1, 1) analytic superspace. This programme was carried out in pure N = 4 and N = 8 supergravities in [12] to show that the full-superspace integral of the Berezinian of the supervielbein, i.e. the volume of superspace, vanishes subject to the classical equations of JHEP07(2013)117 motion. We refer to [12,76] for more details; here, we simply state that the full-superspace integral of an arbitrary function H(T,T ) can be rewritten as where, for any spinor ψ, (ψψ) = ε αβ ψ α ψ β , and (ψψ) = εαβψαψβ, and where we recall that ∆ ≡ (1 − TT ) 2 ∂∂ is the SL(2, R) invariant Laplace operator on the unit disc. Clearly, this integral vanishes if H is an eigenfunction of the scalar target-space Laplace operator with eigenvalue 0 or 2, and in particular if H(T,T ) is a constant, or more generally a holomorphic function. Moreover, one straightforwardly computes that and therefore the full-superspace integral of K := ln 1 − TT is duality-invariant. This is the Kähler potential for the symmetric space SU(1, 1)/U(1), and its full-superspace integral is duality-invariant just as it is in N = 1. This can be seen more easily using the coordinate so that the integral of K remains unchanged because the full-superspace integral of any holomorphic function of τ vanishes. For any function G(T,T ) we can define a (4, 1, 1) analytic superspace integral by because the integrand is G-analytic, i.e. annihilated by D 1 α andDα 4 . This follows from the properties of χ under differentiation and from the fact that D 1 α T = χ 1 α , so that differentiating G leads to cubic (and hence vanishing) expressions in χ 1 orχ 4 .
A general supersymmetric invariant of this form can always be rewritten as a fullsuperspace integral of a function H that is a solution of the equation Given the results of section 2.2, it is straightforward to check that the consistency requirements for the existence of a normal-coordinate expansion associated to the (4, 1, 1) measure are still satisfied in the presence of vector multiplets. The computation of the expansion of the Berezinian of the supervielbein can be carried out exactly as in [12] in the presence of vector multiplets because the relevant components of the Riemann tensor are still determined by the unique G-analytic vector

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We find where (ζ,ζ) are the normal coordinates, and E is the measure on analytic superspace. The full-superspace integral of an arbitrary function H(T,T ) in the presence of vector multiplets can therefore be written One can also integrate the square of the G-analytic vector B αβ given in (3.68) to get an independent invariant: These are the only possible SO(6, n)-invariant G-analytic integrands for the (4, 1, 1) measure at this order. The duality invariant given in (3.71) for J = 1 can be defined as the full-superspace integral of the Kähler potential just as in the absence of vector multiplets. However, the duality invariant (3.72) can only be defined as an integral over (4, 1, 1) harmonic superspace.
In the linearised approximation, only the scalar field T contains the Riemann tensor, and therefore only the term includes an R 4 contribution (where C αβγδ is the Weyl tensor).
Note that the linearised analysis suggests that one should be able to define an infinite class of invariants associated to the full-superspace integral of the linearised integrand One can check that this is indeed possible by solving the equation One can solve this equation as a convergent series in terms of a holomorphic function as Defining the function J as in (3.71), one will get by construction an invariant that does not involve any C 2C2 coupling. Note, however, that the operation defining J from F does not preserve any modular property. The only automorphic function satisfying this Poisson equation is the real analytic Eisenstein series E 2 (τ,τ ).
The structure that we described in subsection 3.3 can also be used to define eight-derivative invariants in (4, 2, 2) superspace. We consider the same construction as in (3.55) but with Because X (0) is itself G-analytic, it follows that the corresponding integrand L (4,2,2) [F] is G-analytic. For F = 1, this invariant is SL(2, R) invariant, but it differs from the (4, 1, 1) harmonic-superspace integral expressed as a linear combination of (3.71) for J(T,T ) = 2 and (3.72). For a non-trivial holomorphic function, the first derivative of F multiplies the factor X (2) , which can be identified in the linearised approximation with 1

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In the linearised approximation, this invariant is therefore a (4, 1, 0) integral of the oneeighth BPS integrandλ 1Ȧ where the expression in the brackets is related to the one-eighth BPS chiral primary (3.3). This invariant can in fact be defined as a (4, 1, 0) harmonic-superspacee integral at the non-linear level. The (4, 1, 0) normal-coordinate expansion of the supervielbein Berezinian is trivial (i.e. it stops at zero order), and the corresponding measure is therefore simply obtained by pulling it back onto the analytic subspace. One can write two G-analytic integrands for the (4, 1, 0) measure corresponding to this class of invariants,λ 1Ȧ The two expressions are equivalent in the linearised approximation, and by uniqueness of the one-eighth BPS chiral primary for a fixed number of fields, we conclude that they must define the same invariant at the non-linear level as well.
The first integrand is not manifestly SL(2, R) covariant, and the explicit relation between F (−2) (T ) and F(T ) remains to be worked out. The second integrand is not manifestly SO(6, n) invariant, whereas the corresponding invariant is. Note that the integrandλ 1Ȧ αλα 1 AW p+2 is very similar to the chiral integrand of a chiral superfield dependent Maxwell kinetic term in N = 1 superspace, and one may therefore think that one could write such an invariant as the full-superspace integral of a Chern-Simons like integrand depending on the Maxwell potentials. However, one may check that this is not the case, because of the non-linear terms in the N = 4 algebra. One computes that the corresponding (4, 1, 0) integral gives rise to a coupling of the formW n (∂F ) 2 R 2 in the linearised approximation, and therefore in general one has Such invariants are the analogues of the invariants discussed in the last section with two more space-time derivatives inserted. As such it is clear that they do not include a C 2C2 term, and because they are SL(2, R) covariant, they cannot be written as (4, 1, 1) integrals of SO(6, n) invariant integrands (3.71). Because these invariants can be written as (4, 1, 0) harmonic-superspacee integrals, one would have expected them to be writable as (4, 1, 1) harmonic-superspacee integrals. This is not necessarily the case at the non-linear level, but one nevertheless expects that there is a corresponding (4, 1, 1) G-analytic integrand that is not SO(6, n) invariant.
There is another class of invariants that can be defined with eight space-time derivatives in terms of a weight-four holomorphic function: (8) . (3.82)

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Here, weight-four indicates that the function transforms as with respect to SL(2, R), because of its coupling to the vector fields and the fermions. The G-analyticity condition requires in this case that DαrL (8) = −χαrL (6) .
Once again, the supersymmetry algebra is consistent with these conditions provided L (8) satisfies the algebraic constraintχαr which is also required for the descent to stop. Using the result of the last section, one straightforwardly computes the solution to these equations: (3.86) To prove this, we have used the property that the X (2n) satisfy (3.54), as well as the property that X (4) is quadratic inχαr and X (6) quartic inχαr, from which it follows trivially that χαr(X (4) ) 2 = 0 ,χαrX (6) = 0 , X (4) X (6) = 0 . One straightforwardly computes that the corresponding integral gives rise to a coupling of structureW p (∂ 2W ) 2C2 in the linearised approximation. This class of invariant defines the type of couplings discussed in [77].

Protected R 4 type invariants
We have seen that R 4 type invariants determined by a function of the complex scalar J (2) satisfying ∆J (2) = 2J (2) cannot be written as (4, 1, 1) harmonic-superspacee integrals. We will show in this section that they can, however, be written as (4, 2, 2) harmonic-superspacee JHEP07(2013)117 integrals. To do so, we shall show that one can associate a G-analytic integrand to any function J (s) (T,T ) satisfying ∆J (s) = sJ (s) . They constitute a very restricted set of R 4 type invariants which contains precisely the s = 2 example we could not build as a (4, 1, 1) harmonic integral. We consider a G-analytic integrand of the form Here we assume the function J (s) (T,T ) is real analytic, and L (−2n) is the complex conjugate of L (2n) . Because the derivatives are all Kähler-covariant, one obtains that and identically for the complex conjugate. Moreover, L (6) s must satisfyχαrL (6) = 0 for consistency. One checks that the supersymmetry algebra does not imply any restriction on the value of s.
We shall not compute the most general solution, but will only consider the cases for which L (2n) s can be written as a bilinear in the operators X (2n) defined in (3.59). Consistently, we define X (−2n) as the harmonic conjugate of X (2n) [35,50], i.e. X (2n) ≡ u i 3 u k 3 u j 4 u l 4 X (2n) ij,kl with X (2n) ij,kl in the [0, 2, 0] of SU(4), and
This second integrand together with L (R) (4,2,2) [J (2) ] define a one-parameter family of R 4 type invariant depending on a real analytic function J (2) .
The full-superspace integral of a function J (s) (T,T ) gives rise to an R 4 coupling multiplied by the function J (s) of the complex scalar field, as long as s = 0, 2. One can define the normal-coordinate expansion of such an integrand in terms of the (4, 2, 2) normal vectors in order to obtain the corresponding integrand for the (4, 2, 2) measure. We can then compare the corresponding integrand with the ones we have just built. In order to do so, we shall consider the expression of L (2n) in the linearised approximation, i.e. only consider terms quartic in fields. In this approximation X (4) and X (6) are negligible, and the expression one gets from the full-superspace integral of J (s) (T,T ) is proportional to (3.96) Therefore the class of invariants we have defined in this section differs from the invariants that can be written as (4, 1, 1) superspace integrals in general, for all values of s.
Let us now argue that the same situation should generalise to the full-superspace integral of a general function of both the complex field T , and the scalars parametrising the SO(6, n)/((SO(6)×SO(n)) symmetric space. The (4, 1, 1) normal-coordinate expansion of such a general function is much more complicated, and we shall not display it in this paper. One can nonetheless straightforwardly compute that the only term in the integrand that will contribute to the R 4 coupling will remain of the same form, i.e. (∆ − 2)∆J. It follows that the R 4 coupling vanishes for a function J which is an eigenfunction of the SL(2, R)/SO(2) Laplace operator of eigenvalue 0 or 2, independently of its dependence in the other scalars. Similarly, one checks that the most general (4, 1, 1) G-analytic integrand will contribute to a R 4 coupling multiplying (∆ − 2)J, independently of the dependence of J in the other scalars. Therefore if J is a solution to ∆J = 2J, one cannot write such invariants as a (4, 1, 1) superspace integrals either. Although we shall not prove it in this JHEP07(2013)117 paper, it seems clear that such invariants can however be defined as (4, 2, 2) harmonicsuperspacee integrals in general.
We conclude that in general, a supersymmetry invariant that is entirely determined by a function of the scalar fields satisfying ∆J = 2J with a JR 4 coupling can only be written as a (4, 2, 2) harmonic-superspacee integral, and should therefore be considered as a one-half BPS protected operator. We shall come back to this point in the context of heterotic string theory in section 7.5.
in the standard way. In order to discuss its anomaly, it is convenient to introduce anticommuting parameters that parametrise the sl 2 R transformation as One defines the BRST-like operator δ associated to the sl 2 R symmetry by Indeed, the anomalous Ward identity implies that the variation of the 1PI generating functional produces a cohomologically non-trivial term f e −2φ multiplying R ab ∧ R ab [8], but consistency with supersymmetry then implies that this must occur together with the cohomologically trivial term f a − h multiplying 1 2 ε abcd R ab ∧ R cd . We therefore observe that supersymmetry implies that the anomaly associated to the non-linearly realised generator cannot occur independently of a breaking of the shift symmetry of the dilaton. In pure supergravity the corresponding expression is nonetheless locally a total derivative, and only the corresponding current conservation is anomalous (4.5)

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In the presence of vector multiplets, the corresponding supersymmetry invariant also contains the F 4 type invariant described in section 3.2.2. The F 4 term is also multiplied by (f a − h) but now the h-dependent term is no longer a total derivative so that invariance with respect to a shift of the dilaton is lost.
Writing the Slavnov-Taylor identity for the 1PI generating functional giving the unbroken sl 2 R Ward identity as one has at the one-loop order Here ϕ ‫ג‬ stands for all the fields of the theory transforming in a non-trivial way with respect to SL(2, R), and K ‫ג‬ (x) stands for the sources coupled to their δ variations. The computation of the anomaly coefficient is carried out in terms of the Atiyah-Singer family index theorem according to [27,78]. The sum of the contributions of the spin 1/2, 1 and 3/2 fields gives Note that the one-loop anomaly is only defined as a cohomology class up to a trivial invariant, and in general one has such that the specific choice for F amounts to a renormalisation prescription. The prescription F = 0 is the only one that preserves the shift invariance of the N = 4 supergravity axion. As we shall see, this prescription is the one that permits one to restore the SL(2, Z) modular symmetry at the non-perturbative level. It is worth pointing out that this is consistent with the renormalisation prescription of the double copy formulation [79] used in the computation of the four-graviton amplitude at this order [18]. This is very important, because we shall need to choose this prescription in order to show that the three-loop divergence must necessarily be associated to a duality invariant in pure N = 4 supergravity.
To explain this agreement with the double-copy formalism, one considers the functional derivative of the broken Slavnov-Taylor identity (4.17) with respect to g µν (x), g σρ (y) and φ(z), and f at the 1-loop order δg µν (x)δg σρ (y) = 0. (4.10)

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We therefore obtain in momentum space 13 One similarly obtains that which gives We note that the corresponding on-shell 3-point amplitudes vanish due to the constraints on the kinematics. However, one can get a non-trivial on-shell amplitude if one allows oneself to consider complex external momenta. As a(x) is twice the canonically normalised axion, the corresponding 3-point amplitude coincides with the one obtained from the double copy formalism [80] M 3 (|+, in the absence of vector multiplets. The anomaly implies that several (rigid) U(1) violating on-shell amplitudes do not vanish, as described in detail in [81]. It would be interesting to compare the renormalisation prescription used there with ours, which preserves the shift symmetry of the axion, at higher number of points. However, it would then be necessary to include the one-loop correction to the insertion of the non-linear transformation of the fields, so that one cannot compare directly to the effective action of [81]. Note that if one quantises the theory by gauge-fixing the local U(1) symmetry within the BRST formalism (rather than quantising the theory by choosing fixed coordinates on the scalar manifold), one must also take into account the U(1) 'anomaly' associated with the fermion zero modes [82]. This 'anomaly' is not a true anomaly since it can be eliminated by introducing a non-invariant counterterm in the bare action [83], which reads 14 The transformation of the function U (1 + T ) with respect to U(1) × SL(2, R) is precisely such that its U(1) transformation cancels the one-loop 'anomaly', and so its sl 2 transformation gives the fermion field contribution to the rigid sl 2 anomaly in (4.8).

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matrix altogether with a and b (with ad − bc = 1), so that infinitesimally c = f + O(2) and d = 1 − h + O(2) of (4.2). However, despite the fact that U is a chiral superfield, this counterterm is not supersymmetric (i.e. dL[ln(U )] = 0). Because of the structure of the supersymmetry algebra, there is in fact no supersymmetry invariant that is not invariant with respect to the local U(1) symmetry. Note that within the formulation in which only physical scalars are considered, the supersymmetry transformations preserve, by construction, a chosen U(1) gauge (e.g. U = i+τ 2 √ Im[τ] ). They are therefore defined as the U(1)-covariant supersymmetry transformations plus field-dependent U(1) gauge transformations. Because the supersymmetry Ward identities are preserved in this formulation, they must be broken by the fermion triangle diagram in the U(1)-covariant formulation in which the U(1) symmetry is gauge-fixed within the BRST formalism. It therefore follows that the counterterm (4.15) restores both the U(1) gauge symmetry and supersymmetry itself in the latter formulation. 15

Renormalisation of the anomaly at higher orders
At higher orders in perturbation theory the broken Slavnov-Taylor identity is still valid, although one must consider the one-loop anomaly A (1) as an insertion into the 1PI generating functional [85] One must also consider the possibility that A (1) gets finite corrections compatible with supersymmetry and the Wess-Zumino condition as given below in (4.20), Defining the linearised Slavnov-Taylor functional operator one finds that the functional identity S sl 2 |Γ S sl 2 [Γ] = 0 implies the Wess-Zumino condition Each new finite correction must be a solution to the tree-level Wess-Zumino consistency condition S sl 2 |Σ A (1+k) = 0, and if it can be reexpressed as A (1+k) = S sl 2 |Σ Σ (k+1) , it can be eliminated by a redefinition of the bare action. Any non-trivial finite correction to the anomalous Ward identity is therefore itself associated to an algebraic anomaly. Such an anomaly can only be a supersymmetry invariant obtained from the function f τ − h, or its imaginary part. Moreover such an anomaly must preserve parity (where f is parity odd).
In pure supergravity, there is no supersymmetry invariant available at two loops. At three loops, one could consider a full-superspace integral invariant S[G(τ,τ)] defined as a JHEP07(2013)117 (4, 1, 1) harmonic-superspacee integral (3.71), or the (4, 2, 2) harmonic-superspacee integral defined from a weight four holomorphic function (3.82). As we have noted, the latter cannot define a non-trivial anomaly, and one can check that the invariant S[Im(τ )] is parity even. We conclude that the anomalous Ward identity (4.17) is preserved until the three-loop order in pure supergravity. Therefore the parabolic subgroup symmetry associated to the parameters h and e is preserved at three loops.
In the presence of vector multiplets the set of possible invariants is greatly expanded. We have not been able to determine the SO(6, n) transformation property of the twoloop invariants studied in subsection 3.3. If they proved to be SO(6, n) invariants, the imaginary part of the invariant (3.62) for F = f τ − h would then define a consistent correction to the anomaly. At the three-loop order one can consider the invariant (3.81) with the same holomorphic function, which would then be manifestly SO(6, n) invariant. Note that these potentially consistent corrections to the anomaly are all defined as chiral superspace integrals in the linearised approximation -respectively (4, 2, 0) for (3.62) and (4, 1, 0) for (3.81). In the presence of vector multiplets, the shift symmetry of the dilaton is already broken at the one-loop order, and these higher-order corrections will only modify the specific form of the insertion in the anomalous Ward identity.
The broken Slavnov-Taylor identity (4.17) is a functional equation satisfied by the renormalised 1PI generating functional, and one must also take care of the renormalisation of the local operator defining the anomaly. We are going to see that the triangular matrix of anomalous dimensions of the local operator defining the anomaly is directly related to the triangular matrix of beta functions associated to non-duality-invariant logarithmic divergences. If we consider the invariant A as a local insertion, a priori one would expect it to be renormalised by other local operators A k of higher dimension. Note that, while the finite invariants A (k+1) associated to finite corrections to the broken Slavnov-Taylor identity can be removed whenever they are δ-exact, the operators A k renormalising A give rise to non-trivial contributions to the Callan-Symanzik equations even when they are δ-exact. In fact, we shall see that they are always δ-exact. In the presence of logarithmic divergences in the amplitudes, the classical action needs to be renormalised by supersymmetry invariants S k . This gives rise to the functional Callan-Symanzik equation where u is the constant source for the anomaly operator A, the u k are constant sources for the operators A k that renormalise A, and the z k are constant sources for the invariants S k . The dots in (4.21) stand for terms that vanish when the u k and the z k are set to zero, and also for BRST exact terms associated to the renormalisations of fields and of the gauge-fixing term. If some of the invariants S k associated to logarithmic divergences do not satisfy the sl 2 R Slavnov-Taylor identity, one must introduce other sources u ′ k for their variations δS k . The broken Slavnov-Taylor identity (4.17) can then be recast into the JHEP07(2013)117 functional form In order to be compatible, these two functional operators must commute: where the dots stand for terms that cannot mix with the ones explicitly written. We directly deduce that a one-loop logarithmic divergence must necessarily be associated with a duality-invariant counterterm, as expected. In general, the variation of an operator may acquire finite corrections in κ 2 , but one can always normalise the sources such that for some coefficients b k,l . If the source z k+1 is associated to a first logarithmic divergence (β l = 0, ∀l ≤ k), then u ′ k+1 = u k ; moreover, the sl 2 R variation of a local operator associated to a logarithmic divergence is directly related to a logarithmic divergence of the local operator A considered as an insertion.

Recovering SL(2, Z) symmetry
Composing an infinitesimal transformation with a finite SL(2, R) transformation one obtains that where δg = h e f −h . Integrating this equation, one computes that The question is then, can one find a holomorphic function such that one can reabsorb this anomalous transformation just for elements of the modular group SL(2, Z)? The answer to that question is well-known to string theorists: one must consider the corrected effective action Γ S = Γ − 2 + n 8π 2 ι * Im L ln(η(τ)) , (4.28)

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where η is the Dedekind eta function. Then the transformation of the effective action with respect to SL(2, Z) is whereb = b if c = 0 and is an integer for any SL(2, Z) element. By Rokhlin's theorem, A is an even number on any smooth manifold admitting a spin structure, and the theory is therefore SL(2, Z) invariant for any number of vector multiplets. This is in perfect agreement with the topological string amplitude computation carried out in [86] in type IIA compactified on K3 × T 2 for n = 22. One computes in a specific U(1) gauge that is modular of weight 2, as opposed to the Eisenstein series E 2 itself. By construction, the wth power of the Kähler derivative of the holomorphic function ln (η(τ )) gives a modular function of weight w, minus (w−1)! 2 . The additional (w−1)! 2 constant breaks modular invariance exactly in the right way, such that the 1-loop integration of the massless modes compensates for it. The overall string-theory amplitude including the non-analytic part is SL(2, Z) invariant and will not include such a term. For instance, the real part of ln (η(τ )) gets a non-holomorphic correction in the amplitude ln (η(τ )) + ln (η(τ )) → 1 2 ln Im(τ )|η(τ )| 4 (4.32) and the (w−1)! 2 factor corresponds precisely to the w-th power of the covariant Kähler derivative acting on the non-holomorphic term For example, the four-graviphoton amplitude will admit a threshold function 2+n 144 The non-linear analysis of the invariant also reveals that the matter four-photon amplitude is determined up to its τ independent part as (2 + n)ln(Im(τ )|η(τ )| 4 ). It follows JHEP07(2013)117 that the F 4 threshold function in heterotic string theory compactified on T 6 (for which n = 22) is the sum of the one-loop contribution, which only depends on the vector-multiplet scalars, and the non-perturbative correction associated to NS 5-branes wrapping T 6 , which is identical to the R 2 threshold function [86]. The invariant expressing the former coupling is the (4, 2, 2) harmonic-superspacee integral of a homogenous function of degree four in the G-analytic superfields U 34 I , V 34Î , while that for the latter is the F 4 component of the invariant appearing as a counterterm in (4.28). In more general heterotic string-theory compactifications, the F 4 coupling will still decompose in the same way (although the quasi-modular function will be different), such that the quasi-modular function of τ is determined by supersymmetry from the exact R 2 correction [87]. This is consistent with the property that the contribution to the F 4 type invariant is one-loop exact in heterotic string theory in ten dimensions [88]. The transformation properties of the one-loop contribution to the effective action with respect to O(6, 22, Z) are themselves extremely constrained by supersymmetry, and one should thus be able to predict the contributions of NS 5-branes wrapping K3 × T 2 to the F 4 coupling in type IIA string theory [89] on the basis of supersymmetry.
At weak coupling in heterotic string theory, i.e. Im(τ ) → +∞, the R 2 coupling gets a universal threshold function [87] of the form 2 + n 32π 2 ln(Im(τ )) + πn 0 Im(τ ) + O(e −Im(τ ) ) , (4.34) and because of the structure of the supersymmetry invariant, the F 4 coupling will also possess the same logarithmic term in Einstein frame. As explained in [14], a logarithm of the string coupling constant cannot appear in the string amplitude in string frame, while its appearance in Einstein frame comes from a logarithm of the Mandelstam variable s. It follows that the matter four-photon amplitude at the one-loop level in heterotic string theory admits a logarithm of s that is associated to a logarithmic divergence in field theory, as has been argued in [14]. This conclusion is indeed consistent with the one-loop divergence computed in field theory [29,90]. In order to be able to discuss higher-order corrections in the string-theory effective action, it is important to study first of all the higher-order corrections required to promote the counterterm (4.28) to a supersymmetric effective action. In order to do so using superspace techniques, it is necessary to compute the corresponding correction to the superspace geometry. To do this, one can use the off-shell version of N = 4 (conformal) supergravity as given in [42] and then introduce field strengths for the 6 + n vectors as well as for the scalars in the vector-multiplet sector. Solving the Bianchi identities for these superspace field strengths order by order in κ 2 in terms of the physical fields will then also enable one to determine the dimension-one functions appearing in the torsion and curvature in terms of them. A similar procedure was implemented in [91] in the context of the supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in ten dimensions. In that case, the authors were able to use the known α ′2 F 4 type correction to the superspace field strength [92] in order to compute the induced α ′4 ∂ 4 F 4 type correction to the string-theory effective action, thereby reproducing the bosonic components computed in [93]. It would be particularly interesting to compute JHEP07(2013)117 the higher-order corrections induced by the R 2 type correction to the effective action in N = 4 supergravity. Such an example would, in principle, allow a determination of the relation between the function of the complex scalar field τ multiplying the R 4 correction and the quasi-modular function ln(η(τ)) (although in this case one would need to go two orders higher). Such an explicit example could also shed light on the conjectured behaviour of the ∂ 6 R 4 threshold function as compared to the one multiplying R 4 in maximal supergravity [94].
5 Implications for perturbative quantum field theory

Consequences of the anomaly
Let us first consider pure N = 4 supergravity. In this case, we know that there is no on-shell duality-invariant candidate counterterm before the three-loop order, and there is no on-shell supersymmetry invariant candidate at the two-loop order. At the three-loop order, one finds two classes of invariants: the (4, 1, 1) integral invariants (3.66) depending on a general real function G (3) (T,T ), and the (4, 2, 2) integral invariants (3.82) depending on a general weight-four holomorphic function F (3) (T ). The theory is therefore clearly finite up to the three-loop order, and the Callan-Symanzik equation states that for an invariant defined as Here ≈ means equal in BRST cohomology, i.e. up to terms associated to field redefinitions or the renormalisation of the gauge-fixing action. Compatibility with the broken Slavnov-Taylor identity then requires

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One can easily check that the only solution, up to a rescaling, is G (3) = 1 and F (3) = 0. Thus, at this order, shift and scaling invariance together with local supersymmetry are enough to require that a counterterm be duality-invariant, 16 and we therefore conclude that the anomaly operator cannot get renormalised at the two-loop order, and that the only available counterterm consistent with all required symmetries at this order is the R 4 type duality invariant This invariant can also be written as the full-superspace integral of the Kähler potential, as we have seen in the last section. For N = 4 supergravity coupled to n vector multiplets the discussion becomes more complicated because the theory is known to diverge already at the 1-loop order [29,90], where S (1) is the duality invariant (3.26). It is striking that the coefficient of the divergence is the same as that of the anomaly, and, moreover, the duality invariant associated to it is precisely the one defining the anomaly in the shift symmetry of the dilaton. This suggests that one can interpret the latter as being an order ǫ breaking of this symmetry in a hypothetical supersymmetry invariant regularisation scheme. This is also in agreement with the string-theory interpretation discussed in section 4.3.
A consequence of the anomaly is that the candidate counterterm for a three-loop divergence in the presence of vector-multiplet coupling is not necessarily duality-invariant, because its duality variation is associated to a divergence of the F 4 type invariant S (1) taken as an insertion. The F 4 invariant is itself duality invariant, and the operators that can renormalise it at the two-loop level must also preserve duality invariance, despite the appearance of the anomaly at one loop. We find only three such invariants available: the full-superspace integral of the Kähler potential, the ∂ 4 F 4 type (4, 1, 1) harmonic integral (3.78), and the ∂ 4 F 4 type (4, 2, 2) harmonic superspace integral of (X (0) ) 2 . The second and the third of these do not generalise, however, to invariants defined in terms of a generic function of the complex scalar, but only to the class of invariants (3.81) defined in terms of a holomorphic function F(T ). Such a two-loop divergence in the insertion of F 4 would imply the appearance of a three-loop divergence in an invariant (3.81) for F(T ) ∼ ln 1−T 1+T which is inconsistent with the shift symmetry of the axion because Our analysis of the possible invariants that can only be written as (4, 2, 2) harmonic superspace integrals is not complete. But we do not expect such invariants to depend on an JHEP07(2013)117 arbitrary function of the complex scalar, and the same axion-shift argument allows us to disregard them in this discussion. It follows that the only candidate counterterms consistent with the anomalous sl 2 Ward identities at the three-loop level are the full-superspace integral of a function H (3) (τ,τ) = −c 1 ln(Im(τ)) + 1 2 c 2 ln 2 (Im(τ)) , (5.10) the duality-invariant (4, 1, 1) harmonic integral (3.78), and the (4, 2, 2) harmonic superspace integrals of duality-invariant G-analytic integrands as e.g. (X (0) ) 2 . The coefficient c 1 multiplies the duality-invariant counterterm written as (3.71) for J = 1, whereas c 2 multiples the counterterm that would be associated to a 2-loop divergence of the F 4 type invariant S (1) taken as an insertion into the duality-invariant counterterm (3.71) for J = 1. The corresponding R 4 coupling is − (2c 1 + c 2 ) + 2c 2 ln(Im(τ)) .

(5.11)
Following the string-theory amplitude argument of [14], a logarithmic divergence in ln(Im(τ)) must be associated to a duality-invariant logarithm-squared divergence. This is perfectly consistent with the present field-theory interpretation that such a term could only appear if the F 4 supersymmetric form-factor with four gravitons is divergent at the two-loop order, because one would then expect a ln 2 (s) behaviour in the three-loop fourgraviton amplitude originating from the ln(s) behaviour of the four-photon one-loop amplitude.

Superspace non-renormalisation theorems
Now we return to the structural requirement for ultraviolet counterterms in an N = 4 duality-invariant supergravity theory. Superspace non-renormalisation theorems in super Yang-Mills and supergravity theories are based on a set of rules that permit one to determine the allowed ultraviolet divergences. In order to obtain the strongest results, it is important to know the maximal degree of supersymmetry that can be realised linearly "off-shell" (i.e. without use of the classical equations of motion to achieve closure of the supersymmetry algebra). The precise answer to this off-shell question for D = 4, N = 4 supergravity is unknown, but one may draw hints from D = 10, N = 1 supergravity, which does have an off-shell formulation at the linearised level [32]. Dimensionally reducing this off-shell theory to D = 4 yields a system containing N = 4 supergravity coupled to six N = 4 Maxwell multiplets.
Decoupling the Maxwell multiplets without destroying the off-shell structure is of course a problem, and there are arguments [30,31] against the existence of off-shell multiplets for numbers of N = 4 Maxwell multiplets different from 6 modulo 8 with finite numbers of auxiliary fields. The dimensions of the spinor representations required to write the kinetic term of the physical fermions must be integral multiples of one-half the dimension of the smallest irreducible representation of the N = 4 super Poincaré group [31], i.e. 128. This implies that only N = 4 supergravity coupled to 6 modulo 8 vector multiplets can possibly admit an off-shell realisation involving finitely many auxiliary fields. However,

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there is no argument against the existence of an off-shell formulation of N = 4 supergravity coupled to any number n of vector multiplets in harmonic superspace. For the present discussion, we will simply assume that an off-shell harmonic-superspacee formulation exists for the various couplings of N = 4 supergravity to even numbers of N = 4 Maxwell multiplets. It has so far proved impossible to find an off-shell version of N = 4 SYM [95], but one aspect of the problem, the self-duality constraint on the scalars, can presumably be avoided if we have an even number of vector multiplets.
Another element in the derivation of non-renormalisation theorems is the use of the background-field method (a review is given in [96]). The geometric formulations of super Yang-Mills and supergravity theories in superspace begin with superspace gauge connections A M (x, θ) and superspace vielbeins E M A (x, θ). In an off-shell theory, however, these are not the entities in terms of which one quantises, as they are subjected to various types of constraints [97,98] that are needed to allow for the construction of an off-shell superspace action. These constraints on the geometrical superfields can be solved in terms of superspace prepotentials analogous to the general scalar prepotential of D = 4, N = 1 super Maxwell theory, or to the vector superfield prepotential of D = 4, N = 1 supergravity [99].
The key structural feature shown by use of the background field method is that although one definitely needs to solve the superspace constraints in terms of prepotentials for the quantum superfields on the internal lines of superspace Feynman diagrams, this is not necessary for the background fields that occur on external Feynman diagram lines [100,101]. Moreover, when the quantum fields are expressed in terms of prepotentials, all terms in the expansion of the quantum action that are actually used in the derivation of superspace Feynman rules are written as full-superspace integrals. This obtains even though the background fields occur only through the geometrical superspace connections and supervielbeins.
The consequences for the ultraviolet divergence structure of the theory are then immediate. Counterterms must be written purely in terms of the background superspace connections and supervielbeins, and they must also be written as full-superspace integrals. The simplest instance of such a non-renormalisation theorem is in the non-gauge context of the D = 4, N = 1 Wess-Zumino model, where chiral superspace integrals over superpotentials are disallowed as counterterms: all counterterms must be writable in terms of full-superspace integrals without the use of prepotentials.
There are exceptions to the above rule at the one-loop level in gauge and supergravity theories, owing to problems in decoupling ghost superfields [100][101][102]. At the one-loop level, and only at this level, it turns out to be necessary to introduce prepotentials also for the background fields in order to achieve a decoupling of the infinite series of "ghosts for ghosts" occurring in extended gauge and supergravity theories. This makes for a one-loop exception to the non-renormalisation theorem, but for two loops and higher, the theorem becomes fully valid.
In the present discussion of divergences in half-maximal supergravity theories we shall suppose that there exists a full sixteen-supercharge off-shell formulation such that the action defining the Feynman rules is also invariant with respect to duality symmetry. This second requirement is necessary because we shall assume that the counterterms must be both

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writable as full-superspace integrals of the covariant superfields and also duality-invariant. Moreover we shall assume that this off-shell formulation satisfies the property that one can decouple the infinite tower of ghosts-for-ghosts by introducing a quadratic action for the second generation of ghosts and the Nielsen-Kallosh ghost, depending on the background prepotentials only, and not on the quantum prepotentials [100][101][102].

Descent equations for co-forms
We shall consider the classical Lagrangian density in superspace as a local operator. Because it is a density, its variation with respect to an infinitesimal super-diffeomorphism generated by a vector Ξ M is If we define the action of the BRST operator in a similar way, but taking Ξ M as a superdiffeomorphism ghost with its own transformation, and so on indefinitely. This is the superspace generalisation of the BRST construction defined in [103]. Therefore if one wants to consider the Lagrange density as a local operator in a BRST invariant way, one must consider the infinite series of local operators with their associated sources such that these sources transform as an extended cocycle, i.e. 16) or, equivalently, This construction is consistent because the transformations of the sources are linear. The complete BRST invariance of such a theory would also involve other ghost superfields associated to the other gauge invariances of the theory, as well as pre-gauge invariances associated to the introduction of prepotentials for the corresponding superfields JHEP07(2013)117 E M A , T, V ijÎ , etc. . . Without an explicit fully supersymmetric formulation to hand, it is not possible to go into more detail about these other symmetries. One will be led to the same kind of construction when considering the duality invariance of a Lagrange density, because the latter is not itself strictly invariant with respect to duality transformations either. We will illustrate this shortly with the example of the Kähler gauge invariance of an N = (2, 2), D = 2 supersymmetric non-linear sigma model, for which the superspace action's integrand (the Kähler potential) is not itself "duality" (i.e. Kähler gauge) invariant.
In principle, one should consider descent equations in two directions: with operators of increasing ghost number and also with increasing numbers of anticommuting constant parameters for the duality transformations. For simplicity, we will only consider the duality Ward identities, and will disregard the supersymmetry BRST Ward identities, which we do not know in detail for the N = 4 theory. In a similar way, one will have a chain of co-form operators associated to the duality variation of the Lagrange density where we define a co-form of degree n as an object transforming as the tensor product of a density with the graded antisymmetric tensor product of n vectors. Of course, such an object would be equivalent to a (d − n)-form on a Riemannian d-dimensional manifold via contraction with the Levi-Civita tensor, but in superspace they are distinct objects. Note that a co-form or a form can admit an arbitrary high degree in superspace, and there is correspondingly no notion of a top form. Note that if some of the quantum fields satisfy constraints, such as chiral superfields in N = 1 theories, it may happen that the descent becomes more complicated, because one may then get more solutions to the consistency conditions. Here we shall assume that the theory is quantised in terms of unconstrained superfields for simplicity. However, because our argument for a non-renormalisation theorem will only involve the first term in the descent, this assumption will not have untoward consequences.
Exactly as one does in enforcing supersymmetry BRST invariance, one can ensure duality invariance by introducing a source for each of these co-forms, such that the sources transform with respect to duality as an extended cocycle The extended cocycle is a cohomology class of the extended exterior derivative d + δ, so one can consider the chain of co-forms as defining a cohomology class. Since a density

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Lagrangian L does not depend on the anticommuting duality parameters, it accordingly cannot be δ-exact. However, a Lagrange density is only defined up to a total divergence Similarly the whole chain is only defined up to an ambiguous exact extended co-form As in the component formulation, the modification of the extended co-form by the addition of a trivial extended co-form amounts to a δ-exact modification of the source term and is trivial in δ-cohomology. It follows that, as long as the duality Ward identities are satisfied, the whole chain of co-forms must be renormalised consistently as a single cohomology class. This construction is a superspace generalisation of the one developed in [85,104,105] in the framework of algebraic renormalisation. One must in principle consider the possibility that the associated Ward identity may be anomalous. As in the former construction, such a Ward identity is only anomalous if the original symmetry is. In our case, this means that the only potential anomaly to this Ward identity is associated to the one-loop anomaly (4.17). A potential anomaly would define a chain of co-forms whose first component would define the density for an anomaly, as for example (4.5) If the associated density turned out to vanish, it would imply that the lowest-degree nonvanishing co-form would be divergence-free. Within an off-shell formulation, there is no such non-trivial divergence-free k co-form available that would not itself be the divergence of a k + 1 co-form. We conclude that the only anomaly that can occur for this Ward identity is the one associated with the anomaly (4.17). Therefore it will only affect the non-linearly realised generator of sl 2 R, and the Ward identity will remain valid for the parabolic subgroup in the absence of vector multiplets.

The N = (2, 2) non-linear sigma model
To illustrate what one can learn from such Ward identities, let us revisit the example of an N = (2, 2) non-linear sigma model in two dimensions [28]. In this case, the action is obtained from a Kähler potential K(T,T ) as the superspace integral By power counting, the theory can only be renormalised through a modification of the Kähler potential at each order in perturbation theory. Accordingly, one can define the beta function as a function of the complex variables t a parametrising the Kähler space, i.e. This equation formally leads to the identity where the right-hand-side is the insertion of F (T,T ) as a local operator in the 1PI generating functional Γ. In general, this equation can acquire corrections, and the functions F on both sides of the identity could differ by higher-order corrections in the coupling constants. Nevertheless, we shall assume that it is satisfied in some appropriate renormalisation scheme, for the sake of simplicity. The consistency of this identity with the Callan-Symanzik equation implies

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One then obtains using (5.30) the identity − d n wd nw K(w,w) δβ(t,t) δK(w,w) = γ(t,t) , (5.32) where γ(t,t) is the anomalous dimension of the local operator K(t,t) Equation (5.32) implies that the beta function is directly related to the anomalous dimension of the Lagrange density considered as a local insertion. Using the homogeneity of the Feynman rules in the Kähler potential at ℓ loops, one concludes that the ℓ-loop beta function β (ℓ) is related to the ℓ-loop gamma function γ (ℓ) as This equation is very useful, because it relates the beta function to the anomalous dimension of a local operator, which is itself constrained by the Ward identities to be renormalised consistently as a whole cohomology class.
Within the background-field method, one defines a prepotential V a for the quantum fluctuations of T a as such that X a = X a (1) for the solution X a (s) to the equation [28] d 2 X a ds 2 + Γ a bc (T,T ) where T a (s) =D αD α X a (s), taken with the initial conditions One then computes 38) and the action reduces to (with T B =D αD α X B ) [28] We see that the action does not depend explicitly on the background prepotentials X a B , and that although the latter will be involved explicitly in the gauge-fixing at the one-loop order, the involvement of the background prepotentials will not extend to higher loop orders.

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Now let us assume that the Kähler space of the theory admits some isometries, such that of the fields. The variation of the prepotential X a is obtained accordingly using functions as One can deal with a constant term in f a i (t) provided there is a nowhere-vanishing homogenous function F (r) (t) of degree r on the Kähler manifold, such that One then defines f a ib (t) as a Taylor series According to (5.18) we define One can always choose the representative K iα of F ia (T )D α X a such that it only depends on the background prepotential through its classical component By the structure of the duality symmetry algebra, the chain will stop here. We conclude that the Feynman rules of the theory coupled to only involve the background field T B and not its prepotential. Therefore the associated gamma function must be a function of the scalar fields T , and not the associated prepotential. Indeed note that neither the ghosts-for-ghosts nor the Nielsen-Kallosh ghost will contribute to the insertion of such a local operator in the 1PI generating function. Moreover, K α is an operator of negative dimension, and therefore must be protected. It follows

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that the gamma-function γ(t,t) must be fully invariant with respect to the isometries. Using equation (5.32) we conclude that the n ≥ 1 loop order contribution to the beta function or the counter-Lagrangian must be a fully duality-invariant function of the scalars. This is consistent with the analysis carried out in [28], because starting from the action (5.39), it was concluded that contributions to the beta functions beyond the oneloop order must be scalar functions of the Riemann tensor, which are themselves invariant with respect to the isometries of the Kähler manifold.
If we discuss the simplest case of an SU(1, 1)/U(1) Kähler space in this framework, the complex modulus field τ is itself a nowhere-vanishing homogenous function on the target-space manifold, and one can define The variation splits into One then computes and satisfies δK α = 0, showing that the counter-Lagrangian terms at loops L ≥ 1 must therefore be invariant under the isometric "duality" symmetries.

Non-renormalisation in N = 4 supergravity
Let us now return to N = 4 supergravity without vector multiplets. In order to apply the above reasoning, one must not only assume that there is an off-shell formulation of the theory in superspace with all supercharges realised linearly, but also that the action defining the Feynman rules is itself duality-invariant. Such a formulation has not been constructed, even for supergravity theories with fewer supersymmetries, such as N = 2. It is clear from the structure of such a theory in components [7,37,106], that a corresponding superspace formulation could not be manifestly Lorentz invariant. Therefore the only way to construct it would seem to require the introduction of Lorentz harmonics. Such a formulation was introduced in [38], and was later used to give an off-shell version of N = 2 (maximal) super-Yang-Mills in five dimensions with sixteen supercharges realised linearly [107]. However such a formulation suffers from several technical complications that have not been fully clarified so far. One problem is due to the use of harmonic variables parametrising a noncompact coset space, although this can be cured by considering the quotient of the Lorentz group by a maximal parabolic subgroup [40].

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The general construction that we have described in this section has not taken into account the possible complications unavoidably associated to such a putative Lorentz harmonic-superspacee formulation of N = 4 supergravity. Instead, we have extrapolated the more conventional argument one would carry out within a more standard superspace theory with finitely many auxiliary fields. Therefore, we should stress that this argument is by no means an actual proof of the three-loop non-renormalisation theorem, but rather is an attempt to motivate a three-loop non-renormalisation theorem using reasonable generalisations of the standard tools available in supersymmetric field theories.
Let us suppose that the reasoning proposed in this section does indeed apply to N = 4 supergravity. The unique duality-invariant counterterm that can be written as a fullsuperspace integral is the integral of the Kähler potential. The associated density is not itself duality-invariant, but satisfies instead The right-hand-side of (5.54) is the sum of a holomorphic function of τ plus an antiholomorphic function, and we have seen in the preceding section that the associated integral over full superspace vanishes subject to the classical equations of motion. Within an offshell formulation, one can always carry out a perturbative redefinition of the variables such that this integral will also vanish. It then follows that it must be a total derivative in harmonic superspace. However, the scalar field τ and the supervielbein Berezinian can only be the total derivative of a function depending explicitly on the hypothetical prepotentials of the theory.
To be more explicit, we could reasonably assume that the chiral scalar superfields satisfy something like for a functional X of the prepotentials of the theory, written collectively as V . Then it would follow that According to the discussion of the last section, such an operator K M , depending explicitly on the prepotentials, could not possibly renormalise the local operator L (1) M , and so neither could E(−1)ln −i 2 (τ −τ) renormalise the classical Lagrange density L (0) as a local operator.
Note that the appearance of the one-loop anomaly (4.17) implies that, although one cannot rely on the Ward identity for the non-linearly realised generator, it is enough to consider the Ward identity associated to the parabolic subgroup in order to conclude that this operator cannot renormalise the classical Lagrange density L (0) as a local operator. Using then (ℓ − 1)β ℓ = γ ℓ , (5.57) it would follow that the full-superspace integral of the Kähler potential cannot correspond to a logarithmic divergence of the theory.

JHEP07(2013)117 6 Supergeometry in five dimensions
In this section and the next we shall discuss the status of logarithmic divergences in pure N = 2 supergravity in five dimensions (i.e. half-maximal, but note that the D = 5 halfmaximal theory has more degrees of freedom than does D = 4, N = 4). In order to discuss the invariants we shall need some details on the corresponding supergeometry which are not yet available in the literature. For this purpose it is more efficient to compute the supergeometry in the maximal D = 5, N = 4 supergravity, and then truncate the results to N = 2.

Maximal (N = 4) supergravity
In N -extended supergravity in five dimensions, the structure group is Sp(1, 1) × Sp(N ), and the spinors satisfy a symplectic-Majorana condition of the formψ αi = Ω αβ Ω ij ψ βj , where Ω ij is the Sp(N ) symplectic form satisfying Ω ik Ω jk = δ i j , and idem for the Sp(1, 1) symplectic form Ω αβ . We first discuss the on-shell maximal theory which has forty-two scalars in the coset E 6(6) /Sp c (4), forty-eight totally antisymmetric and symplectic traceless dimension-one-half fermions, χ ijk α (satisfyingχ α ijk = Ω αβ Ω il Ω jp Ω kq χ lpq β ), twenty-seven vector fields F ij (satisfyingF ij = Ω ik Ω jl F kl ), again antisymmetric and symplectic traceless, as well as eight gravitini and the graviton. We can determine the geometry from dimensional analysis, using the Bianchi identities to fix unknown coefficients. The dimension-zero torsion is At dimension one-half the Bianchi identity implies that the only non-vanishing torsion is Note that there is no sign ambiguity in raising the last indices in the torsion since one uses two symplectic forms One understands that γ a αβ = Ω αγ γ a γ β ,

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At dimension one, the independent quantities are defined by the derivatives of the scalar fields, the twenty-seven Maxwell fields strengths and bilinears in the fermion superfields. We therefore consider P ijkl a defined from the E 6(6) matrix V ij IJ as and M ij ab (which also includes a bilinear term in the fermions) and note that the bilinear χ 2 decomposes into irreducible representations according to where sets of adjacent indices are understood to be antisymmetrised, while the commas separate different columns of the corresponding Young tableaux. All expressions are assumed to be symplectic traceless. N i,jkl is in the symplectic traceless , N i,j in the , N ij,kl in the symplectic traceless , and N ij in the symplectic traceless . The bilinears in χ ijk α also include N ijk,lpq and N ijk,lpq a in the , and N ij,klpq ab in the , but they will not appear in the dimension-one components of the torsion and the Riemann tensor. The notation Ω k][i N j][l is also used. It is defined by (6.10) We will consider the standard constraint T ab c = 0.
First we use the Bianchi identity where + indicates that one should add cyclic permutations of the three first pairs of indices i j k α β γ . This allows us to kill some a priori allowed terms such as the component involving

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of R i α j β cd . This also determines all but two coefficients for all the other representations. The latter can then be determined by requiring that the superfield χ ijk α defines the covariant derivative of the scalar superfield V ij IJ , and by requiring that the algebra closes accordingly on it.
After some work one obtains 16) and finds that the torsion and curvature components are (6.18) We have checked that the supersymmetry algebra of {D i α , D j β } is satisfied on the scalar fields for the term involving the derivative of χ ijk α that matches the dimension 1/2 torsion, and that the terms involved in the product of two derivatives of the scalar in N ij,kl ab reproduce the correct term in the R i α j β kl component acting on the scalars. The former permits one to fix the coefficient of the Ω αβ N i,jkl term in the derivative of χ ijk α , whereas the second permits one to fix the overall coefficient of the derivative of the scalars. Checking the dimension-zero torsion relation, one then fixes the coefficient of P ijkl a in the derivative of χ ijk α .

Pure N = 2 supergravity
We now consider the truncation to pure N = 2 supergravity. 17 For this purpose, we decompose Sp(4) ⊃ Sp(2) × Sp(2) ′ such that the truncated fermion superfield reduces to There is an off-shell version of the N = 2 theory which describes a multiplet that is dual to the N = 2, D = 5 supercurrent [108]. This could be used as an alternative starting point, but we do not consider it here.

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where the unhatted indices now define the N = 2 internal Sp(2) indices, whereas the hatted indices are for the complementary Sp(2) ′ in Sp (4). The second term is determined as a function of the former by imposing symplectic tracelessness with respect to Sp(4). The vector field-strength tensor decomposes into the symplectic traceless component and the singlet according to where F ′ij is symplectic traceless. The Sp(2) components of the scalar superfield reduce to where IJ andKL are respectively Sp(2) and Sp(2) ′ rigid indices. It is consistent to identify rigid and local indices, because R i j αβ kl = 0 by construction in the absence of matter. The bilinears in the fermion reduce to It then follows from (6.16) that where M ′ij ab and M ab are defined as in (6.20). The scalar superfield is real, and satisfies the second-derivative constraints

Harmonic superspace
Harmonic superspaces in five dimensions are of type (2N , p), meaning that a G-analytic field of this type will be annihilated by p four-component spinor derivatives that mutually anti-commute. We write 2N because a G-analytic field will depend on (2N − p) fourcomponent odd coordinates, with N being the maximal possible value of p. 18 In N = 4 supergravity, only the (8, 1) harmonic structure associated to the coset Sp(4)/(U(1)×Sp (3)) is consistent with the dimension-one-half torsion component because where the harmonic variables are defined such that the other contractions are null and Ω rs is the Sp(3) symplectic matrix. 18 In other words, a G-analytic field of type (2N , p) is p/2N BPS.

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The Riemann tensor components are also consistent with the torsion because It turns out that the Lorentz curvature is expressible in terms of the G-analytic vector To show that B a is indeed G-analytic, let us rewrite B a in terms of We have so that Note that this is the unique G-analytic vector (up to an overall G-analytic function) since the obstruction only vanishes because the curvature is proportional to B a itself. At the linearised level, one can define the ∂ 6 R 4 invariant starting with a G-analytic integrand quadratic in the linearised G-analytic superfield W 1rst ∼ V 1[r IJ V st] KL Ω IK Ω JL , but this does not extend to the non-linear level. Indeed, its naïve generalisation V 1r IJ ≡ u i u r j V ij IJ is not G-analytic since

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There is therefore no dimension-zero G-analytic superfield of the correct U(1) weight, and the ∂ 6 R 4 supersymmetry invariant cannot be defined as a harmonic-superspacee integral at the non-linear level. The N = 2 supergravity theory admits a (4, 1) harmonic-superspacee structure associated with the coset Sp(2)/(U(1) × Sp (1)). The harmonic variables in this case satisfy where ε rs is the Sp(1) antisymmetric tensor and the other contractions are null. However, since the torsion supertrace does not vanish in this case, i.e.
(where the index A runs over all bosonic and fermionic indices), the G-analyticity condition involves the flat U(1) connection and reads We will prove this in the next section by consistency with the normal-coordinate expansion of a generic scalar superfield together with Stokes' theorem in superspace.

Invariants in five dimensions
As in four dimensions, the first duality invariants will be of the same dimension as the full-superspace integral of a function of the D = 5 scalars. In N = 4 supergravity, this property was already discussed in [10]. In pure D = 5, N = 2 supergravity, the first Sp(2) invariant can be derived from the exact 6-superform where d(e −Φ F ) = 0. However, this invariant includes the terms so it is clearly not invariant with respect to a shift of the dilaton superfield. In any case, it is not relevant in perturbation theory in five dimensions because of its mass dimension. In this section we will show that the integral of the Berezinian of the supervielbein does not vanish in maximal supergravity in five dimensions, but it does vanish in the halfmaximal theory. However, the volume of N = 2 superspace vanishes, so one can still write the shift-invariant R 4 -type invariant as a full-superspace integral of the dilaton superfield. In order to do this, we shall compute the normal-coordinate expansion of the supervielbein Berezinian.

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7.1 Normal-coordinate expansion of E One checks, in a similar fashion to [12], that all the requirements for the existence of complex normal coordinates are satisfied, because the associated tangent vectors satisfy the involutive algebra with all other graded commutators vanishing. Here d1 r and d11 are the vectors on the harmonic coset space that act on the harmonic variables by and trivially on the others. The complex coordinates z1 r , z11 are the complex normal coordinates on the coset space associated to these vectors. The vectorsẼ 1 α are the horizontal lifts of the basis vectors E 1 α to the harmonic superspace (i.e. they contain connection terms). As in four dimensions, one can check that the normal-coordinate expansion of the supervielbein Berezinian multiplying any scalar superfield factorises into the normalcoordinate expansion of the harmonic measure and the normal-coordinate expansion of the supervielbein Berezinian together with the scalar superfield given in terms of the fermionic coordinates expansion alone. One can therefore forget about the complex normalcoordinate expansion of the harmonic measure, and simply consider the normal-coordinate expansion in terms of the fermionic coordinates ζ α as in [76].
Before discussing the specific examples of maximal and half-maximal supergravities in five dimensions, we shall rederive the formula for the normal-coordinate expansion of the supervielbein Berezinian in an alternative way.
We will start quite generally and consider a supergravity theory that admits four fermionic normal coordinates ζ α (possibly together with harmonic ones which can be disregarded), with a possibly non-zero torsion supertrace Note that we use α, β . . . as indices for the 4 normal coordinates, which would be the Sp(1, 1) indices in five dimensions, and which would stand for both fundamental and complex conjugate SL(2, C) indices together with the associated U(1) weights in four dimensions. By Stokes' theorem, the integral of a total derivative over superspace must vanish

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If one assumes the existence of normal coordinates, with a general normal-coordinate expansion of the supervielbein Berezinian given by E = E 1 + ζ α e α + ζ β ζ α e αβ + ζ γ ζ β ζ α e αβγ + ζ δ ζ γ ζ β ζ α e αβγδ , (7.8) then Equation (7.7) implies that for any tensor superfield Ξ α , where the notation | to the right of a superfield indicates that the latter is evaluated at ζ α = 0, as in [76]. In more geometrical terms, X| is the pullback of the superfield X to the analytic superspace from which the normal-coordinate expansion is defined. Note that for a general vector field, Ξ A , this expression would only be required to be a total derivative in the analytic superspace, but for a vector, Ξ α , normal to the analytic superspace, this expression must vanish. The various terms in D 5−n Ξ then determine uniquely the components e n of the normal-coordinate expansion of E. To carry out this computation explicitly, we will consider theories for which one has as well as (7.11) These equations are indeed satisfied in four dimensions [12], and they are also satisfied in supergravity in five dimensions. We have checked that the torsion (6.25) satisfies this criterion, that the corresponding curvature (6.28) is G-analytic, and that χ α defines a flat U(1) connection (6.39). Because the curvature (6.28) only depends on an Sp(1, 1) vector, it follows from representation theory that the constraint (7.11) must be satisfied.
Using these equations, one computes that

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One checks that these expressions are indeed compatible with the formula given in [76], reproducing the result where, by definition, χ α = exp[ζ β D β ]χ α 19 and where (7.6) and (7.10) have been used to show that the normal-coordinate expansions of Ω βα β and E α µ take the same form as given in [76].
Let us now consider the full-superspace integral of a scalar superfield K. Using the normal-coordinate expansion, one computes that where dµ (k,1) is the measure over (k, 1) harmonic superspace 20 dµ (k,1) = dx d d 4(k−1) θdu E with du being the Haar measure over the harmonic coset manifold, and E is the measure defined in (7.8), and where the function F[K] is equal to Using this expression and using (7.10) and (7.11), one computes that F[K] satisfies i.e. F[K] is only G-analytic on a line bundle with a flat connection. Therefore we conclude in general that one can integrate any G-analytic section on this line bundle over (k, 1) harmonic superspace.

R 4 type invariants
Before considering the full-superspace integral of a general function of the dilaton superfield Φ in N = 2 supergravity in five dimensions, let us discuss the simpler N = 4 example. In this case, the torsion supertrace vanishes, and the only relevant component of the Riemann tensor is where B a is the unique G-analytic vector (6.32). One straightforwardly computes that and therefore 19 Or more explicitly χα = χα + ζ β (D β χα) + 1 2 ζ γ ζ β (D β Dγχα) + 1 6 ζ δ ζ γ ζ β (D β DγD δ χα) . 20 That would be (k, 1, 1) with k = N in four dimensions and (k, 1) with k = 2N in five dimensions.

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and so the volume is not zero. Note, however, that this result is irrelevant for the ultraviolet behaviour of the theory, because the ∂ 8 R 4 type invariant does not have the correct power counting to be a candidate counterterm in five dimensions. In N = 2 supergravity, the Riemann tensor satisfies the same equation, and is determined by the torsion supertrace χ α ≡ u 1 i χ i α as One straightforwardly computes that and so that As a consistency check, one computes using this formula that indeed coincides with formula (7.13). This may be a surprise: the volume of superspace does not vanish on-shell in maximal supergravity, but it does in the half-maximal theory as a consequence of the contribution of the non-trivial torsion supertrace. Using this formula, one can now integrate an arbitrary function K of the dilaton superfield Φ over full superspace to obtain (7.26) Since the integrand starts at 4-points, one can use the linearised analysis to compute that such an invariant contains a term in R 4 of the form where C αβγδ ≡ 1 16 γ ab (αβ γ cd γδ) R abcd is the Weyl tensor. Clearly this integral vanishes if K = e 3Φ , e ± 3 2 Φ or if it is a constant. Therefore the integral of the N = 2 supervielbein Berezinian vanishes. However, one can still write the only invariant that preserves the dilaton shift symmetry as the full-superspace integral d 5 xd 16 θ EΦ = 9 32 dµ (4,1) ε αβγδ χ α χ β χ γ χ δ . (7.28) This invariant satisfies all the required symmetries of the theory and is a full-superspace integral, so that there is no obvious non-renormalisation associated with it. However, we shall argue in the last section that the same reasoning that we sketched within supergravity in four dimensions would in principle imply that such an invariant would be forbidden by a non-renormalisation theorem within a hypothetical formulation of the theory in superspace with all 16 supercharges realised linearly. The situation remains very similar in the presence of vector multiplets. We shall not display the explicit components of the Riemann tensor and the torsion in the presence of vector multiplets in this paper. The latter can be straightforwardly extracted from the N = 4 ones for n = 5 vector multiplets, and, using the property that the vector multiplets only carry SO(5) vector indices contracted using the corresponding metric δ AB , one can then straightforwardly generalise all formulae to any number of vector multiplets. Here, we shall only explain how to extract the quantities that are important for the computation of the superspace volume. In this case the bilinears in the Dirac fermions also include the matter-field Dirac fermions λ A α and one has Using these expressions one computes that χ α ≡ u 1 i χ i α and λ A α ≡ u 1 i λ Ai α satisfy and therefore Together with this gives 24 Ω [αβ χ γ] Ω δη λ A δ λ ηA , e αβγδ = 0 .

Protected invariants
We have discussed invariants that can be written as (4, 1) harmonic-superspacee integrals in the last section, but they do not exhaust all the possible R 4 type invariants one can write in five dimensions. Similarly to four dimensions, some R 4 invariants can only be written as (4,2) harmonic-superspacee integrals. The main difference in five dimensions is that one can already distinguish these invariants by the structure of the four-graviton amplitude, because there are two distinguished Sp(1, 1) quartic invariants in the Weyl tensor that define supersymmetry invariants. The (4, 2) harmonic variables u r i , u ri parametrise the symmetric space Sp(2)/U(2), and satisfy u r i u s j Ω ij = 0 , u r i u sj Ω ij = δ r s , (7.37) and the reality conditionū i r = Ω ij u rj . As for the (4, 1) harmonic superspace, the nonvanishing supertrace of the torsion defines a flat connection (where we use (6.23)) 38) and the appropriate G-analyticity condition for an integrand F (4,2) of the (4, 2) measure is that it satisfies In the linearised approximation, one can define the G-analytic superfield where we chose to define it in terms of the Sp(1, 1) spinor indices for convenience. Any quartic polynomial in M 12 αβ therefore defines a G-analytic integrand for the (4, 2) measure in the linearised approximation. One straightforwardly checks that dµ (4,2) ε αβγδ ε ηςϑι M 12 αη M 12 βς M 12 γϑ M 12 δι ∝ d 5 xd 16 θ Φ 4 ∝ d 5 x ε αβγδ ε ηςϑι ε υκξζ ε ̟λµν C αηυ̟ C βςκλ C γϑξµ C διζν + . . . . (7.41) This class of invariant clearly corresponds to full-superspace integrals, and must admit a non-linear form for an arbitrary function of the dilaton that is not e ± 3 2 Φ , e 3Φ or 1. One has also the additional linearised invariant dµ (4,2) Ω αγ Ω βδ M 12 αβ M 12 γδ 2 ∝ d 5 x ε αβγδ ε ηςϑι (Ω υκ Ω ̟λ C αηυ̟ C βςκλ )(Ω ξζ Ω µν C γϑξµ C διζν ) + . . . , (7.42) which cannot be written as a full-superspace integral, even at the linearised level. We will not prove the existence of such a G-analytic integrand in this paper, but one can infer, from the existence of the two ten-dimensional Chern-Simons type invariants associated to the gauge anomaly, that it exists at least for a power of the dilation of e − 3 2 Φ .

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However, it is not clear if one can define an independent duality invariant with this structure. Equivalently, one may wonder if one can define independent invariants involving the matter fields, which could only be written as (4, 2) superspace integrals. We will not answer this question in this paper. Nonetheless we note that such an invariant, even if it existed, would be more constrained by non-renormalisation theorems.

Consequences for logarithmic divergences
The situation for divergences in five dimensions is very similar to the one in four. There is only one available duality-invariant counterterm at two loops (7.35) which can be written as a (4, 1) harmonic-superspacee integral. It can also be written as a full-superspace integral, but not of a duality-invariant integrand. It has been recently computed [21] that the associated UV divergence is indeed absent in N = 2 supergravity, and there are hints from string theory suggesting that this result should apply independently of the number of vector multiplets. 21 Before arguing that the result of the computation [21] may in principle be explained by a non-renormalisation theorem, let us point out that the uniqueness of the invariant (7.35) implies in principle that the finiteness of the four-graviton scattering amplitude in five dimensions extends to all scattering amplitudes at the two-loop order, including higher-point amplitudes and ones with external vector-multiplet states. Indeed, the only possible alternative invariants can be written only as (4, 2) harmonic-superspacee integrals, and there are several reasons to believe that they cannot support logarithmic divergences. First of all, there exists an N = 3 harmonic-superspacee formulation of Yang-Mills theory in four dimensions, and so extrapolating it to five-dimensional N = 2 supergravity, one expects only invariants that can be written at least as d 12 θ superspace integrals to contribute to logarithmic divergences. In components, one knows that genuine (4, 2) superspace integrals are associated to long cocycles, and therefore, applying the algebraic renormalisation arguments of [5], one would conclude as well that such invariants cannot be associated to logarithmic divergences.
A similar argument to that given in [31] for the existence of auxiliary fields in fourdimensional theories implies that N = 2 supergravity in five dimensions can only admit an off-shell realisation with finitely many auxiliary fields when coupled to five modulo eight vector multiplets. In particular, the linearised theory with five vector multiplets can be obtained by dimensional reduction of the off-shell formulation of ten-dimensional supergravity [32]. Nonetheless, the argument of [31] does not rule out the existence of an off-shell formulation of the theory in harmonic superspace for an arbitrary number of vector multiplets. In this subsection we shall assume that such an off-shell formulation exists. One must note that the situation is much simpler in five dimensions, in the sense that realising the shift symmetry of the dilaton does not require us to consider a Lorentzharmonic formulation of the theory. Moreover, if we rely on the SO(n) symmetry to fix uniquely the allowed candidate counterterm, we do not require this symmetry at the level of the integrand in order to prove the non-renormalisation theorem. Therefore, the existence JHEP07(2013)117 τ and the scalar fields t m parametrising the SO(6, n)/(SO(6) × SO(n)) symmetric space is multiplied by (∆ − 2) ∆G(τ, t m ) . (7.45) In perturbative heterotic string theory, the ℓ-loop contribution to the effective action R 4 coupling in four dimensions appears with a factor G ℓ (φ, t m ) = e 2(ℓ−3)φ K(t m ) , (7.46) with τ = a + ie −2φ . It follows that the one-, two-, three-and four-loop contributions to the effective action R 4 coupling cannot be written as full-superspace integrals in four dimensions either. The fact that the string-theory interpretation is the same in both four and five dimensions suggests that the same property should hold in ten dimensions, i.e.
Since the ℓ-loop contribution gives rise to a factor G ℓ (φ) = e (2ℓ− 3 2 )φ , (7.48) it would then follow that the R 4 coupling cannot appear as a full-superspace integral before five loops in ten dimensions. If it were possible to write e (2ℓ− 3 2 )φ R 4 couplings for ℓ = 1, 2, 3, 4 as full-superspace integrals in ten dimensions, then one would obtain by dimensional reduction that the corresponding dimensionally reduced invariants are also full-superspace integrals, which is in contradiction with our results.
The only other invariants that include an R 4 coupling are the Chern-Simons like invariants that are obtained from the d-exact 11-superforms These can only appear at one loop in string theory, because their R 4 couplings come with a factor e 1 2 φ . This property is understood in string theory because these invariants are required as counterterms in order to cancel the gauge anomaly, which is itself subject to a non-renormalisation theorem [88]. The explicit computation in string theory indeed confirms that there is no R 4 correction to the affective action at the 2-loop level [109], whereas only the Chern-Simons invariants appear at the 1-loop level. Nonetheless, it has been argued in [110] that this state of affairs cannot extend to all orders in perturbation theory, because it would be in contradiction with heterotic / type I duality.
The structure of the supersymmetry invariants in four and five dimensions shows that R 4 couplings can only be considered as being protected until four loops in string theory, and the above results suggest that the non-renormalisation theorem for the t 8 t 8 R 4 − 1 8 ε 10 ε 10 R 4 term in the effective action will apply until four loops, but not beyond.

JHEP07(2013)117 8 Conclusions
In this paper we have discussed the possible ultra-violet divergences that can arise in halfmaximal supergravity theories at three and two loops, in D = 4 and 5 respectively. We have shown, provided that some assumptions regarding off-shell formalisms are made, that the pure half-maximal supergravity theories should be finite in these cases, in agreement with the amplitude results and string theory. In the presence of vector multiplets, this conclusion remains unchanged in D = 5, but cannot be justified in D = 4 owing to appearance of an F 4 term in the SL(2, R) anomaly.
The key observation is that, although the candidate counterterms seem superficially to be F-terms, they can be rewritten as D-terms, i.e. integrals over the full sixteen-theta superspaces. The fact that the volume of superspace vanishes, for both D = 4 and 5, implies that these full-superspace integrals are duality-invariant. There are, however, no candidate counterterms with manifestly duality-invariant full-superspace integrands. The relevant duality-invariant integrals can either be written as full-superspace integrals of integrands that are not themselves invariant, or they can be written as sub-superspace integrals of invariant integrands. We have called this situation the F/D borderline, since the status of these invariants is ambiguous. Given the existence of suitable off-shell versions of the theories preserving all of the supersymmetries linearly, as well as duality, we have argued that the F-term character wins out and that these invariants are therefore protected. This result is vitiated in the case of vector multiplets in D = 4 because the three-loop counterterm no longer needs to be fully duality-invariant.
The recognition of F/D marginal structure further expands the class of special invariant structures that have a bearing on non-renormalisation properties of supersymmetric theories. By combining duality properties with supersymmetry structure, they expand the class of Chern-Simons-type invariants vulnerable to exclusion as candidate counterterms. Other examples of special structure that have been found in the now decade-long to-and fro-discussion of counterterm analysis versus unitarity-method loop calculations include special cohomology types in higher-dimensional super Yang-Mills theory [111].
For the future, it would clearly be of interest to construct the off-shell formalisms whose existence we have relied upon in our arguments. This is not an easy problem. We know that there is an off-shell version of N = 4 Yang-Mills theory in harmonic superspace, but that it only has linearly realised N = 3 supersymmetry. Moreover, this construction is rather special in that it relies upon the fact that the harmonic coset can be regarded as three-dimensional, so that the Chern-Simons action in this sector can be used to set the corresponding field strength to zero, thereby leading to the usual constraints in ordinary superspace, which are well-known to imply the equations of motion. So far, no other construction of this type has been made, except for the closely related D = 3, N = 6 Yang-Mills where such a construction leads to an off-shell version of non-abelian Chern-Simons theory [112]. An additional complication is the requirement that duality symmetry be preserved. In four dimensions this is incompatible with manifest Lorentz symmetry and is therefore likely to require the use of Lorentz harmonics as well as those associated JHEP07(2013)117 with R-symmetry. It may therefore be easier to try to tackle the five-dimensional case first where this last problem does not arise.
Whether or not the above above programme can be implemented successfully, it seems difficult to imagine any purely field-theoretic argument that could protect yet higher-loop counterterms against ultra-violet divergences. This is because there are no further obstructions to the construction of counterterms that are manifestly invariant under all symmetries. This being the case, there is an obvious challenge on the computational side. If it turns out that, e.g., N = 4, D = 4 supergravity is finite at four loops, then all bets would be off regarding the perturbative finiteness of N = 8 supergravity.
It is also important to stress the implications of the counterterm structures that we find, without relying on a hypothetical full-superspace off-shell formulation of the theory. In pure supergravity in four dimensions, we have shown that there is a unique dualityinvariant candidate counterterm at three loops. It therefore follows that the vanishing of the four-graviton amplitude at this order [18], implies the finiteness of all amplitudes at that order. In the presence of vector multiplets, in addition to the one-loop F 4 divergence, we find a unique potential two-loop candidate of generic form ∂ 2 F 4 (whose invariance under SO(6, n) still remains to be established), and only three independent duality invariants at three loops, involving either R 4 or ∂ 4 F 4 . Our analysis of the duality invariants that can be written as (4, 2, 2) harmonic superspace integrals is however not complete at this order, and there could be in principle more independent counterterms. Moreover, the one-loop SL(2, R) anomaly allows in principle for one additional non-duality-invariant R 4 type counterterm. According to the string-theory arguments of [19], which are further strengthened by our analysis of section 7.5, the four-graviton amplitude is also finite in the presence of vector multiplets. The four-matter-photon amplitude would in principle be allowed to admit genuine two-and three-loop divergences should there be no full offshell formulation of the theory with sixteen supercharges realised linearly. It should be possible to check computationally whether or not these amplitudes diverge, which would in turn shed light on the validity of the conjecture regarding the existence of an off-shell formulation of the theory.
In five dimensions there is a unique duality-invariant two-loop candidate, which can be written as a harmonic-superspacee integral over twelve of the sixteen fermionic coordinates. It can also be written as the full-superspace integral of the dilaton superfield. Assuming that there exists an off-shell D = 5 formulation of the theory with at least twelve supercharges realised linearly, one could already conclude that the finiteness of the four-graviton amplitude [21] implies the finiteness of all amplitudes at two loops. If the four-graviton amplitude were finite but if the four-matter-photon amplitude were to diverge in half-maximal N = 2 supergravity in five dimensions, one would then be able to infer that there is no off-shell formulation of the theory with more than eight supercharges realised linearly.
What lesson do we learn from this analysis concerning N = 8 supergravity? First of all, note that the N = 4 theory's property that the duality-invariant (4, 1, 1) harmonicsuperspace integral can be rewritten as the sixteen-theta full-superspace integral of a function of the complex scalar is only possible because the latter is chiral. It therefore appears that the duality-invariant seven-loop candidate counterterm expressed as a (8, 1, 1)

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harmonic-superspacee integral [12] cannot be rewritten as a thirty-two-theta full-superspace integral in N = 8 supergravity. Although an off-shell formulation of the maximally supersymmetric theory with all thirty-two supercharges realised linearly would then permit one to conclude that the theory must be finite until eight loops, such a formalism is extremely unlikely to exist.