Non-Relativistic M2-Brane

We propose an action for non-relativistic M2-brane in eleven dimensional M-brane Newton-Cartan background. We find its Hamiltonian formulation and we focus on its dimensional reduction to ten dimensions that leads to non-relativistic D2-brane or to non-relativistic string. We also discuss T-duality properties of non-relativistic D2-brane.


Introduction and Summary
Renewed interest in Newton-Cartan (NC) gravity has appeared during last few years as it was shown that it plays crucial role in the context of non-relativistic holography [1,2,3,4,5,6]. NC gravity is covariant formulation of non-relativistic gravity with one-dimensional foliation of space-time corresponding to the absolute time direction which is longitudinal to the world-line of particle [7]. Recently an interesting generalization of this concept to the case of the two dimensional objects (strings) was proposed in [8] when one dimensional foliation of space-time is replaced by two dimensional (time-like and spatial) foliation directions that are longitudinal to the world-sheet of string. This proposal was further elaborated in [9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Even more importantly, it was shown in [12] that T-duality along longitudinal spatial direction maps non-relativistic string to relativistic one in the background with compact light like isometry. In other words, non-relativistic string with isometry along longitudinal spatial direction can be used for the definition of Discrete light cone quantization (DLCQ) of relativistic string. This is intriguing result since (DLCQ) is very important for the definition of matrix theory which is quantum description of M-theory, at least in some particular background [16,17,18,18,19].
Since the suggested relation between non-relativistic string in stringy NC background and non-perturbative definition of M-theory is very interesting it is natural to study the relation between M-theory and Newton-Cartan geometry further. For example, it was originally suggested in [8] that it is possible to define different pbrane Newton-Cartan background when we consider p-brane as natural probe (pmeans number of spatial dimension of p + 1 dimensional object) of gravity. Then we split D−dimensional dimensions into p + 1-longitudinal directions and D − (p + 1) transverse directions and take an appropriate limit that leads to p + 1-dimensional non-relativistic p-brane theory. In M-theory, which is 11−dimensional theory, there is such a natural probe: M2-brane. This is 2 + 1 dimensional object that couples to three form C that, together with the metric is bosonic part of 11−dimensional supergravity. Then in order to find non-relativistic M2-brane action we generalize limiting procedure introduced in [20] to the three dimensional object in the same way as we used this procedure in case of the fundamental string [13]. This procedure is natural generalization of the approach [20] that was used in case of point particle probe of gravity to the higher dimensional objects. We implement this procedure to the case of M2-brane and we find finite and well defined action for non-relativistic M2-brane in M-brane Newton-Cartan background. As the next step we find its Hamiltonian formulation of this non-relativistic M2-brane and we determine all constraints of the theory.
Having found non-relativistic M2-brane it is natural to ask the question whether it has similar properties as relativistic one when we perform dimensional reduction of M-theory 2 . It turns out that this is straightforward procedure in case of the dimensional reduction along spatial circle that lies in transverse direction of M2-brane 2 For review, see for example [22]. NC gravity. In fact, in this case we can identify Kaluza-Klein ansatz for general M2-brane NC background since component of the spatial metric along compactified direction can be related to the dilaton field of lower dimensional theory. As a result we find an action for non-relativistic D2-brane in 2-brane NC background that is characterized by three longitudinal directions and nice transverse ones. On the other hand the situation is more involved in case of dimensional reduction along longitudinal spatial direction since in this case it is not known how to perform dimensional reduction in full generality. For that reason we use adapted coordinates along longitudinal directions that simplify analysis considerably. In this case we also find that non-relativistic M2-brane should wraps this compact dimension. As a result M2-brane lowers its dimensionality and the resulting object can be identified with non-relativistic string. It is however important to stress that we were able to do this in adapted coordinates only.
Similar situation occurs in case when we try to analyze T-duality properties of non-relativistic D2-brane. As in relativistic case 3 we analyze T-duality of D-brane when it wraps compact dimension. This means that we particularly fix the gauge when one spatial world-volume coordinate coincides with the target space coordinate. We further presume an isometry along this direction so that all world-volume modes do not depend on this coordinate. In case of non-relativistic D2-brane the situation is more involved since its action does not have the form of Dirac-Born-Infeld action that is crucial for the covariance o D-branes under T-duality transformations [23]. As a result we again have to switch to adapted coordinates. Then we find that the only possibility is that non-relativistic D2-brane wraps longitudinal spatial direction since in case when D2-brane wraps spatial direction along transverse direction the matrix a αβ = ∂ α x µ τ µν ∂ β x ν is singular. Then in case when D2-brane wraps longitudinal spatial direction we find that D2-brane maps to D1-brane in T-dual theory. This is again very nice consistency check.
Let us outline our result and suggest possible extensions of this work. We find non-relativistic M2-brane in M-brane NC background. We also find its Hamiltonian form. Then we analyze its properties under dimensional reduction and we find that it reduces to non-relativistic D2-brane when we perform dimensional reduction along transverse direction. We also find non-relativistic fundamental string when we dimensionally reduce along longitudinal spatial direction when however we restrict to the adapted coordinates along longitudinal direction and perform restriction on background fields. We also study T-duality of non-relativistic D2-brane and we find that performing T-duality along longitudinal spatial direction D2-brane maps to non-relativistic D1-brane when we perform this T-duality in adapted coordinates. It is important to stress that T-duality can be performed along longitudinal spatial direction only since non-relativistic D2-brane cannot wrap transverse spatial direction.
This work can be extended in many directions. It would be very interesting to analyze further the question of dimensional reduction of M-brane NC geometry along longitudinal spatial direction. It would be also interesting to analyze M-brane Newton-Cartan equations of motion and its dimensional reductions. We hope to return to these questions in future.
This paper is organized as follows. In the next section (2) we find an action for non-relativistic M2-brane action in M-brane NC background. In section (3) we find Hamiltonian form of non-relativistic M2-brane. Section (4) is devoted to the dimensional reduction of non-relativistic M2-brane. Finally in section (5) we study T-duality properties on non-relativistic D2-brane action.

Non-Relativistic M2-Brane
In this section we introduce an action for non-relativistic M2−brane in eleven dimensional background following limiting procedure [20]. Starting point is an action for M2-brane in general background whereT M 2 is M2−brane tension and where C is a pull-back of eleven-dimensional three form to the world-volume of M2-brane Further, x M (ξ), M, N = 0, 1, . . . , 10 are world-sheet fields that parameterize an embedding of M2-brane in target space-time with the metric G M N so that 3 × 3 matrix g αβ has the form where ∂ α ≡ ∂ ∂ξ α where ξ α , α, β = 0, 1, 2 parameterize three dimensional worldvolume of M2-brane.
Let us now take non-relativistic limit of this action when we generalize an approach introduced in [20] to the case M-brane Newton-Cartan gravity. To do this we introduce vielbein E A M so that where A = 0, 1, . . . , 10 and where η AB = diag(−1, 1, . . . , 1). Then we split targetspace indices A into A = (a, a ′ ) where now a = 0, 1, 2 and a ′ = 3, . . . , 10. We further introduce τ a µ so that we write In the same way we introduce vielbein e a ′ M , a = 3, . . . , 10 and also introduce gauge field m a M . τ a M can be interpreted as the gauge fields of the longitudinal translations while e a ′ M as the gauge fields of the transverse translations [8]. We further introduce their inverses with respect to their longitudinal and transverse translations Finally we introduce parameterization of relativistic vielbein in the similar way as in [20] where ω is free parameter that we take to infinity when we define non-relativistic limit. Then with the help of (7) we obtain following form of the metric where we definedĥ The object τ a α = τ a M ∂ α x M is 3 × 3 matrix that in adapted coordinates is equal to τ a α = diag(1, 1, 1). Hence it is natural to presume that the matrix τ a α is non-singular so that a αβ = τ a α τ b β η ab is non-singular too. As a result we can introduce inversẽ a αβ that obeys a αβã βγ = δ γ α .
Then it is reasonable to write We see that the first term in (11) diverges as ω 3 in the limit ω → ∞. Then in order to cancel this divergence we should introduce an appropriate form of the background three form C M N P . We studied this problem in more details in case of non-relativistic string [13,14] when we proposed such a form of NSNS two form that leads to finite action for non-relativistic string in stringy NC background. Clearly this approach can be generalized to higher dimensional objects and hence it is natural to presume that C M N P has the form where c M N P is an arbitrary background three form and we multiplied it with ω for reason that will be clear below. With such a form of the background three form we find that where we defined Collecting all results together we find the action in the form using the fact that √ − det a = det τ a α and alsoã αβ τ b β η ba = τ α a . In order to have non-trivial world-sheet theory we now demand following scaling of M2-brane tensioñ Finally using the fact that we obtain final form of non-relativistic M2-brane action where we defined metrich M N as (18) is the main result of this section. Clearly such an analysis can be generalized for any p-brane with appropriate background p + 1 form. However Mtheory is exceptional since here M2-brane naturally emerges as fundamental object and M-theory is also closely related to string theories. We will discuss relation between M2-brane and non-relativistic D-branes below. Before we proceed to this problem we turn our attention to the Hamiltonian formulation of non-relativistic M2-brane.

Hamiltonian Formalism
In this section we would like to find Hamiltonian for the non-relativistic M2-brane action given in (18). To begin with we note that a αβ = τ a α τ b β η ab and hence we can write √ − det a = det τ a α . Then we can rewrite the action (18) into the form where From (19) we determine conjugate momenta where c M is defined as and where we used the fact that Then with the help of (21) we find that the bare Hamiltonian is zero as it should be for diffeomorphism invariant object. Further, from the definition of the conjugate momenta given in (21) we easily find following two primary constraints To proceed further we define Π M as Π M = p M − T M 2 c M . Then with the help of (21) we find where we introduced following objectŝ with following useful relationŝ To proceed further we combine (21) together with (27) and we obtain We multiply this result with following expression where ǫ abc is totally antisymmetric symbol in three dimensions while ǫ ij is totally antisymmetric tensor in two dimensions. Then, after some calculations, we obtain To proceed further we introduce explicit form of the inverse matrixã αβ a 00 = det a ij det a ,ã 0i = −a 0k a kj det a ij det a , where a ij is 2 × 2 matrix inverse to a ij so that Then after some calculations we finally obtain Hamiltonian constraint in the form Observe that this Hamiltonian constraint has the same structure as the Hamiltonian constraint for non-relativistic string that was derived in [13]. Further, this Hamiltonian constraint is the generalization of the Hamiltonian constraint found in [14] to the case of non-zero gauge field m a M which is again nice consistency check. In the next section we will discuss another important aspect of non-relativistic M2-brane which is its dimensional reduction.

Dimensional Reduction of Non-Relativistic M2-Brane
In this section we analyze dimensional reduction of M2-brane Newton-Cartan background with non-relativistic M2-brane as natural probe. As we know, dimensional reduction is possible when the background has an isometry direction with Killing vector k M 4 . We start our analysis with the case when isometry direction corresponds to the transverse direction in M-brane NC gravity. It is convenient to label this direction with y and split coordinates as x M = (x µ , y), where µ, ν = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 9 and write 11−dimensional bosonic fields as [22] where now Φ is dilaton field. For our purposes it is useful to know Kaluza-Klein ansatz for the vielbein whereÂ = (0, 1, 2, . . . , 9). The previous form of the Kaluza-Klein ansatz was defined for relativistic background. On the other hand we would like to know how to perform dimensional reduction for M-brane NC background which is defined by τ a M , e a ′ M and m a M . We can deduce their form in dimensional reduction as follows. From (36) we see that Further, since E a µ = ωτ a µ + 1 2ω m a µ and E a ′ µ = e a ′ µ we see that the same expansion should be performed in case ofÊÂ µ as well so that and hence we have following correspondence where now a ′ , b ′ = 3, . . . , 9. Further, we can also write 4 For review, see for example [22].
where C µ is ten dimensional vector field. Collecting these facts together we finally obtain where nowĥ µν =ĥ µν +τ a µm b ν η ab +m a µτ b ν η ab . Having identified relations between eleven dimensional fields that define M-brane NC background and ten dimensional ones we can proceed to the analysis of dimensional reduction of M2-brane. Let us start with situation when M2-brane wraps compact dimension so that we can write Now let us analyze the matrix a αβ . It is easy to see that the matrix a αβ is singular and hence such a configuration cannot be realized. In other words we cannot consider non-relativistic M2-brane wrapped compactified circle in transverse spatial direction of M-brane NC geometry. For that reason we rather consider situation when M2brane is transverse to this circle. Then we have Note that by definition we have following identity We can consider Y as an independent field when we add to the action term proportional to To see this note that the variation of (45) with respect to V β gives precisely (44). Let us now also discuss the pullback of three form c to the world-volume of M2-brane Collecting these terms together we obtain an action for non-relativistic M2-brane in the form where and whereã αβ is matrix inverse toâ αβ . Finally we eliminate Y α with the help of its equation of motion that reads that can be solved as Inserting this result back to the action (47) we obtain final form of the action which is an action for non-relativistic D2-brane in D2-brane Newton-Cartan background which follows from the fact that ten dimensional theory still has three longitudinal directions. Note that this action has not been derived before and hence it is again important result of this paper.

Dimensional Reduction of Non-Relativistic M2-brane Along Spatial Longitudinal Direction
It is natural to ask the question whether it is possible to perform dimensional reduction of M2-brane NC geometry along longitudinal spatial direction. However now the situation is much more complicated since it is not clear whether we can use correspondence between Kaluza-Klein ansatz and ansatz that defines Newton-Cartan background. For example, if we presume that we perform dimensional reduction along x 2 = y we should have that E 2 y = e 2 3 Φ . On the other hand when we define M-brane NC geometry we presume that this vielbein component is equal to Then it is not clear how to relate τ 2 y and m 2 y to the dilaton Φ. For that reason we leave detailed analysis of this problem on future research.
Despite of the comments given above we now show that it is possible to perform dimensional reduction along spatial longitudinal direction when we use adapted coordinates in longitudinal space. In adapted coordinates τ a M is equal to τ a M = δ a α , α, β = 0, 1, 2 , τ a i = 0 and hence τ M a = (δ α a , τ i a ) , i = 3, . . . , 10 .
In these coordinates the condition τ a M e M a ′ = τ M a e a ′ M = 0 implies so that components of the vielbein e a ′ M are The vielbein e M a ′ has following components where in adapted coordinates e i a ′ is inverse to e b ′ i so that Using these results we obtain Let us now consider non-relativistic M2-brane in this background and perform dimensional reduction along y = x 2 direction. In other words we presume that nonrelativistic M2-brane wraps this direction so that In what follows we label world-volume coordinates with bared indexes: ξᾱ ,ᾱ,β = 0, 1, 2 .
We further presume that all remaining world-volume fields do not depend on ξ 2 . Then we obtain and henceãᾱβhᾱβ =ãαβhαβ + h ρρ , where and whereãαβ is matrix inverse to aαβ. From (62) we see that dimensionally reduced action contains scalar contribution proportional to h ρρ . Since the reduced action should correspond to non-relativistic string in stringy-NC gravity we have to demand that following components of the background fields vanish: Then we can perform dimensional reduction in the kinetic term of non-relativistic M2-brane action and we obtain (65) The previous action corresponds to non-relativistic string action in stringy NC gravity when we perform identification where R is the radius of compactified y direction and T N R is the tension of nonrelativistic string. Recall that this is the same result as in relativistic case [22]. However it is important to stress that the identification between dimensional reduced M2-brane and non-relativistic string is valid for general M-theory background while in our case we had to use adapted coordinates and we also had to impose the condition on the background fields given in (64). Finally we analyze WZ term. Since non-relativistic M2-brane wraps y− direction the only non-zero contribution is the second one in (35) and we obtain which is correct coupling of non-relativistic string to the background NSNS two form.

T-Duality of Non-Relativistic D2-brane
In this section we return to the non-relativistic D2-brane action that was derived in previous section and analyze its properties under T-duality. As is well known from relativistic string theory, T-duality is symmetry of string theory when the background possesses an isometry in one direction and we label this direction with coordinate y. It is also well known that under T-duality Dp-brane that wraps this compact dimension, is mapped into D(p − 1)-brane in T-dual theory [23] which is mainly due to the remarkable properties of DBI form of Dp-brane action. Then it is clear that the situation is more complicated in case of non-relativistic D2-brane due to the fact that there are preferred longitudinal directions and it is important whether D2-brane wraps either longitudinal or transverse spatial direction. Further, due to the fact that non-relativistic D2-brane action is different from DBI action it is not possible to perform T-duality for general NC background. As in previous section we switch to adapted coordinates along longitudinal directions where we haveτ a µ = δ a α , α, β = 0, 1, 2 ,τ a i = 0 (68) and henceτ µ a = (δ α a ,τ i a ) , i = 3, . . . , 9 .
Further, components of the vielbeinê a ′ µ andê µ a ′ arê Now we proceed to the action for D2-brane in this background. In order to perform T-duality we presume an isometry at x 2 = y direction. We presume that D2-brane wraps this direction so that y = ρ , ρ = ξ 2 and all world-volume fields depend on ξα ,α = 0, 1. In this case we obtain so thatãᾱβĥᾱβ =ãαβĥαβ +ĥ ρρ , whereĥ We see again that due to the non-relativistic kinetic term T-dual action now contains scalar field proportional toĥ ρρ . Then in order to preserve covariance of nonrelativistic D-brane action under T-duality we have to impose that τ i y = 0 ,m 2 y = 0 .
If we combine this term with (74) we obtaiñ We see that it is natural to interpret V ρ as the world-sheet field that labels position of D1-brane in transverse direction y. This is result that it is in agreement with relativistic case. Further, the transformation rules for the background fields have the formĥ which resembles Buscher's rules if we take into account that we perform T-duality along direction with diagonal metric equal to one and where off-diagonal components equal to zero due to the choice of adapted coordinates. Finally we should consider WZ term for non-relativistic D2-brane. However since it has the same form as in relativistic case the analysis is completely the same and we will not repeat it here, for more details we recommend [23]. The result of this analysis is that this term maps under T-duality to the WZ term for nonrelativistic D1-brane when the Ramond Ramond fields transform in the same way as in relativistic case.

Transverse reduction
Now we would like to ask the question whether we can perform T-duality transformation along transverse spatial direction. In other words we presume that D2-brane wraps x 9 = z direction so that z = ξ 2 = ρ .
However in this case we immediately find that this is singular situation sinceâ ρρ = ∂ ρ zτ a zτ b z η ab ∂ ρ z = 0 sinceτ a z = 0. In other words, we can obtain T-duality transformation only in case when T-duality is performed along longitudinal direction and Dp-brane wraps this direction.