On fast quenches and spinning correlators

We study global quantum quenches in a continuous field theoretic system with UV fixed point. Assuming that the characteristic inverse time scale of the smooth quench is much larger than all scales inherent to the system except for the UV-cutoff, we derive the universal scaling behavior of the two-point correlation functions associated with Dirac fields and spin-1 currents. We argue that in certain regimes our results can be recovered using the technique of operator product expansion.


Introduction
Quantum quench is a unitary process during which a physical system, typically prepared in the ground state of the unperturbed Hamiltonian, is subject to an evolution under a prescribed time-dependent change in the parameters of the Hamiltonian. Thus, for instance, one can think of varying the couplings inherent to the system or introducing a time-dependent background field into the Hamiltonian. The specific choice of the timedependent profile for these parameters is conventionally referred to as a quench protocol, and the so-called quench rate is used to classify various scenarios. Usually the quench rate is identified with a characteristic inverse time scale, δt −1 , over which the parameters experience a significant change.
The aspiration to understand the non-equilibrium dynamics in general and mechanism of relaxation in particular is one of the major theoretical motivations behind the studies of quantum quenches. Thus, for instance, one of the particularly interesting class of quenches drives the system through a critical phase [1,2], where the dynamics is governed by a conformal field theory (CFT). When the system is sufficiently close to criticality the quench rate δt −1 becomes large compared to any other scale in the system, and therefore adiabatic approximation breaks down. As a result, the entire system is driven far away from equilibrium, and its subsequent relaxation is in the spot light of both experimental and theoretical research.
Moreover, the interest in quantum quenches has been recently increased due to the successful experiments with cold atoms trapped in optical lattices [3][4][5][6][7]. Such systems JHEP06(2018)168 exhibit a quantum critical regime, and can be driven through a critical point by changing the optical lattice spacing, while preserving the quantum coherence of the system for a sufficiently long time. Therefore these systems serve as an ideal experimental setup for the study of quantum quenches.
Remarkably, quantum quenches reveal a unique laboratory where the dynamics of thermalization can be studied. Of course, if the initial state of the system is pure, it remains pure at all times due to the unitary evolution. However, an isolated quantum mechanical system at late times can be accurately described using the equilibrium statistical mechanics provided that the system as a whole respects the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis [8]. Moreover, if the state is reduced to a small subsystem, it is tempting to address the question whether the full, closed system serves as a good heat bath for itself, so that the subsystems can be described by a certain thermal ensemble. Furthermore, it is natural to explore in this context whether equilibration process bears universal merits, and estimate, for example, the characteristic time it takes for the system to approach the equilibrium state [5][6][7]9].
In fact, the observables, such as the vacuum expectation values and correlation functions of the physical operators in the quenched two-dimensional quantum field theories, have been extensively studied in the literature. One of the earlier works in this direction considers a system which is prepared in the ground state of the Hamiltonian H λ = H CFT + λO, where O is a relevant scalar operator and H CFT governs the dynamics of a CFT [10,11]. At t = 0 the coupling λ is instantaneously tuned to zero, and the subsequent relaxation of the system is studied. It has been demonstrated that relaxation of the observables following the instantaneous (also known as 'sudden') quantum quench, exhibits a universal behavior governed by the CFT scaling dimensions [10,11]; also see [12,13] for recent developments in perturbative formulation of the instantaneous quan-tum quench problem near criticality in the 1 + 1-dimensional case.
The opposite regime of smooth rather than sudden quenches is not tractable in general. Holography, however, provides a necessary toolkit where the quench dynamics with a finite quench rate can be addressed. Thus, for instance, inspired by the earlier works of [14,15], the authors of [16,17] used numerical methods in the holographic setup to study the response of a strongly-coupled CFT to a smooth quantum quench of the scalar and fermionic mass. The dimensionless parameter T δt, where T is the temperature of the initial state, was used by the authors to distinguish between the fast (T δt 1) and slow (T δt 1) quenches. In the case of a fast quench it has been found that the observables in the system, such as the one-point correlation function O of an operator adjoint to the quenched parameter λ, exhibit a new universal scaling behavior with respect to the quench rate. This conclusion has been further generalized analytically in [18], concluding that the fast quench of a strongly-coupled CFT in d dimensions manifests a universal scaling at early times, e.g., O ∼ λδt d−2∆ , where d/2 < ∆ < d is the conformal dimension of the scalar operator O.
The universal scaling behavior has further been shown to exist in the free quantum field theories [19][20][21], where response of the system to the quench of a mass has been studied. It has subsequently been argued that the universal scaling is a general property inherent to any quantum field theory following the quench dynamics [22][23][24][25]. In other words, the JHEP06(2018)168 response of an operator to the quantum quench is determined by the ultra-violet (UV) CFT properties of the system, namely the UV conformal dimension of that operator. To extend and generalize the results of [22][23][24], the authors of [25] scrutinized the response of one-and two-point correlation functions of scalar operators in the framework of conformal perturbation theory around a generic CFT.
One salient feature of the universal scaling law O ∼ λδt d−2∆ exhibited by the systems subjected to a fast quantum quench, is its singular behavior in the instantaneous quench limit δt → 0, for the operators of scaling dimension ∆ ∈ d 2 , d . This is contrasted with the finite behavior in the case of an instantaneous quench [10,11]. Such a discrepancy has been argued to follow from the non-commutativity of the instantaneous quench limit, δt → 0, and the limit of taking the UV cutoff to infinity [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].
In this paper we study the effect of quantum quenches on the correlation functions of spin-1 and spin-1/2 operators in a theory with UV fixed point. We assume that the quench rate is the shortest scale compared to any other scale inherent to the system (except for the UV cutoff). In this regime the quenched correlation functions at early times are dominated by the vicinity of the UV fixed point provided that the typical distance between the operators is sufficiently small. In particular, one can employ the conformal perturbation theory to study the effect of quench on the correlators. Following this approach we derive the universal scaling behavior of the spinning correlation functions in various regimes.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we briefly review the essentials of the perturbation theory used by us in the context of quantum quenches. In section 3 we study the linear response of the quenched current-current correlation functions. The scaling dimensions of the currents are arbitrary, and therefore they are not necessarily conserved. In the limit of fast but smooth quenches we find that correlation functions scale universally with δt. We point out that in certain regimes our results can be derived using the OPE techniques. In section 4 we repeat a similar set of calculations for the correlation functions of two spinors and find qualitative similarity between the results obtained for the currents in section 3 and for the scalars in [25]. We discuss our results in section 5.

Preliminary remarks
In this section we outline the quench protocol and briefly overview the necessary formalism of conformal perturbation theory that will be used in the next sections.
Consider a d-dimensional QFT deformed by the scalar operator O where H 0 denotes the Hamiltonian of the unperturbed QFT, whereas the quench protocol has the form where ∆ is the scaling dimension of O, f (ξ) is a smooth pulse function supported on the interval ξ ∈ (−1, 1) and is a characteristic length scale introduced by the quench into the state of the QFT. This profile represents a quantum bump of characteristic width δt.

JHEP06(2018)168
We assume that initially the system resides in the vacuum state |0 of the QFT governed by H 0 Of course, in the absence of external deformation the system clings to the vacuum state forever. However, the quench typically results in a complicated dynamics. Expanding the state of the system in power series in λ(t), yields where O(t) represents the Heisenberg operator The above expansion is formal and needs justification. In fact, it cannot be truncated in general. However, in sections 3 and 4 we are going to use (2.4) to calculate the linear response of the spinning correlators under the assumption that the quenched QFT has an UV fixed point, and δt is the shortest scale in the system (except for the UV cutoff) satisfying δλδt d−∆ 1, where d/2 < ∆ < d is the scaling dimension of O at the UV fixed point. In this case, as argued in [25] (see also earlier works, e.g., [18,23]), the correlation functions are dominated by the UV CFT, and the leading order effect can be derived by replacing |0 and H 0 with conformal vacuum and conformal Hamiltonian, H CFT , respectively.

Quenched currents
Let us consider a QFT governed by the Hamiltonian (2.1). Motivated by the earlier works [18,19,25] we aim at deriving the universal scaling of the correlation function of two not necessarily identical or conserved currents Both currents are associated with the unperturbed QFT governed by H 0 and the expectation value is taken in the state satisfying (2.3), (2.4). We assume that H 0 has conformal UV fixed point and the quench rate, δt −1 , is much larger than any other scale in the system. The linear response of the above current-current correlator to a quench protocol outlined in the previous section is given by

JHEP06(2018)168
where we combined (2.3), (2.4) with (3.1) and the subscript 0 indicates that the correlation functions are evaluated in the vacuum state of H 0 . This result can be also derived using the standard Keldysh-Schwinger path integral interpretation of (3.1).
As was argued in [18,19,25], at early times and rapid quench rate, i.e., δλδt d−∆ 1, the full dynamics of the quenched QFT is dominated by the UV fixed point. In particular, as we lower the dimensionless parameter δλδt d−∆ (δλ fixed while δt → 0), the linear response function δ (1) G (JJ) µν (t 1 , x 1 ; t 2 , x 2 ), with |0 and H 0 replaced by the conformal vacuum and H CFT respectively, takes over the terms associated with either higher order corrections in δλ or other scales inherent to the system.
Hence, in the regime of fast and smooth quenches the response of the current-current two-point function is completely universal. It is determined by the linear term in δλ which is dominated by the correlation function entirely fixed by the conformal symmetry The embedding space formalism [26,27] is the most efficient way to calculate the above correlator. We delegate the details to appendix B. The final answer factorizes into a product of scalar factor and a scale-invariant tensor structure , c 1 and c 2 are constants, and for brevity we introduced the following notation where ∆ 1 , ∆ 2 and ∆ 3 denote the scaling dimensions of the primary fields J ν and O respectively. If one of the currents is conserved, say J (1) µ , then the following constraints hold 1 µ are conserved then on top of the above constraints we also have ∆ 2 = d − 1.
1 The relation between c1 and c2 follows from ∆1 = d − 1 and See [27] for the analysis of conservation condition and conformal invariance in the case of general spin.

JHEP06(2018)168
Now let us evaluate the equal time correlation between the temporal components of the two currents. In this case (3.2) simplifies Note that the right ordering of operators within the three-point function on the right hand side is achieved by introducing a small imaginary component to the Lorentzian times. An operator that is to the 'left' of another should have smaller imaginary part. In particular, the above expression can further be written as where J is defined and calculated in appendix C, see (C.1) and (C.10). It has the following asymptotic behavior where we used the dimensionless parameter ξ = t/δt. Note that the linear response function vanishes in the limit δt → 0 if the time instant t is fixed. Therefore at late times one has to resort to higher orders in δλ. However, this is not true at early times. In this range the response function exhibits an interesting universal scaling behavior. Setting for simplicity t = 0 and using (3.11) and (3.12), we obtain 2

JHEP06(2018)168
where (3.14) The terms in (3.13) dominate the behavior of the full two-point function in the limit δt → 0, δλ fixed. Moreover, the two-point function is singular in this limit provided that either ∆ 132 > d or ∆ 231 > d. In particular, our calculation demonstrates that the scaling of the spatial correlation function of two spin-1 currents flows from scales similarly to its scalar counterpart [25]. The precise transmutation of one scaling into the other is given by the linear response function (3.10). Furthermore, this scalings are manifest in any continuous field theory with UV fixed point if the quench rate δt −1 is sufficiently rapid, and therefore (3.13) is universal.
Note also that if J (1) µ is conserved, then according to (3.8) C in (3.14) vanishes. Thus (3.13). Of course, if both currents are conserved, then both terms in (3.13) vanish. However, in general the case ∆ 1 = ∆ 2 is not particularly interesting at large separation δt |x|, since it follows from (3.13) that in this case the linear response function vanishes in the limit δt → 0 for relevant deformations (∆ 3 < d).
In fact, (3.13) has simple interpretation in terms of OPE. Consider first the limit δt |x|. The integrand in (3.9) can be written as follows By causality we thus conclude that the non-zero contribution to (3.9) comes from the regions where O(t , y) is within the light cone of either J 0 (0, 0), otherwise commutators simply vanish. However, in the limit |x| δt the domain defined by the overlap of these light cones with the strip where λ(t ) = 0 is space-like separated from the third operator insertion (either J where ellipsis encode various operators which do not contribute to the leading order effect we aim to calculate, x µ = (t + i , y) and N J is a normalization constant defined by 3 For the temporal component, we thus get
In the opposite regime, |x| δt, the appropriate OPE is For temporal components at equal times (3.20) simplifies Plugging it into (3.9) we see that in the limit |x| δt the linear response function δ (1) G (JJ) 00 (t, x; t, 0) reduces to δ (1) O(0) . Hence, using [25] δ (1) we recover the second expression in (3.13). The correlation function between the spatial components of the currents can be calculated in a similar way. This time can be written in terms of the integrals (C.1), (C.11), (C.12) (see appendix C) as follows

JHEP06(2018)168
Setting t = 0 and substituting (2.2), we arrive at ij (x) = c 1 δ ij − 2 As before, the scaling behavior (3.26) is universal and can be derived using the OPE technique. The full linear response function (3.25) interpolates between the scalings in two extreme limits. For instance, the limit δt |x| is reproduced using (3.16) with spatial ν. In particular, this time we get (t < 0)

(3.28)
Substituting this commutator into and integrating over y, we recover the first equation in (3.26).
To compute the opposite limit, |x| δt, we repeat essentially the same steps as in the calculation of δ Now one can repeat the steps following (3.22) to verify the second equation in (3.26). Finally, let us study the two-point function (3.2) with currents inserted at different instants in time, but at the same point in space. We set x = 0 since the quench protocol respects tranlational symmetry. Furthermore, for simplicity we focus on the temporal components only and define (3.31)

JHEP06(2018)168
The essential ingredient in the calculation is encoded in the following integral which can be evaluated in terms of the hypergeometric functions Moreover, it simplifies if we set t 2 = 0 and take the limit of fast quenches, t 1 δt, while assuming δ 2 > d U (T 1 , T 2 ; δ 1 , δ 2 , d) In this case the linear response function takes the form (3.35)

Quenched fermions
In this section we study quantum quenches in the presence of Dirac field ψ. Our conventions are reviewed in appendix D. We start from considering the linear response of the equal time two-point correlation function To ensure validity and universality of the calculations, we focus on the regime when the separation, |x|, time of observation, t, and the duration of quench, δt, are much smaller than any physical scale inherent to the system or its state. The scaling dimensions of the

JHEP06(2018)168
Dirac fields are denoted by ∆ 1 and ∆ 2 respectively, whereas the scaling dimension of the deformation is denoted by ∆ 3 . The linear response of the above correlation function is given by As usual, the ordering of operators within the three-point function on the right hand side is achieved by adding a small imaginary component to the Lorentzian time of the operators. 4 Using the three-point function (D.37) derived in appendix D, we get where b 1,2 are constants. In particular, we find it convenient to split the linear response term into two parts proportional to b 1 and b 2 respectively and evaluate them separately, Thus, for instance, one can write where J(t − t, x; ∆ 132 , ∆ 231 , d) is defined in (C.1) and evaluated in appendix C, see (C.10). Similarly, using (C.14), (C.15) yields where J i and J ij are evaluated in appendix C. Both can be written in terms of J.
For the quench protocol (2.2) and δt t , the above linear response functions are proportional to δt and therefore vanish in the limit δt → 0. Thus, at late times dynamics of the system is governed by the non-linear corrections. However, the scaling structure is JHEP06(2018)168 rich and universal at early times t ∼ δt. Setting for simplicity t = 0, and substituting the quench profile (2.2), we find (wherex i = x i /|x|) Similarly, One can understand (4.7), (4.8) using the OPE approach. For instance, to recover the results in the regime |x| δt, we first observe that δ (1) G (ψψ) (0, x; 0, 0) can be written as follows Obviously, causality compels O(t , y) to run within the light cone of either ψ 1 (0, x) or ψ 2 (0, 0) to ensure the commutators do not vanish. However, in the limit |x| δt the domain defined by the overlap of these light cones with the region where λ(t ) = 0 is spacelike separated from the third operator insertion (either ψ 1 (0, x) orψ 2 (0, 0) in the above correlation function). Thus to calculate δ (1) G (ψψ) (0, x; 0, 0) in this limit, it is sensible to use the following OPE, 5 see (D.37) The i is introduced to match the ordering of operators on the left hand side, whereas the Dirac fields are normalized as follows (4.10)
Consider now the linear response of the fermionic two-point function with operator insertions at different instants in time, but at the same point in space. Analogously to (3.2) we have this time Repeating exactly the same steps as in the previous section, e.g., setting for simplicity t 2 = 0 and considering the limit t 1 δt, we get the following result

Discussion
In this paper we continued the study of quantum field theories with UV fixed point undergoing smooth quantum quenches characterized by the quench rate larger than any scale in the system except for the UV-cutoff. Specifically we considered a field theory deformed JHEP06(2018)168 by a relevant scalar operator with time-dependent coupling. Regime of sufficiently rapid quench admits application of the conformal perturbation theory. In particular, working in this framework we focused on the studies of correlation functions of two spin-1 primary currents and two spin-1/2 Dirac fields of general scaling dimension. We showed that during the quench these correlation functions exhibit a universal scaling behavior with respect to the quench rate. This is consistent with known results in the literature regarding the oneand two-point correlation functions of the scalar operators in field theories undergoing a fast quench. We verified our results in the regimes where the spatial separation between the operators is small or large compared to the inverse quench rate by performing the operator product expansion analysis.
The study of quantum quenches is partly motivated by the aspiration to understand relaxation in field theories out of equilibrium. While the whole system remains in a pure state, it is instructive to study the local dynamics of a subsystem, which under certain circumstances can be described in terms of thermal ensemble at late times. Hence, we explored the late time behavior of the spinning two-point correlation functions with operator insertions at different instants in time. Yet, the complete analysis of the late-time thermalization requires going beyond the regime of the conformal perturbation theory, and we leave it for future work. The similarities of the scaling behavior manifested in the scalar, fermion, and current correlation functions also suggest that it would be interesting to generalize our results to the correlation functions of operators of arbitrary spin.

A Projective null cone
In this appendix we give a brief outline of the embedding space formalism needed for our calculations. Our presentation makes use and relies on the work by others [26][27][28].
It is well known that the connected part of the conformal group in a d-dimensional Minkowski space can be realized as linear transformations SO(d, 2) in R d,2 . In particular, if we denote the coordinates of the d+2-dimensional embedding space by X M , (M = +, −, µ), then the d-dimensional CFT is accommodated on a section of the light cone, where x µ are coordinates of the CFT, X + = f (x) defines the light cone section, and X − is fixed by the light cone constraint. We denoted the light-cone coordinates as

JHEP06(2018)168
The metric of the ambient space, determines the induced metric on the light cone section where CFT lives. For a flat section a convenient choice is f (x) ≡ 1, in which case the light cone constraint yields X − = x 2 . As a result, the d-dimensional CFT lives on the subspace of R d,2 defined by whereas the conformal group consists of SO(d, 2) transformations To ensure X + = 1 holds after the above linear transformation takes place we supplement it with rescaling X M → λ(x) X M of the form Since the light cone constraint X M X M = 0 is invariant under both transformations, such a combination of boost plus scaling defines a diffeomorphism of the subspace (A.5). In particular, the induced metric remains invariant up to a scale factor. This can be seen from the following sketchy argument where where ∆ J stands for the scaling dimension of J µ (x). The connection between the fields is provided by 6 . (A.10)

B Current-current-scalar correlation function
In this appendix we derive the three point function of primary scalar and two spin-1 currents used in the text. This is a particular case of the three point function calculated in [27]. The corresponding correlator in R d,2 is given by

JHEP06(2018)168
Furthermore, on a sub-manifold (A.5) where the CFT lives, we have Hence, after applying projection (A.10) the scalar and tensor parts of the conformal correlation function (3.3) take the form (3.5) and (3.6).

C Master integrals
Here we calculate the integrals encountered in the text numerous times Introducing Feynman parameter u, and then shifting the integration variable, y → y + u x, we obtain The integral over y is now straightforward, Next we introduce a convenient variable which allows us to rewrite (C.5)

D Fermion-fermion-scalar correlation function
In this appendix we use the embedding space formalism to derive the conformal threepoint function of two primary Dirac fields ψ 1,2 (x) and a primary scalar The scaling dimensions of the fields are denoted by ∆ ψ 1 , ∆ ψ 2 and ∆ O respectively. Our analysis closely follows [26]. In particular, we do not impose X + = 1 throughout this appendix, and the points of R d−1,1 are identified with the light cone generating rays. The connection between the coordinates of R d−1,1 and R d,2 is provided by the formula As in the case of tensor fields with integer spin, the primary spinors ψ 1,2 (x) are uplifted to Dirac fields Ψ 1,2 (X) living on the light cone in R d,2 and obeying homogeneity and transversality conditions where our choice for the representation of gamma matrices, ] matrices γ µ , µ = 0, . . . , d − 1 representing Clifford algebra in d-dimensional spacetime. 7 The rows and columns of the supermatrices in (D.3) will be labelled by ± index. Thus, for instance, the 2 [ we define them as follows

JHEP06(2018)168
The spinor Ψ should be related to the Dirac field ψ in R d−1,1 such that the latter obeys the following transformation rules under the generators of conformal group where j µν = [γ µ , γ ν ]/(4i) form the Dirac representation of the Lorentz group Lie algebra, whereas the generators translations, P µ , dilations, S, and special conformal transformations, K µ , are simply related to their counterparts J M N To construct the desired relation between Ψ and ψ, we start from defining an auxiliary spinor According to (D.2) it does not change under scaling, i.e., by definition the auxiliary spinor is invariant along the rays that generate the light cone. Hence, ζ a well-defined function of x µ , and we can think of it as an object in R d−1,1 satisfying the constraint The auxiliary spinor ζ cannot be directly identified with a smaller ψ living in R d−1,1 . Furthermore, ζ does not have the usual commutation relations with the generators of conformal group in R d−1,1 . Thus, for instance, using (D.6) and (D.11), gives and However, using the transversality constraint (D.13), we can rewrite (D.17) as follows Now let us define the Dirac adjoints in R d−1,1 and R d,2 asψ ≡ iψ † γ 0 andΨ ≡ Ψ † β respectively, where Next we note that the most general ansatz for the SO(d, 2) invariant three-point func- (D.24) where all C i 's are scalar functions of X · Y , X · Z, Y · Z. The term proportional to C 8 is not antisymmetrized to simplify imposing the transversality constraints (D.2) associated with the conical section. Antisymmetrization of this term amounts to simple redefinition of other terms in the ansatz. They lead to a set of relations obeyed by various C i 's. To display these relations explicitly, we use the following identities (X · Γ) (Y · Γ)(X · Γ) = 2(X · Y ) (X · Γ) ,

JHEP06(2018)168
where the square brackets around the indices stand for antisymmetrization. 8 In particular, we obtain 0 = (X · Γ) G ΨΨ O (X, Y, Z) (D. 26) Recalling now that I, Γ M and antisymmetrized products of gamma matrices are linearly independent, yields Similarly, Or equivalently, Combining altogether, we thus get where B 1,2 are some constants and ∆ ijk = ∆ i + ∆ j − ∆ k (for i, j, k = 1, 2, 3) with ∆ 1,2 = ∆ ψ 1,2 , ∆ 3 = ∆ O . Representation of the gamma matrices (D.3) makes it simple to project the above SO(d, 2) invariant correlation function onto R d−1,1 . For instance, using the relations (D.21) and (D.23) between the Dirac fields ψ and Ψ, we obtain Thus we only need to identify −+ block of the appropriate supermatrix in (D.30). In particular, up to an overall constant, the term proportional to B 1 projects to where we used (D.1) and Next let us calculate projection of the term proportional to B 2 in (D.30). It boils down to finding the −+ block of The only triples of the gamma matrices (D.3) with non-zero −+ blocks are Γ µ Γ ν Γ − , Γ − Γ µ Γ ν , Γ µ Γ − Γ ν and Γ − Γ + Γ − . Hence, Therefore, up to an overall constant, the B 2 term of (D.30) projects to (D.36) Combining, we finally obtain where b 1,2 are some constants and / x = γ µ x µ .
Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.