Phase structure of a holographic double monolayer Dirac semimetal

We study a holographic D3/probe-D5-brane model of a double monolayer Dirac semimetal in a magnetic field and in the presence of a nonzero temperature. Intra-and inter-layer exciton condensates can form by varying the balanced charge density on the layers, the spatial separation and the temperature. Constant temperature phase diagrams for a wide range of layer separations and charge densities are found. The presence of a finite temperature makes the phase diagrams extremely rich and in particular leads to the appearance of a symmetric phase which was missing at zero temperature.


Introduction and summary
Double monolayer graphene is a two-dimensional electronic system formed by two parallel layers of graphene brought in close proximity (on the order of nanometers) but still separated by an insulator so that direct transfer of electric charge carriers between the layers can be neglected. The attractive Coulomb interaction between electrons and holes can lead to the formation of electron-hole bound states, called excitons. In a double monolayer system there are two types of excitons: an inter-layer exciton which is a bound state of an electron in one layer and a hole in the other layer; or an intra-layer exciton which is a bound state an electron and a hole in the same monolayer. Both of these quasi-particles are bosons and they can Bose condense to form a condensate which we shall call an interlayer condensate and an intra-layer condensate, respectively. The possible existence of these exciton condensates is particularly intriguing because of the possible outstanding technological applications they can be used for [1][2][3][4][5][6]. This justifies the exceptional scientific interest and the amount of efforts spent in trying to fully understand the condensation mechanisms in such double-layer structures [7][8][9][10][11][12]. A quantitative analysis of this kind of systems is seriously hampered because of the strength of the Coulomb interaction, which prevents a perturbative approach. In this paper we use a non-perturbative holographic model of strongly coupled layer systems. Physical parameters such as external magnetic field, charge density and finite temperatures can be incorporated into the solution giving shape to a rich phase diagram with intra-and inter-layer exciton condensate domains.
In our model the double monolayer system is described by two parallel, planar 2+1dimensional defects separated by a length L embedded in 3+1-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. A U(1) potential is turned on to include a balanced charge density on the layers. We further switch on a constant external magnetic field and we put the system at finite temperature and study the layers in a thermal state. The case with unpaired charges is not taken in consideration in this paper. A detailed treatment where the emergent SU(4) symmetry of graphene [13] is accounted can be found in [14].
The holographic top-down model we employ for the relativistic defect quantum field theory setup described above is given by a D3/D5-D5-brane system. This same model was studied before in [14] but only at zero temperature. Here we analyze the finite temperature generalization of this holographic system. We consider the background generated by a stack of N coincident non-extremal D3-branes. In the near horizon limit this gives rise to the well-known AdS 5 × S 5 black hole geometry. Then we embed the D5 and the D5 (anti-D5) branes as probes of this background in such a way that they have a 2+1dimensional intersections with the 3+1-dimesional D3-brane worldvolume, as depicted in figure 1. These intersections are the dual holographic realizations of the Dirac semimetal monolayers. We use a brane-anti-brane pair because, as we will discuss, they can partially annihilate and the annihilation will be the string theory dual of the formation of an inter-layer exciton condensate.
According to AdS/CFT correspondence we can use this brane setup to describe two 2+1-dimensional defect theories interacting through the exchange of SU(N ) N = 4 SYM degrees of freedom that propagate in 3+1-dimensions. As usual the string model is effective in the strong coupling regime, i.e. when the 't Hooft coupling λ ≡ g s N/4π = g 2 Y M N is JHEP06(2016)141 large. Here, g s is the string coupling and g Y M is the coupling constant of the gauge fields in the defect quantum field theory. However this is not enough and in order for the dual theory to be tractable we have to take N → ∞, while keeping λ ≡ g s N/4π = g 2 Y M N constant, in such a way to suppress quantum effects.
In practice the procedure we have to follow in order to study the holographic model consists in finding all the allowed configurations for the D5-and the D5-branes and then comparing their free energy in order to determine the favored one. In the probe regime this is achieved by looking for the solutions of the Dirac-Born-Infeld action for the D5 and the D5 in the AdS 5 × S 5 black hole background with the suitable boundary conditions. 1 The geometry of the brane worldvolume is then related through the AdS/CFT dictionary to the relevant field theory quantities, in this case the expectation values of the condensates. The geometry of the D5 and the D5 at the boundary is fixed to be AdS 4 × S 2 , with maximal S 2 radius. As the branes penetrate the AdS 5 bulk their geometry can change in two ways: the radius of the S 2 can decrease and possibly also become zero before reaching the horizon. This would correspond to the presence of a non-zero value for the intra-layer condensate. The other possible modification of the geometry is induced by the presence of the pair of branes: being like a particle-hole pair, the D5-brane and the D5-brane have a tendency to annihilate. Note though that we impose boundary conditions which prevent their complete annihilation. As the D5-brane approaches the boundary of the AdS 5 we require that it has to be parallel to the D5-brane and it has to be separated from the D5-brane by a spatial distance L. However, as they enter into the bulk of AdS 5 , they can still partially annihilate by joining smoothly at some finite value of the radial coordinate of the AdS 5 space. This joining of the brane and anti-brane is the AdS/CFT dual of inter-layer exciton condensation.
Before considering the case we are intrested in, namely the double monolayer system, let us briefly review the results that the D3/D5 model provides in the simplest case of a single monolayer [18][19][20]. Of course in this case only the intra-layer condensation can occur. At zero temperature and in absence of magnetic fields and charge densities, the D5-brane configuration is supersymmetric and conformally invariant. The D5 worldvolume has an AdS 4 × S 2 geometry and stretches from the boundary of AdS 5 to the Poincaré horizon. This is a maximally symmetric solution that corresponds to a configuration without any condensate. Its quantum field theory dual is well known [21][22][23][24].
As soon as one introduces an external magnetic field on the brane world volume, the single D5-brane geometry changes drastically [25]. The brane pinches off and truncates at a finite AdS 5 radius, before it reaches the horizon and then it has a "Minkowski embedding". This has to be interpreted as formation of a fermion anti-fermion condensate which induces a mass gap, since the open strings stretching from the D5-brane to the horizon have a minimum length greater than zero.

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When a nonzero charge density is introduced in addition to the magnetic field, the D5brane embedding switches to a "Black Hole embedding", meaning that the brane stretches from the boundary of AdS 5 to the event horizon. This is due to the fact that the brane carries worldvolume electric flux. It is not possible for the worldvolume to pinch off smoothly unless there is a sink to absorb the electric flux. Such a sink is provided by a density of fundamental strings suspended between the worldvolume and the horizon. However, fundamental strings with the necessary configuration always have a larger tension than the D5-brane, and they would pull the D5-brane to the horizon [26]. This means that the theory no longer has a mass gap.
Moreover for high enough chemical potential the system undergoes a phase transition with BKT scaling to a phase in which the condensate disappears and the symmetry is restored [27]. Also the temperature promotes the symmetry restoration but at finite temperature the transition is no longer of BKT type. The full phase diagram for the single monolayer case can be found in [18].
D3/D5-D5-brane model for the double monolayer system has been studied at zero temperature in [14,28]. In presence of a magnetic field B and keeping a vanishing charge density on the branes the phase structure is determined by the competition of two opposite effects: on the one hand the magnetic field induces the pinching off of the brane worldvolume, which corresponds to the the condensation in the intra-layer channel; on the other hand the proximity of the branes promotes the partial annihilation of the brane and the anti-brane, which is the holographic dual of the inter-layer condensation. These two effects are governed by the (dimensionless) parameter √ BL. Exploring all the possible values for the latter one sees that the phase diagram contains only two regions: for small √ BL the stable phase is the one with the inter-layer condensate only; increasing √ BL the system undergoes a phase transition to a state in which only the intra-layer condensate is present [28].
Turning on a balanced charge density q on each brane introduces a new dimensionless parameter to play with, q/ √ B (or µ/ √ B, µ being the chemical potential). In this case a new region appears in the phase diagram, which corresponds to a configuration where both the inter-and intra-layer condensates are simultaneously present [14]. Similar results can be obtained using top-down model with D7-brane probes instead of D5's [29,30].
In [31,32] a different model of flavor chiral symmetry breaking in a (2+1)-dimensional defect gauge theory of strongly coupled fermions was proposed by introducing probe D5/anti-D5-flavor branes on the Klebanov-Witten background. Introducing finite temperature, an r-dependent profile in the x 3 -direction transverse to the (domain wall) defects and an external magnetic field the thermodynamics of the resulting configurations was studied and a detailed phase diagram of the model was established.
In this paper we further generalize the model considered in [14] by taking into account also the effect of the temperature: namely we study the D3/D5-D5-brane model with a magnetic field, balanced charge densities on the branes and at finite temperature. Remarkably the temperature makes the phase structure of the system even richer and unlike before all the four possible phases play a dominant role for suitable domains in the phase space. We will show indeed that, besides the three phases already present at zero temperature, for suf-JHEP06(2016)141 ficiently high charge densities and separations, a symmetric phase emerges where both the intra-and inter-layer condensates are vanishing. This effect is completely consistent with the fact that both the charge density and the temperature induce a symmetry restoration. An example of phase diagram is shown in figure 2 for a particular value of the temperature.
In the remainder of the paper, we will describe the quantitative analysis which leads to the phase diagram of the D3-probe-D5-brane system. In section 2 we will discuss the geometry of the D5-branes embedded in AdS 5 × S 5 black hole background. Then we will find the equations of motion and we will list all their possible solutions. In section 3 we will give a more detailed characterization of the solutions, showing the procedures we used to find them. In section 4 we will show the numerical analysis of the solutions and in particular the comparison of the their free energies as a function of the layer separation, the charge density and the temperature. This will allows us to draw of the phase diagrams of the system. In appendix A we will restore the physical units to give an estimate of the orders of magnitude of the parameters.

Geometric setup
We consider a pair of probe branes, a D5 brane and an D5 brane suspended in AdS 5 × S 5 black hole background, with a metric of the form ds 2 = r 2 (−h(r)dt 2 + dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 ) + dr 2 r 2 h(r) + dψ 2 + sin 2 ψdΩ 2 2 + cos 2 ψdΩ 2 Here, the coordinates of S 5 are a fibration of the 5-sphere by two 2-spheres over the interval ψ ∈ [0, π/2] and (t, x, y, z, r) are coordinates of AdS 5 spacetime. The metrics of the two 2-spheres S 2 andS 2 are d 2 Ω 2 = dθ 2 + sin 2 θdφ 2 and d 2Ω 2 = dθ 2 + sin 2θ dφ 2 respectively. The h(r) factor appearing in the temporal and radial components is where r h is the radius of the event horizon and T = r h /π is the Hawking temperature. Our choice of branes coordinates is shown in table 1.
We require Poincaré invariance in the 2 + 1-dimensional intersection of the branes. So both the D5-and the D5 -brane wrap the (t, x, y) subspace of AdS 5 . We also assume that the D5-and D5 -brane worldvolumes wrap the 2-sphere S 2 with coordinates θ, φ providing an SO(3) symmetry for the solutions. The D5-and D5 -branes sit at points in the remaining directions, z, ψ,θ,φ. We require that z(r) and ψ(r) depend on the radial coordinate r in order to have a non trivial dynamics of the embeddings. Note that the point ψ = π 2 where S 2 is maximal has an additional SO(3) symmetry.
However, in order to find all the possible solutions and to avoid the presence of offdiagonal terms in the metric we move to different coordinates. Following the steps of ref. [28] we define a new radial coordinate w in such a way that By integrating the last relation and requiring that w = r in the zero-temperature limit r h = 0 we get The event horizon r = r h in the new coordinate is placed at The inverse coordinate transformation is then The AdS 5 metric components in the new coordinate system turn out to be Table 2. Choice of the D5-and D5-brane embedding coordinates in the planar frame. so that we can rewrite the metric (2.1) as (2.5) The last step is to switch to planar coordinates by defining in such a way that ρ 2 + l 2 = w 2 . The AdS 5 × S 5 metric finally becomes (2.6) Now the ρ-dependent dynamic variables are z(ρ) and l(ρ). With these new coordinates the point ψ = π 2 where S 2 is maximal becomes the point l = 0. The branes coordinates ansatz is shown in table 2.
The asymptotic behavior at ρ → ∞ for the embedding function l(ρ) is while the asymptotic expansion for z(ρ) is such that the D5-brane and D5-brane remain separated by a distance L as ρ → ∞ Every coefficient in the last two formulas has a specific physical interpretation in terms of a field theory dual quantity. In particular c 0 and c 1 in eq. (2.7) are related to the fermion mass and to the expectation value of the intra-layer chiral condensate respectively. Intralayer means that the condensation occurs between fermionic species on a single layer. In eq. (2.8) f is proportional to the expectation value of the inter-layer chiral condensate, meaning that the condensation occurs between a fermionic species on one layer and a fermionic species on the other layer. In this paper, we will only consider solutions where c 0 = 0. This is the boundary condition that is needed for the Dirac fermions in the defect quantum field theory to be massless. When c 1 = 0 and l = 0 for all values of ρ we have a chirally symmetric phase. If c 1 = 0 this implies l(ρ) = 0. This breaks the maximal SO(3) and we have a phase where the chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken with the formation of an intra-layer condensate.

Equations of motion
The Born-Infeld action for either the D5-brane or the D5 -brane is given by where σ a are the coordinates of the D5-brane worldvolume, γ ab (σ) is the induced metric on the D5-branes and N 5 is defined as N is the number of D3-branes and N 5 is the number of D5-branes. The field strength 2-form F , needed to introduce a U(1) charge density on the D5-branes and an external magnetic field, is given by In this equation, b will give a constant external magnetic field in the holographic dual and a 0 (ρ) will result in the world volume electric field related to a non-zero U(1) charge density in the field theory. The magnetic field B and the gauge field A 0 are defined as The asymptotic behavior of the gauge field is where µ and q are the chemical potential and the charge density, respectively. The Born-Infeld action for the particular embeddings we are considering is (2.14) It is more convenient to switch to magnetic units where the the magnetic field b is rescaled to one by means of the following replacements

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The Born-Infeld action in magnetic units becomes (2.16) The variational problem of extremizing the Born-Infeld action (2.16) involves two cyclic variables, a 0 (ρ) and z(ρ). Being cyclic, their canonical momenta are constants, We can invert these relations in order to write a 0 and z as function of the parameters q and f finding .
Using (2.18) and (2.19) we can write the Euler-Lagrange equation of motion for l in term of the parameters q, f and w h . This is a second order ODE for l(ρ), and being quite a long and complicated equation, we do not show it explicitly. This equation admits a trivial constant solution, l = 0. The other solutions with the right asymptotic behavior (2.7) have to be found numerically. However an asymptotic expansion of the solution can be worked out analytically up to desired order: the first few terms in this expansion, fixing c 0 = 0 in eq. (2.7), are for instance We see that this asymptotic expansion is written in terms of the modulus c 1 which, as we already pointed out, is related to the expectation value of the intra-layer condensate. The constant solution l = 0 corresponds to a configuration without intra-layer condensate.

Classification of solutions
We can distinguish four types of solutions of the equations of motion.
• Unconnected (f = 0) constant (c 1 = 0) solutions: they correspond to state of the double monolayer where both the intra-and inter-layer condensates vanish. We will call them "symmetric" or "black" solutions. These solutions reach the event horizon, namely they are Black Hole embedding.
• Connected (f = 0) constant (c 1 = 0) solutions: z(ρ) has a non trivial profile with a boundary condition given by eq. (2.8). These solutions correspond to double layers with a non-zero inter-layer condensate and a zero intra-layer condensate. They will be called "connected constant" or "blue" solutions.
• Unconnected (f = 0) non-constant (c 1 = 0) solutions: non constant means that the embedding function l is ρ-dependent. Its asymptotic behavior is given by (2.20). Instead the z profile is such that the D5-branes are kept apart by a fixed distance L for every value of ρ. These embeddings correspond to double monolayers with a non-zero intra-layer condensate and a vanishing inter-layer condensate. We will refer to these as "unconnected non-constant" or "red" solutions. These solutions can be in principle either Minkowski or Black Hole embeddings depending on the value of the charge density.
• Connected (f = 0) non-constant (c 1 = 0) solutions: The profiles along both z(ρ) and l(ρ) are non trivial. These solutions correspond to double monolayers with both intra-layer and inter-layer condensates. These will be the "connected non-constant" or "green" solutions.
Note that the connected configurations are allowed only if the profiles of the D5-brane and the D5-brane join smoothly at a certain ρ = ρ t . This is possible only if z (ρ t ) = ∞, thus ρ t is the point where the denominator of (2.19) vanishes. We will refer to this point as the "turning point" of the solution. One can construct such configurations only if the whole system is charge neutral, i.e. q ≡ q D5 = −qD 5 . Furthermore we must also have f ≡ f D5 = −fD 5 . We will take into account only configurations where these condition are satisfied.

Routhians and brane separation
Consider the on-shell action (2.16) evaluated on solutions of the equations of motion F 1 ≡ S(l, z, a 0 )/N 5 . This gives the free energy of our system as a function of the chemical potential µ and the separation L. Indeed if we take a variation of these parameters the variation of the on-shell action is where we have used (2.17) and δl ∼ 1/ρ 0.

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Since a 0 and z are two cyclic variables we can write down two Routhians related to the on-shell action by Legendre transforms. Performing a Legendre transform with respect to the charge density q we can define the Routhian F 2 where we used This Routhian is a function of q and L and then it provides the free energy in an ensemble where the charge density and the separation are kept fixed. The last Routhian is obtained performing a second Legendre transform on F 2 with respect to L, giving as a result F 3 is the free energy as a function of f and q.
In this paper we work in the ensemble where the charge density q and the separation L are held fixed. Thus we shall use the Routhian F 2 to compute the free free energies of the solutions.
The separation of the D5 and D5 -branes for the connected solutions can be obtained simply by integrating the expression (2.19) for z (ρ) evaluated on the solutions of the equations of motion where ρ t is the turning point, i.e. the point where the denominator in the integrand vanishes.

Solutions
In the previous section we introduced all the possible types of solutions, now we discuss them in more detail showing also the procedure we used to find them.

Symmetric (black) solutions
The symmetric configuration is the trivial solution in which both the intra-and inter-layer condensates vanish. This means that the D5-branes have flat profiles both along z and l directions. Accordingly the separation between the branes is given by z(ρ) = L and the embedding functions are vanishing l(ρ) = 0. The free energy F 2 of this solution is given by (2.22) where we set l(ρ) = l (ρ) = f = 0 (which in turn implies w = ρ) If we now turn off the temperature by setting w h = 0, we find F symm = dρ 1 + q 2 + ρ 4 in agreement with [14].
Note that the free energy as defined in (3.1) is divergent since as ρ → ∞ because the integrand goes as ρ 2 . From now on, throughout the paper, we will consider regularized free energies which are obtained as the difference of the ρ 2 -divergent free energy F with another ρ 2 -divergent simpler term, namely in order to obtain a finite result. We will use this same regularization for every type of solution.

Connected constant (blue) solutions
Connected constant solutions have only an inter-layer condensate, meaning f = 0. Because of the vanishing intra-layer condensate c 1 = 0, as for the symmetric solution, we can simplify the expressions for z (ρ) and for the free energy by setting l(ρ) = l (ρ) = 0. This gives and the separation is .

Unconnected non-constant (red) solutions
Unconnected non-constant solutions have a vanishing inter-layer condensate f = 0 and a non-zero intra-layer condensate c 1 = 0. The profile along the z direction is flat, z = ±L/2, while that along l is not trivial and has to be determined by solving numerically the equation of motion. The procedure to follow is quite involved. Let us explain it briefly. First let us consider the charge neutral case, q = 0. In this case the solutions are Minkwoski embeddings and they can be found by means of a shooting technique. On the one side we have the boundary condition at infinity (2.7) with c 0 = 0, in terms of the modulus c 1 . On the other side one can work out an expansion around ρ = 0 for the solution where again a modulus, l(0), appears. We can then "shoot" both from infinity and from zero varying the moduli and look for the solutions that smoothly intersect in an At finite charge density, as we already explained, only Black Hole embeddings are allowed. In this case it seems not possible to use the same shooting procedure like before, since we cannot find a power series expansion for the solution for l around the horizon. However it is still possible to set up a shooting procedure, where the shooting from the horizon is done by simply imposing Neumann boundary condition. 2 The free energy of these solutions is given by the Routhian (2.23) with f = 0 and l(ρ) solution of equation of motion The turning point ρ min is the point where the solution pinches off for a Minkowski embedding or a particular point in the event horizon, i.e. such that ρ 2 min + l(ρ min ) 2 = w 2 h for a Black Hole embedding.

Connected non-constant (green) solutions
The last kind of solutions is formed by the connected non-constant solutions where both f and c 1 are non vanishing, meaning that both the inter-and intra-layer condensates are present.
In order to find the solutions we have to solve a boundary value problem with two boundary conditions: one is the usual asymptotic condition at ρ → ∞, given by (2.20); the second one has to be given at the turning point ρ = ρ t . Remember that the brane and anti-brane worldvolumes have to join smoothly at ρ t and that in order to fulfill this requirement we must have that z (ρ t ) = ∞. Then the turning point is the point where the denominator of (2.19) is zero, namely Neumann boundary condition means that we have to fix the value of the derivative of l at the horizon, which is the locus of points (ρ h , l(ρ h )) in the first quadrant of the (ρ, l)-plane such that ρ 2 h + l(ρ h ) 2 = w 2 h . In principle we have no hints for the value of l (ρ h ) to be imposed at the horizon. Because of the equation of motion we can only exclude that l (ρ h ) is zero (this can hold only for the trivial constant solution). However it turns out that the numerical integration, carried out with the built-in Mathematica tool for numerical ODE solving, is insensitive to the value we impose for such a derivative. where we defined l t ≡ l(ρ t ) and w t ≡ ρ 2 t + l 2 t . This equation provides a relation between the turning point ρ t and the value of l at the turning point, l t . Plotting l t as a function of ρ t (see figure 3) we find that there is a maximum turning point coordinate, call it ρ t,max . Solving the eq. (3.8) for l t we obtain l t as a function of the turning point value. We can then evaluate the equation of motion for l at ρ = ρ t , plugging the expression for l t from (3.8). Doing this, the coefficient of l in the equation of motion vanishes and we are left with an expression which can be solved for l t = l (ρ t ), the derivative of the embedding function at the turning point. In this way we basically obtain both the l t and l t as a function of ρ t . This information can be used to implement a shooting procedure to solve numerically the boundary value problem. When we shoot from infinity the parameter we vary is again c 1 while when we shoot from the turning point we vary ρ t itself.

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Once we have the solution for l we can compute the separation L through (2.24) and the free energy through the Routhian (2.22) where z (ρ) is replaced by eq. (2.19)

Free energy comparison
The main goal of the paper is to draw the full phase diagram for the D3/D5-D5-brane system. This is obtained by determining the dominant configuration, i.e. the one with least free energy, for each set of values of the variables considered, in our case the brane separation L, the charge density q and the temperature T ∼ w h . We accomplish our goal by sectioning the variable space in lines of constant charge density and temperature. Basically we draw several plots of the free energy as a function of the separation for different fixed values of q and w h . This allows us to reconstruct the whole phase diagram.

Neutral charge double monolayer
We start by considering the neutral charge case, q = 0. For the connected solutions, in order to draw the free energy as a function of the separation, we have to invert numerically the relation between f and L. For such solutions the behavior of the brane separation as a function of the parameter f is depicted in figure 4. It is clear that for connected solutions, unlike in the zero temperature case, there exists a maximum value for the brane separation L max , which means that for separations L > L max only disconnected solutions are allowed. Figure 5 shows an example of plots of the free energies of all solutions as functions of L for a temperature w h = 0.1. This shows that increasing L the system faces a first order transition from a the connected constant solution with an inter-layer condensate only to the disconnected non-constant solution, with an intra-layer condensate only. Even if we are now at finite temperature, we find a behavior analogous to the zero temperature one [28]. Figure 6. The regularized free energy is plotted on the vertical axis, and the charge density q is plotted on the horizontal axis. The solid red line refers to the disconnected ρ-dependent solution and the dotted black line refers to the symmetric solution. For small charges the red phase is favorite. Then there is a phase transition after which the dominant phase is the chirally symmetric one. Note that we have different types of transition according to the value of the temperature as shown in [18], where for w h > 0.277 they are first order and for w h < 0.277 they are second order phase transitions.

Charged monolayers
Before discussing the double monolayer system let us briefly review the monolayer case [18]. This means that for the moment we consider only the disconnected solutions. We know that raising both the temperature and the charge density leads to chiral symmetry restoration. In particular, for any given temperature (or charge density) there is a maximum value of the charge density (or temperature) above which the stable solution is the symmetric one. Let us denote this value of the charge density as q crit , the critical charge density. As an example we show two of the plots of the free energies of the disconnected solutions as functions of q in figure 6. Note that as the temperature grows the corresponding critical charge density value gets smaller, till it vanishes for w h 0.3435. For larger temperatures the D5-brane configurations with non constant profile are no longer allowed: w h 0.3435 is the maximum temperature for which the intra-layer condensate can form. The single monolayer phase diagram is shown in figure 7 [18].

Charge-balanced double monolayer
Now we take into account also the connected configurations, in order to fully study the phase structure of the double monolayer system at finite temperature and finite density.
Let us fix the value of the temperature and charge density to w h = 0.1 and q = 0.1, respectively. The behavior of brane separation for the connected solutions as a function of f is plotted in figure 8. The behavior of ρ-dependent connected solution (green line) shows the presence of three branches: starting from small f , first L grows rapidly with f , till it reaches a maximum, L max ; after that there is the decreasing branch, while finally, for large enough f , L switches back to the growing behavior. When q → 0 the first two branches JHEP06(2016)141 Figure 7. The temperature is plotted on the vertical axis and the charge density q is plotted on the horizontal axis. We see that for large enough temperature or charge density the stable disconnected solution is the symmetric one. The maximum temperature for which one can still have a nonconstant solution is w h 0.3435 (at q = 0); the maximum charge is the critical charge at zero temperature, q crit (w h = 0) = √ 7. The latter point corresponds to a transition to a symmetric phase with BKT scaling. These results are in agreement with [18]. flatten on the vertical axis and eventually disappear for q = 0, so to recover the behavior of figure 4.
Two plots of the free energies are shown in figure 9. These show that the dominant configuration is the connected constant one with an inter-layer condensate for small brane separation L. Increasing L the system first switches to the connected ρ-dependent phase, with both an intra-layer and an inter-layer condensate and then, for larger separations, to the disconnected ρ-dependent.
Now we analyze what happens if we increase the value of the charge density. It turns out that also the connected non constant solutions exist only when q < q crit , just like the disconnected non constant ones. Thus basically q crit is the value of the charge above which only the trivial profile l = 0 is allowed. Let us fix the temperature to w h = 0.1. The critical charge density for such temperature is q crit 1.163. For fixed small charges q < q crit , increasing the separation the system undergoes two phase transitions. The first one is from the connected constant configuration, which is favored for small separations, to the connected non-constant configuration. Then for larger separation the disconnected non constant solution becomes dominant (see figure 9). However this behavior is not valid for any q < q crit . For charge densities very close to q crit indeed there is a small domain q * < q < q crit where the green solution is never stable and by increasing L the system faces only one transition, between the connected constant configuration and the disconnected non-constant one (see figure 10).
Once the charge density gets larger than q crit the only allowed solutions are the constant ones. Two examples of plots of the free energy as a function of the separation in such cases are shown in figure 11. Note that the transition between blue and symmetric solutions takes up approximately the same separation for any value of the charge density (the slope of the corresponding transition curve in the phase diagram is nearly zero).
We performed the same computations for a wide range of temperatures w h < 0.3435 and we found no substantial modifications in the shapes of the curves of the energy as a function of the separation shown above. There are only two differences: as one lowers the temperature the transition separation value L max between the green and red phases increases and eventually reaches infinity in the limit w h → 0, giving back the zero temperature phase diagram shown in [14]. The other difference is that for large temperatures the q crit and q * points can be distinguished explicitly, while for small temperatures they   become almost coincident (see figures 13 and 14). In particular, in the zero temperature limit, they both will take up the q BKT = √ 7 value in correspondence of infinite separations. When w h > 0.3435, no matter how small the charge is, the non constant solutions cease to exist and then the behavior is analogous to the one we saw before for large charge densities, q > q crit . An example of the free energy comparison as a function of the separation is shown in figure 12.

Phase diagram
The final step is to merge all the (q, L) coordinates of the various transition points in some constant temperature phase diagrams. We show four examples of such phase diagrams for w h = 0.1, w h = 0.3, w h = 0.32 and w h = 0.5 in figures 13-16. Let us briefly summarize the structure of the phase diagrams. First let us consider the case of temperatures w h < 0.3435 ≡ w c , figures 13, 14. For zero charge we have only two competitors: a connected constant blue phase with an inter-layer condensate f = 0 that is dominant for L < L tr (L tr 1.355 for w h = 0.1 and L tr 1.38 for w h = 0.3) and a disconnected non-constant red double monolayer phase where the D5branes are independent Minkowski embeddings with an intra-layer condensate for any L > L tr separation. In the 0 < q < q * region, for small separations the blue solution is always favorite while for large separations the green connected non-constant phase with both condensates becomes the stable one. There is a first order phase transition between the two. In particular the green solution will be dominant for any value of L > L tr until L reaches a maximum separation L max . Beyond L max the stable phase is the disconnected ρ-dependent red one where the D5-branes have black hole embeddings. In the q * < q < q crit region the green solution, even if it still exists, is no longer stable and the only transition is between the blue and the red phases. Finally, for q > q crit the green and red phases disappear and we find a competition just between the blue and symmetric configurations.  L is plotted on the vertical axis and q on the horizontal axis. The vertical black line corresponds to the critical value q crit of the charge density at a given temperature that can be found in figure 7. The red line for neutral charge corresponds to a Minkowski embedding phase and the red region to a black hole embedding phase; both have nonvanishing intra-layer condensate. The blue region is the connected constant phase with only an inter-layer condensate. The green region is the connected non-constant phase with both nonvanishing intra-and inter-layer condensates. Finally the gray region is the chirally symmetric phase where both condensates are zero. Here q * 1.15 and q crit 1.163.
The transition length between these two takes up approximately the same value for any value of the charge density larger that q crit .
Note the different behavior of the transition lines between the green and red solutions for the w h = 0.1 and w h = 0.3 cases. In the w h = 0.1 phase diagram this line is almost horizontal, with a negligible positive slope dL/dq > 0 while for the w h = 0.3 diagram it shows an explicit negative slope dL/dq < 0. The lowest charge we could analyze is q = 0.001 in both cases: for lower values of q the numerical analysis seems unreliable.
Notice that as one raises the temperature, the symmetric solution domain has the tendency to enlarge and overcome the other non-symmetric solution domains. When the temperature approaches the critical temperature w h = w c , both q * and q crit go to zero, so that the green and red regions tend to disappear, only a small region of the phase diagram is occupied by them as can be seen from figure 15. This matches the expectation that high temperatures lead to chiral symmetry restoration.
For w h ≥ 0.3435, indeed the phase structure simplifies since the configurations with non-zero intra-layer condensate are no longer allowed. We are then left with only two relevant phases: the connected constant one with only the inter-layer condensate and the JHEP06(2016)141  chirally symmetric one. The transition between these two phases is first order as can be seen from figure 12, where the lowest energy configuration changes from one solution to the other with a discontinuous first derivative. Therefore for temperatures at and above the critical temperature, the system switches from the phase with only the inter-layer condensate to the chirally symmetric one increasing the layer separation, as shown in the diagram in figure 16.

JHEP06(2016)141
Let us consider first the brane separation L. From (2.15) we know that the values that appears in the phase diagrams are actually the values of L → L √ b. Then we can writē whereL is the numerical value appearing on the vertical axis in the phase diagrams while L nu is the separation expressed in natural units. We know that the magnetic field natural units are proportional to the inverse of a square length Since √ c has the unit of a charge we have that Plugging (A.2) into eq. (A.1) we find where L cgs is the separation in centimeters and B cgs is the magnetic field expressed in Gauss. If we evaluate this expression for the typical values in play, likeL 1 and 1 T magnetic field, B cgs = 10 4 , we obtain L ∼ 3 × 10 −7 λ 1/4 cm . (A.4) For the temperature we can proceed in an analogous way. The temperature is related to the horizon radius as follows Note that the values we obtained for the layer separation and the temperatures are given in terms of an undetermined parameter, λ, which is the 't Hooft coupling, and it is proportional to the number of D3-branes and to the string coupling g s . Because the model we used describes a strongly coupled system, λ has to be taken large.
To give an idea of the orders of magnitude that can be found in room temperature superfluidity configurations, one can take the physical quantities to be for example λ ∼ 10 ÷ 100 in such a way that λ 1/4 ∼ 1.78 ÷ 3. 16 Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.