(p,q)-Five Brane and (p,q)-String Solutions, their Bound State and its Near Horizon Limit

We determine (p,q)-string and (p,q)-five brane solutions of type IIB supergravity using SL(2,Z)-symmetry of the full type IIB superstring theory. We also determine SL(2,Z)-transformed solution corresponding to the bound state of NS5-branes and fundamental strings. Then we analyze its near horizon limit and we show that it leads to the AdS(3)xS(3) with mixed fluxes.


Introduction
It is conjectured that the type IIB superstring theory possesses SL(2, Z) non-perturbative duality. The first evidence follows from the manifestly SL(2, R)−invariance of type IIB supergravity effective action [1,2] for recent excellent review see [3]. Further evidence follows from the spectrum of non-perturbative objects that are presented in type IIB theory:Dpbranes with p = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 [4], fundamental string and NS5-brane 1 . It was argued that under S-duality fundamental string maps to D1-brane, D5-brane maps to NS5-brane and so on. On the other hand we know that macroscopic extend objects are sources of supergravity fields and hence it is possible to find corresponding background solutions that solve the supergravity equations of motions. Well known examples of such solutions are fundamental string solution [9] or NS5-brane solution [10]. Then with the help of the SL(2, R)-covariance of type IIB supergravity action new solutions corresponding to (p, q)−string was found in [7]. In fact, an existence of this solution serves as a further evidence of SL(2, Z)−duality of type IIB string theory. The main idea of this construction is to start with fundamental string solution and performs SL(2, R) rotation. Then the requirement that the resulting configuration has to have integer charge in some units fixes entries of this matrix as functions of these charges and asymptotic values of dilaton and Ramond-Ramond one form. It is important to stress that this solution depends on one harmonic function with manifestly SL(2, R)−covariant coefficient. Then this method was applied for the construction of (p, q)−five brane backgrounds in [17]. These very interesting backgrounds were analyzed recently from the (m, n)−string probe point of view in [8] and it was shown that when we perform SL(2, R) rotation that maps the macroscopic (p, q)−string background to the fundamental string background the probe string does not transform in the expected way since now it carries non-integer charge with respect to NSNS two form. The same situation also occurs in case of (p, q)−five brane background. It was suggested there that the resolution of this puzzle could be found when we consider a full type IIB superstring theory that is invariant under SL(2, Z)−subgroup of SL(2, R). This paper is devoted to this analysis.
We propose that it is natural to search for the (p, q)−macroscopic string solution with the presence of the source which is manifestly SL(2, R) covariant (p, q)−string action [18,19,20,21,22]. However the fact that there is no fractional string or D-brane charges demands that the proper invariant group of type superstring theory is SL(2, Z) rather than SL(2, R) group and this group should be used for the construction of (p, q)−macroscopic string and five brane solutions 2 . With the help of this argument we will be able to find supergravity solutions corresponding to (p, q)−macroscopic string and five branes that have correct NSNS and RR charges and where the (m, n)−string probe has an expected properties. We show that these solutions depend on two harmonic functions which is different from the solutions found in [7,17] which however reflects the fact that (p, q)−string can be considered as the bound state of p−fundamental string and q−D1-branes even if this bound state is not threshold and hence harmonic superposition rules cannot be applied for it [23].
As the next step we extend this analysis to the case of NS5-brane whose supergravity solution has been known for a long time [10]. We perform SL(2, Z) transformation of this solution and find new solution corresponding to (d, −b)-five brane. This solution is characterized by two harmonic functions whose parameters depend on the charges of (d, −b)−five brane and on the asymptotic values of moduli. We also analyze (m, n)−string probe in this background and we show that it is equivalent to the dynamics of (m ′ , n ′ )string in original NS5-brane background where m ′ , n ′ are integers that again explain the puzzle found in [8].
Finally we consider SL(2, Z) transformed solution of the a bound state of Q 5 NS5branes wrapped on four torus and Q 1 fundamental strings that are smeared over this four torus [11]. We find solution that is characterized by four harmonic functions that depend on the moduli of this solution and charges with respect to RR and NSNS two forms. This solution has also an interesting near horizon limit which is AdS 3 × S 3 with mixed three form fluxes with integer charges. Integrability of superstring in this background was studied recently in [28]. The main idea of this paper is to start with the pure RR background when the new WZ term that represents the coupling to the NSNS flux is added. Using this construction many new interesting results were derived [29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. It is important to stress that in all these works the value of NSNS flux can be interpreted as the deformation parameter that takes any real value from the interval (0, 1). This is perfectly consistent from the point of view of perturbative string theory since classical string does not couple to the dilaton. On the other hand this approximation certainly breaks down when we consider D1-brane in this background that couples to the dilaton through Dirac-Born-Infeld action. In order to analyze D1-brane in the AdS 3 × S 3 with mixed three form fluxes we have to have background with explicit values od dilaton and RR zero form too. It is natural to presume that such a background arises as the near horizon limit of the SL(2, Z)−transformed solution corresponding to the bound state of NS-five branes and fundamental strings. We show that this is really true. More explicitly, we show that SL(2, Z)-transformation and near horizon limit commutes which is a generalization of the commutativity of S-duality and near horizon limit found in [14]. Then we study (m, n)−string in AdS 3 × S 3 background with mixed three form fluxes and using the fact that the near horizon limit and SL(2, Z)−transformation commutes we can map this (m, n)−string to the (m ′ , n ′ )−string in AdS 3 × S 3 background with NSNS two form flux. We show that for the special value of (m, n) charges the (m, n)−string in the AdS 3 ×S 3 background is equivalent to the fundamental string in AdS 3 ×S 3 background with NSNS three form flux that can be described by standard CFT techniques [12,14,15,16]. Of course, this result does not solve the problem of the analysis of fundamental string in AdS 3 × S 3 with mixed fluxes which is very complicated and deserves very special treatment [36].
This paper is organized as follows. In the next section (2) we review the basic fact about type IIB low energy effective theory and suggest the main idea how to derive SL(2, Z)−transformed solutions of type IIB supergravity equations of motion. In section (3) we apply this procedure to the case of (p, q)−string background. In section (4) we perform the same analysis in case of (p, q)−five brane background and we extend this analysis to the bound state of NS5-branes and fundamental strings in section (5). In section (6) we take the near horizon limit of this solution and analyze its properties. Finally in conclusion (7) we outline our results and suggest possible extension of this work.

SL(2, Z) Covariance of Type IIB String Theory
In this section we review the basic facts about bosonic content of the type IIB low energy effective action and we present general idea how to find SL(2, Z) transformed solution.
The type IIB theory has two three-form field strengths H = dB, F = dC (2) , where H corresponds to NSNS three form while F belongs to RR sector and does not couple to the usual string world-sheet. Type IIB theory has also two scalar fields that can be combined into a complex field τ = χ + ie −Φ . The dilaton Φ is in the NSNS sector while χ belongs to the RR sector. The other bose fields are the metric g M N in Einstein frame and self-dual five form field strength F 5 . However this field can be consistently set to zero for solutions that we study in this paper and hence we do not include it to the action. Then it is possible to write down SL(2, R) covariant form of the bosonic part of type IIB effective action where we have combined B, C (2) into and where This action has manifest invariance under the global SL(2, R) transformation Let us now introduce an action for (m, n)−string that couples electrically to NSNS and RR two form and hence can be considered as a source for corresponding fields. The action for (m, n)-string has the form 3 In this notation m counts the number of fundamental strings while n counts the number of D1-branes and hence they have to be integer. This fact implies that Λ ∈ SL(2, Z). In other words SL(2, R) invariance of type IIB low energy effective action is broken to its SL(2, Z) subgroup due to the charge quantization condition. As a consequence the action that includes both type IIB effective action and string probe action is invariant under SL(2, Z) group rather than under SL(2, R) group. This fact will have a crucial consequence for the construction of (p, q)− string and five brane solutions.
Using this basic presumption we now present the main idea how to derive supergravity solution with (p, q)−fundamental string as a source. Observe that we can write and hence (p, q)−string action has the form Then with the manifest SL(2, R) invariance of the Type IIB effective action we find that it has the form so thatM andB have the same functional form as corresponding fields in case of fundamental string as the source so that we denote its value with superscript F and omit tilde over them. In other words we find following components of M(p, q) and B(p, q) corresponding to the (p, q)−string as a source: In this case the electric charge corresponding to this background has the form where q F = 1 2πα ′ is the electric charge of the fundamental string. In case of solitaire (p, q)−brane we can argue in the similar way with the difference that this is a magnetic solution that is source free. Further, the charge transforms in the same way as corresponding field strength is the magnetic charge of NS5-brane. After the outline of this general procedure we proceed in next sections to the explicit construction of the SL(2, Z)−transformed solutions.

SL(2, Z)−String solution
Let us start with the fundamental string solution [9] . . , 9, r 2 = x m x m and where the line element is expressed in string frame. We use the notation when small g M N corresponds to the Einstein frame metric while G M N corresponds to the string frame metric. Note that these two metrics are related by rescaling Since g M N is invariant under SL(2, Z) transformation we derive relation between transformed and original string frame metricŝ Now we are ready to find solution that will be defined as SL(2, Z) transformation of the As we argued in the previous section the new solutions have the charges Now we write explicitly SL(2, Z)−transformed line element We see that it is natural to perform rescaling of the coordinates On the other hand the solution found above still depends on the string coupling g s of the original solution and non-physical parameters b, d that appear in Λ. However we would like to express the new solution using the assymptotic values ofΦ andχ together with a and c that correspond to q F N S and q R N S charges. In order to do this we take the limit r → ∞ in e −Φ andχ given in (3.4) and we obtain (3.8) If we multiply the last equation with c and use the fact that ad − bc = 1 we obtain Then we define two harmonic functionŝ so that the line element has the final form As a check note that for a = χ 0 = 0 we obtain thatĤ =Ĥ ′ ≡ H (0,1) and hence which corresponds to the line element of the D1-brane which is S-dual to the fundamental string solution.
Finally we express dilaton as a function ofĤ andĤ ′ and find components of NSNS and RR two forms in the new coordinatesx. To do this we use the fact that and consequentlyB In the same way we findĈ In summary, we claim that the supergravity solution corresponding to (a, c)−string has the form (3.16) It is instructive to compare this solution with (a, c)-fundamental string solution found in [7]. The main difference is that our solution depends on two harmonic functions as opposite to the solution derived in [7]. In some way this is a reflection of the fact that we have a bound state of D1-brane and fundamental string even if this superposition does not correspond to the harmonic superposition rule [23] as this bound state is not marginal. Further, the arguments of the harmonic functions are different from the expression used in [7] which however implies that our solution is defined with the help of SL(2, Z) matrix rather than SL(2, R) matrix that was used in [7]. As a consequence the solution (3.16) behaves consistently from the probe (m, n)−string point of view. To see this explicitly let us consider probe (m, n)−string in this background when the action has the form 17) whereĝ M N is the Einstein frame metric in rescaled coordinateŝ where From the previous action we see that the problem of the analysis of the dynamics of (m, n)−string in (a, c)−string background is reduced to the analysis of (m ′ , n ′ )−string in the fundamental string background where m ′ , n ′ are evaluated at (3.20). The beautiful analysis of this problem was performed in [24] and we will not reviewed it here. We also see that for m = a, n = c we obtain that m ′ = 1, n ′ = 0 which is again consistent with the picture of probe F-string in fundamental string background that is rotated by SL(2, Z) transformation. In other words our solution solves the issue that was found in our previous paper [8].

(d, −b)−Five Brane Solution
In this section we find (d, −b)-five brane solution when we perform SL(2, Z) transformation of NS5-brane supergravity solution. Recall that this solution has the form [10] where dx 2 II = η µν dx µ dx ν , µ, ν = 0, . . . , 5, dx 2 ⊥ = dx m dx m , m = 6, . . . , 9 , r 2 = x m x m . As in previous section we perform SL(2, Z) transformationŝ We will argue below that d and b are proportional to N SN S and RR magnetic charges of five brane. For that reason we would like to express transformed solution as a function of d, b together with the string coupling constantĝ s and assymptotic values ofχ (0) . To begin with we note that the transformed line element has the form Now we observe that we can write and consequently We further rescale coordinates as and henceĤ andĤ ′ have the form (4.9) Finally we determine components of RR and NSNS two forms. It is useful to express them in covariant independent formulation and we obtain where ǫ 3 is the volume of three sphere. As a check let us calculate NSNS magnetic charge of (d, −b)−five brane (4.11) In the same way we determine RR charge which is in agreement with the general result (2.15). Finally we determine the space-time dependence of the dilaton Now we proceed to the analysis of the probe (m, n)−string in this background. In the same way as in previous section we find that the action has the form where that implies m ′ = 1 , n ′ = 0 and hence the action corresponds to the fundamental string in NS5-brane action. In order to analyze main properties of this configuration we consider string stretched along x 0 , x 1 directions, impose the static gauge x 0 = τ, x 1 = σ and finally consider time dependent radial coordinate only. Then the induced metric has the form and hence the action (4.14) has the form that implies m ′ = 0, n ′ = 1. In other words the dynamics of (b, d)−string in (d, −b)five brane background is equivalent to the motion of D1-brane in NS5-brane background. The dynamics of this configuration was analyzed in [25] and we will not repeat it here. Finally note that the motion of the general (m ′ , n ′ )−string in NS5-brane background is simple generalization of the case of the electrified brane [26,27]. Since this generalization is trivial we will not repeat it here and recommend the original papers for more details.

SL(2, Z) Transformation of NS5-brane and F-String Bound State
In this section we perform SL(2, Z) transformation of the supergravity solution with Q 1 fundamental strings and Q 5 -five branes that has the form [11] and where where r 2 = 4 m=1 x 2 m , where x m are coordinates in the space transverse to NS5-branes wrapped over four torus with volume V 4 = (2π) 4 α ′2 v. This fact implies that each x i , i = 6, . . . , 9 are identified with period 2πv 1/4 α ′1/2 . Note also that the fundamental strings are smeared over this four torus.
Let us now perform SL(2, Z) transformation of the background (5.1) and we find that the charges corresponding to the fundamental strings and NS5-branes are equal to while the line element has the form ) .

(5.4)
We see that it is again natural to perform rescaling (5.5) Further, in the limit r → ∞ we have and we again want to express f 1 and f 5 as functions ofĝ s and χ 0 together with the numbers that are proportional to the corresponding charges. If we proceed in the same way as in previous two sections we find where we also used the fact that under rescaling given above the coordinatesx i , i = 6, . . . , 9 have identifications 2πv 1/4 α ′ (c 2 +d 2 g 2 s ) 1/4 √ gs and hence In case of f 5 we proceed as in section (3) and we obtain Finally we write (5.10) -12 -Collecting all these results together we obtain the line element in the form   (5.11) while the dilaton and RR zero form are equal to Finally the non-zero RR and NSNS two and three forms have the form For the contribution from 5−branes we obtain (5.14) As the check of the validity of our solution let us consider S-duality transformation when a = b = 0 and c = 1, b = −1 that also implies χ 0 = 0. Then it is easy to see that the harmonic functions defined above have the form and hence the line element has the form and dilaton which is precisely the D1-D5-brane background [12], for nice review see [13].
We are mainly interested in the near horizon limit of the background specified by the equations (5.11),(5.12), (5.13) and (5.14) since we expect that it leads to AdS 3 × S 3 background with mixed fluxes. We do it in the next section.

Near Horizon Limit
We consider two ways how to perform the near horizon limit of SL(2, Z) transformed solution of the bound state of N S−five branes and fundamental strings. In the first case we firstly take the near horizon limit and then perform the SL(2, Z) transformation. In the second one we consider opposite situation when we firstly perform the SL(2, Z) transformation and then we take the near horizon limit. Finally we compare these two results.
In the first case we start with the solution (5.1) and take its near horizon limit r ≪ r 1,5 and we obtain the background in the form r 2 (dx 2 1 + · · · + dx 2 4 ) + (dx 2 6 + · · · + dx 2 9 ) . (6.1) Let us rescale the time and x 5 coordinate as so that the line element has the form Note that thanks to the rescaling we have H r05 = 2 r L 2 (6.5) so that the form H can be written using the volume element of AdS 3 as The flux from the NS5-brane source has the form Finally we introduce dimensionless coordinates on AdS 3 in the following waŷ t = Lt ,x 5 = Lx 5 (6.8) so that ǫ AdS 3 = L 3ǫ AdS 3 and hence we obtain the result H = 2L 2 (ǫ AdS 3 + ǫ S 3 ) (6.9) and the line element in the form where ds 2 T = dx 2 6 + · · · + dx 2 9 and where ds 2Ã is the line element of AdS 3 space expressed using dimensionless variables.
Since the solution given above is a consistent solution of type IIB supergravity it is possible to perform SL(2, Z) transformation of this solution. As a result we obtain We see that the new solution has the curvature radiusL 2 = c 2 and dilaton and zero RR form are equal to (6.13) Let us now consider the case when we firstly perform SL(2, Z) duality transformation and then take the near horizon limit. Explicitly, we begin with the SL(2, Z) transformed background dŝ 2 = 1 g s c 2 r 2 1 + d 2 g 2 s r 2 5 r 2 r 2 1 r 5 (−dt 2 + dx 2 5 ) + r 5 r 2 dr 2 + r 5 dΩ 3 + 1 r 5 (dx 2 6 + · · · + dx 2 9 ) . (6.14) We rescale t and x 5 coordinates as so that the line element has the form dŝ 2 = r 2 g s r 5 c 2 r 2 1 + d 2 g 2 s r 2

5
(−dt 2 + dx 2 5 ) + 1 g s c 2 r 2 1 + d 2 g 2 s r 2 5 r 5 dr 2 r 2 + 1 g s c 2 r 2 1 + d 2 g 2 s r 2 5 r 5 dΩ 2 3 + + 1 g s r 5 c 2 r 2 1 + d 2 g 2 s r 2 5 (dx 2 6 + . . . dx 2 9 ) , (6.16) where the expression on the first line corresponds to the line element of AdS 3 × S 3 with the curvature radiusL and we see thatL andL coincide. In the same way we obtain and we again see that these expressions coincide withΦ andχ. Now we focus on the near horizon limit of forms. In case ofB 05 we obtain so that using the rescaled coordinateŝ t =Lt ,r =Lr ,x 5 =Lx 5 (6.20) that agree withH andF . In summary we showed an important result that the near horizon limit and SL(2, Z) transformation commutes which implies that the AdS 3 ×S 3 background with mixed fluxes can be derived from AdS 3 × S 3 background through SL(2, Z) rotation.
We will now going to analyze consequences of this result for the dynamics of the probe string in this background. Using the same arguments as in previous section we find the action in the form where and where Φ N S , G N S M N and B N S M N correspond to the AdS 3 × S 3 with NSNS flux. Now the equations of motion that follow from the action have the form where To proceed further we use the fact that AdS 3 × S 3 is isomorphic to the group manifold G = SU (1, 1) × SU (2). Explicitly, let g is the group element from G. Then it is possible to write the metric (6.10) as where for the group element g ∈ G we have where T A is the basis of Lie Algebra G of the group G. Note that K AB = Tr(T A T B ). Further, from the definition (6.27) we obtain dJ + J ∧ J = 0 (6.28) that implies an important relation In case of the flux (6.9) we have following relation: With the help of (6.31) we can write Now with the help of (6.29) and (6.32) we can rewrite the equations of motion (6.24) to the form that contains the current that can be rewritten into the form We see that the currentĴ Aα is conserved. Following [35] we introduce an auxiliary metric γ αβ that obeys the equation It is easy to see that this equation has solution γ αβ = g αβ . If we further introduce light-cone coordinates we can rewrite the equation (6.35) into the form where √ λ = L 2 2πα ′ . As the next step we fix an auxiliary metric to have the form γ αβ = η αβ , η αβ = diag(−1, 1) keeping in mind that currents still have to obey the equation (6.36). In this gaugeĴ A ± simplify considerably and we obtain Note that we can writeĴ − =Ĵ A − T A = 2g −1 ∂ − g. Then from (6.42) we obtain so that there is second currentĴ + = ∂ + gg −1 that obeys the equation

Conclusion
Let us outline results derived in this paper. We found type IIB supergravity solutions corresponding to (p, q)−string and (p, q)−five brane backgrounds using SL(2, Z) covariance of type IIB superstring theory. We showed that these solutions have the correct values of charges and also that the probe (m, n)−string in this background can be mapped to the (m ′ , n ′ )−string in the original fundamental or NS5-brane background where m ′ , n ′ are integers whose values are predicted by SL(2, Z) duality of type IIB superstring theory. We also derived background that arises by SL(2, Z) transformation of the bound state of Q 5 NS5-branes and Q 1 fundamental strings. Then we considered its near horizon limit and argued that it leads to the AdS 3 × S 3 background with mixed three form fluxes. Then we analyzed (m, n)−string in given background and we argued that for m = a, n = c the string equations of motion are equivalent to the conservation of two holomorphic and antiholomorphic currents and hence this particular case can be analyzed using two dimensional conformal field theory. We mean that this is a very interesting result that shows that (a, c)−string is natural probe of AdS 3 × S 3 background with (d, −b)−fluxes.
The extension of this work is as follows. It would be nice to analyze solutions of (m, n)−string equations of motion in AdS 3 ×S 3 background with mixed fluxes. background. It would be also nice to analyze integrability of general (m, n)−string in this background in more details using the manifest covariant form of (m, n)−string action. We hope to return to these problems in future.