Simple Recursion Relations for General Field Theories

On-shell methods offer an alternative definition of quantum field theory at tree-level, replacing Feynman diagrams with recursion relations and interaction vertices with a handful of seed scattering amplitudes. In this paper we determine the simplest recursion relations needed to construct a general four-dimensional quantum field theory of massless particles. For this purpose we define a covering space of recursion relations which naturally generalizes all existing constructions, including those of BCFW and Risager. The validity of each recursion relation hinges on the large momentum behavior of an n-point scattering amplitude under an m-line momentum shift, which we determine solely from dimensional analysis, Lorentz invariance, and locality. We show that all amplitudes in a renormalizable theory are 5-line constructible. Amplitudes are 3-line constructible if an external particle carries spin or if the scalars in the theory carry equal charge under a global or gauge symmetry. Remarkably, this implies the 3-line constructibility of all gauge theories with fermions and complex scalars in arbitrary representations, all supersymmetric theories, and the standard model. Moreover, all amplitudes in non-renormalizable theories without derivative interactions are constructible; with derivative interactions, a subset of amplitudes is constructible. We illustrate our results with examples from both renormalizable and non-renormalizable theories. Our study demonstrates both the power and limitations of recursion relations as a self-contained formulation of quantum field theory.


Introduction
On-shell recursion relations are a powerful tool for calculating tree-level scattering amplitudes in quantum field theory. Practically, they are far more efficient than Feynman diagrams. Formally, they offer hints of an alternative boundary formulation of quantum field theory grounded solely in on-shell quantities. To date, there has been enormous progress in computing tree-level scattering amplitudes in various gauge and gravity theories with and without supersymmetry.
In this paper we ask: to what extent do on-shell recursion relations define quantum field theory? Conversely, for a given quantum field theory, what is the minimal recursion relation, if any, that constructs all of its amplitudes? Here an amplitude is "constructible" if it can be recursed down to lower point amplitudes, while a theory is "constructible" if all of its amplitudes are either constructible or one of a finite set of seed amplitudes which initialize the recursion.
For our analysis we define a "covering space" of recursion relations, shown in Eq. (2), which includes natural generalizations of the BCFW [1] and Risager [2] recursion relations. These generalizations, defined in Eq. (12) and Eq. (13), intersect at a new "soft" recursion relation, defined in Eq. (14), that probes the infrared structure of the amplitude. As usual, these recursion relations rely on a complex deformation of the external momenta parameterized by a complex number z. By applying Cauchy's theorem to the complexified amplitude, M(z), one relates the original amplitude to the residues of poles at complex factorization channels, plus a boundary term at z = ∞ which is in general incalculable. Consequently, an amplitude can be recursed down to lower point amplitudes if it vanishes at large z and no boundary term exists.
The central aim of this paper is to determine the conditions for on-shell constructibility by determining when the boundary term vanishes for a given amplitude. We define the large z behavior, γ, of an amplitude by for an n-point amplitude under a general m-line momentum shift, where m ≤ n. Inspired by Ref. [3], we rely crucially on the fact that the large z limit describes the scattering of m  Table 1: Summary of the minimal m-line recursion relation needed to construct all scattering amplitudes in various renormalizable theories: Yang-Mills with matter of diverse spins and arbitrary representations, Yukawa theory, scalar theory, supersymmetric theories, and the standard model. The values in parentheses apply if every scalar has equal charge under a U (1) symmetry.
Here φ and ψ denote scalars and fermions, respectively.
n-point amplitude for any given theory. If every amplitude, modulo the seeds, are constructible, then we define the theory to be m-line constructible.
Our results apply to a general quantum field theory of massless particles in four dimensions, which we now summarize as follows:

Renormalizable Theories
• Amplitudes with arbitrary external states are 5-line constructible.
• Amplitudes with any external vectors or fermions are 3-line constructible.
• Amplitudes with only external scalars are 3-line constructible if there is a U (1) symmetry under which every scalar has equal charge.
• The above claims imply 5-line constructibility of all renormalizable quantum field theories and 3-line constructibility of all gauge theories with fermions or complex scalars in arbitrary representations, all supersymmetric theories, and last but not least the standard model. The associated recursion relations are defined in Eq. (12) and Eq. (13).
• Amplitudes are constructible for interactions with derivatives up to a certain order in the derivative expansion.
• The above claims imply m-line constructibility of all scalar and fermion φ m 1 ψ m 2 theories for m 1 + m 2 = m − 1, and of certain amplitudes in higher derivative gauge and gravity theories. The associated recursion relations are defined in Eq. (2).
span the space of all renormalizable theories.
As we will see, our covering space of recursion relations naturally bifurcates according to the number of z poles in each factorization channel: one or two. For the former, the recursion relations take the form of standard shifts such as BCFW and Risager, which is the case for the 5-line and 3-line shifts employed for renormalizable theories. For the latter, the recursion relations take a more complicated form which is more cumbersome in practice, but necessary for some of the non-renormalizable theories.
The remainder of our paper is as follows. In Sec. 2, we present a covering space of recursion relations for an m-line shift of an n-point amplitude, taking note of the generalizations of the BCFW and Risager momentum shifts. Next, we compute the large z behavior for these momentum shifts in Sec. 3. Afterwards, in Sec. 4 we present our main result, which is a classification of the minimal recursion relations needed to construct various renormalizable and non-renormalizable theories. Finally, we discuss examples in Sec. 5 and conclude in Sec. 6.

Definition
Let us now define a broad covering space of recursion relations subject to a loose set of criteria.
In particular, we demand that the external momenta remain on-shell and conserve momenta for all values of z. In four dimensions, these conditions are automatically satisfied if the momentum deformation is a complex shift of the holomorphic and anti-holomorphic spinors of external legs 1 , where η i and η i are reference spinors that may or may not be identified with those of external legs, and I and I are disjoint subsets of the external legs. As shorthand, we will refer to the shift in Eq. 1 There is a more general class of shifts in which both λ i and λ i are shifted for every particle. However, in the case momentum conservation imposes complicated non-linear relations among reference spinors which makes the study of large z behavior difficult.
As we will see, the efficacy of recursion relations depend sensitively on the correlation between the helicity of a particle and whether its holomorphic or anti-holomorphic spinor is shifted.
Throughout, we will define "good" and "bad" shifts according to the choices For example, the bad shift for the case of BCFW yields a non-vanishing contribution at large z in non-supersymmetric gauge theories. The resulting tree amplitude, M(z), is then complexified, but the original amplitude, M(0) is obtained by evaluating the contour integral dz M(z)/z for a contour encircling z = 0. An on-shell recursion relation is then obtained by applying Cauchy's theorem to deform the contour out to z = ∞, in the process picking up all the residues of M(z) in the complex plane. As noted earlier, the momentum conservation must apply for arbitrary values of z, implying which should be considered as four constraints on η i and η i which are easily satisfied provided the number of reference spinors is sufficient.

Factorization
Next, consider a factorization channel of a subset of particles F. The complex deformation of the momenta in Eq. (2) sends P → P (z) = P + zQ, where P is the original momentum flowing through the factorization channel and Q is the net momentum shift, so where F λ and F λ are intersection of F with I and I. As we will see, the physics depends crucially on whether Q 2 vanishes for all factorization channels or not. First of all, the large z behavior is affected because propagators in the complexified amplitude scale as for a given factorization channel. Second, there is a very important difference in the structure of the recursion relation depending on whether Q 2 vanishes in all channels. If so, then each factorization channel has a simple pole at and the on-shell recursion relation takes the usual form, where the sum is over all factorization channels and intermediate states, and M F and MF are on-shell amplitudes corresponding to each side of the factorization channel. However, if Q 2 does not vanish, then each propagator is a quadratic in z and thus carries conjugate poles at Summing over both of these roots, we find a new recursion relation, Under conjugation of the roots, z + ↔ z − , the summand is symmetric, so crucially, square roots always cancel in the final expression in the recursion relation. Of course, the intermediate steps in the recursion are nevertheless quite cumbersome in this case.

Recursion Relations
All known recursion relations can be constructed by imposing additional constraints on the momentum shift in Eq. (2) beyond the condition of momentum conservation in Eq. (4). In the absence of extra constraints, the reference spinors η i and η i are arbitrary so by Eq. (6), Q 2 = 0 generically. In this case the recursion relation will have square roots in intermediate steps.
On the other hand, if Q 2 = 0, then Q must factorized into the product of two spinors. If where we have chosen a form such that momentum conservation is automatically satisfied. Note that the case m = 2 corresponds precisely to BCFW, so these shifts are a generalization of BCFW to arbitrary m ≤ n. Note that for m ≤ 3, any momentum shift is necessarily of the form of the first or second possibility, so Q 2 = 0 automatically. Thus, Q 2 = 0 is only possible if m > 3.
Remarkably, while the recursion relations in Eq. (12) and Eq. (13) are naturally the generalizations of Risager and BCFW, they actually overlap for a specific choice of reference variables! In particular, consider the [0, m -line and [m, 0 -line shifts in Eq. (12) for the case of η = λ j and η = λ j , and modifying the constraint from momentum conservation such that i∈I c i λ i = λ j and i∈ I c i λ i = λ j , respectively. In this case the recursion coincides with the form of the [1, m − 1 -line and [m − 1, 1 -line shifts in Eq. (13), with a curious feature that λ j (z) = λ j (1 − z) and λ j (z) = λ j (1 − z). We dub these "soft" shifts for the simple reason that when z = 1 the amplitude approaches a soft limit. For m = 3, the soft shift takes a particularly elegant form, 3-line soft shift: . (14) This shift offers an on-shell prescription for taking a soft limit. We will not make use of this shift in this paper but leave a more thorough analysis of this soft shift for future work [18].

Large z Behavior of Amplitudes
The recursion relations in Eq. (9) and Eq. (11) apply when the amplitude does not have a pole at z = ∞. In this section we determine the conditions under which this boundary term vanishes. Although one could study the boundary term in BCFW or Risager shift instead, as in Ref. [4,5], we will not proceed in this direction. Concretely, take the n-point amplitude, M, deformed by an m-line shift where m ≤ n. At large z, the shifted amplitude describes the physical scattering of m hard particles in a soft background parametrizing the remaining n − m external legs. Thus, we can determine the large z behavior by applying a background field method: we expand the original Lagrangian in terms of soft backgrounds and hard propagating fluctuations, then compute the on-shell m-point "skeleton" amplitude, M . If the skeleton amplitude vanishes at large z, then the boundary term is absent and the recursion relation applies. A similar approach was applied in Ref. [3] for BCFW for the case of a hard particle propagator, i.e. the skeleton amplitude for m = 2.
Crucially, it will not be necessary to explicitly compute the skeleton amplitude. Rather, from Lorentz invariance, dimensional analysis, and the assumption of local poles, we will derive general formulae for the large z behavior of m-line shifts of n-point amplitudes. Hence, our calculation of the large z scaling combines and generalizes two existing proofs in the literature relating to the BCFW [3] and all-line recursion relations [6].

Ansatz
The basis of our calculation is a general ansatz for the m-point skeleton amplitude for m ≤ n, where the sum is over Feynman diagrams F , which are contracted into products over the polarization vectors ε and fermion wavefunctions u of the hard particles 2 . Here g = g × B where g is a product of Lagrangian coupling constants and B is a product of soft field backgrounds and their derivatives. Note that g has free Lorentz indices since it contains insertions of the soft background fields and their derivatives. Crucially, since B is comprised of backgrounds, it is always non-negative in dimension, so [B] ≥ 0 and For the special case of gravitational interactions, each insertion of the background graviton field is accompanied by an additional coupling suppression of by the Planck mass, so [ g] = [g]. This is reasonable because the background metric is naturally dimensionless so insertions of it do not change the dimensions of the overall coupling.
Note the skeleton amplitude receives dimensionful contributions from every term in Eq. (15) except the vector polarizations, so via dimensional analysis. This fact will be crucial for our calculation of the large z scaling of the skeleton amplitude for various momentum shifts and theories.

Large z Behavior
We analyze the large z behavior of Eq. (15). The contribution from each Feynman diagram F can be expressed as a ratio of polynomials in momenta, so F = N/D. Here N arises from interactions while D arises from propagators. We define the large z behavior of the numerator and denominator as γ N and γ D where We now compute the large z behavior of the external wavefunctions, followed by that of the Feynman diagram numerator and denominator, and finally the full amplitude.
External Wavefunctions. First, we study the contributions from external polarization vectors and fermion wavefunctions. For convenience, we define a "weighted" spin, s, for each shifted 2 Note that polarization vectors arise from any particle of spin greater than or equal to one.
leg of +/− helicity, which is simply the spin s multiplied by + if the angle/square bracket is shifted and − if the square/angle bracket is shifted. In mathematical terms, where good and bad shifts denote the correlation between helicity and the shift of spinor indicated in Eq. (3). As we will see, a multiplier of +/− tends to improve/worsen the large z behavior. In terms of the weighted spin, it is now straightforward to determine how the large z scaling of the polarization vectors and fermion wavefunctions, so more positive values of s, corresponding to good shifts, imply better large z convergence.
Numerator and Denominator. The numerator N of each Feynman diagram depends sensitively on the dynamics. However, for a generic shift, we can conservatively assume no cancellation in large z so the numerator scales at most as its own mass dimension, The denominator D comes from propagators which are fully dictated by the topology of the diagram. Each propagator can scale as 1/z 2 or 1/z at large z, depending on the details of shifts.
Thus, the large z behavior of denominator is constrained to be within For the Q 2 = 0 shifts, every propagator scales as 1/z so γ D = [D]/2. On the other hand, for the Q 2 = 0 shifts, we would naively expect that there is a 1/z 2 from each propagator given that the reference spinors are arbitrary. However, this reasoning is flawed due to an important caveat. Since the theory contains soft backgrounds, the Feynman diagram can have 2-point interactions of the hard particle induced by an insertion of the soft background. If the 2-point interactions occur before the hard particle interacts with another hard particle, then Q is simply the momentum shift of a single external leg, so Q 2 = 0 accidentally, and the corresponding propagator scales as 1/z rather than 1/z 2 . It is simple to see that the number of such propagators is [D] − γ D . See Fig. 1 for an illustration of this effect. Thus the large z behavior is constrained within the range of Eq. (22).
where v ≥ 3 is the valency of the interaction vertices in the fundamental theory and the [B] term arises because we have conservatively assumed that every single background field insertion contributes to a 2-point interaction to the amplitude.
Full Amplitude. Combing in the large z scaling of the external wavefunctions in Eq. (20) with that of the numerator and denominator of the the Feynman diagram in Eq. (18), we obtain where in the second line we have plugged in the inequality from Eq. . This is the master formula from which we will derive corresponding large z behaviors in Q 2 = 0 and Q 2 = 0 shifts. As expected, the above bound can be improved for Q 2 = 0 shifts because in this case the product of any two hard momenta only scales as z rather than z 2 . We render the specific derivation in subsequent sections.
The general formula in Eq. (24) can be reduced to more illuminating forms by making the assumption of specific shifts. We consider the large z behavior for the Q 2 = 0 and Q 2 = 0 shifts in turn.
To start, we calculate the large z behavior for a general momentum shift defined in Eq. (2). As noted earlier, for arbitrary reference spinors, Q 2 = 0 as long as m ≥ 3, which we assume here.
The large z behavior is given by Eq. (24). The offset [D] − γ D is the number of propagators with Q 2 = 0 as discussed before. As shown for an example topology in Fig. 1, there is at least one soft background associated with each propagator for which Q 2 = 0. The canonical dimensions of fields leads to The large z convergence is best for the largest possible value for s, which occurs if we only apply good shifts to external legs, so s = s. As we will see, this particular choice has the best large z behavior of any shfit. There is an inherent connection between Q 2 = 0 and improved z behavior of the amplitude, simply because in this case, propagators fall off with z 2 in diagrams.
where n B is the number of holomorphic spinors indices that come from soft background insertions. Again solving for [F ] with Eq. (17), and applying our arguments to both shifts, the large where h denotes helicity and we have defined In a theory with only spin s ≤ 1 fields, soft background insertions contribute at most one holomorphic or anti-holomorphic spinor index to be contracted with. Thus, n B is balanced by the dimension [B], so ∆ ≤ 0 in these theories. On the other hand, for a theory with spin s ≤ 2 fields, e.g., gravitons, then an insertion of a graviton background yields two spinor indices but only with one power of mass dimension. For these two cases we thus find Eqs. (28) and (30) together give our final answer. For an all-line shift, m = n, so ∆ = 0 and this bound reduces to known result from Ref. [6]. Note that in some cases Eq. (26) is stronger than Eq. (28) so we have to consider both bounds at the same time. Applying the reasoning to both shifts, we obtain where h j is the helicity of particle j. We then see that the

Renormalizable Theories
To begin we consider the generic momentum shift defined in Eq. (2), which has large z behavior derived in Eq. (25). Since a renormalizable theory only has marginal and relevant interactions, the mass dimension of the product of couplings in any scattering amplitude is [g] ≥ 0. Plugging this into Eq. (25), we find that a 5-line shift suffices to construct any amplitude. This is also true for the 5-line shifts defined in Eq. (12) and Eq. (13), whose large z scaling is shown in Eq. (28) and Eq. (31) by conservatively plugging in ∆ = 0 for renormalizable theories. Consequently, 5-line recursion relations provide a purely on-shell, tree-level definition of any renormalizable quantum field theory. We must take as input the three and four point on-shell tree amplitudes, but this is quite reasonable, as a renormalizable Lagrangian is itself specified by interactions Note that the charge condition we have assumed is automatically satisfied if every scalar in the theory has equal charge under the scalar U (1) and we shift three same-signed scalars.
It seems impossible for this 3-line recursion to construct all equal-charged U (1) scalar amplitudes, especially with the presence of quartic potential. However, as three same-signed scalars only available from six points, this 3-line recursion still takes three and four point amplitudes as seeds. The information of quartic potential still enters to this special 3-line recursion. We will demonstrate with a simple φ 4 theory in next section.
Putting everything together, we have shown that a 3-line shift can construct any amplitude with a vector or fermion, and any amplitude with only scalars if every scalar carries equal charge under a U (1) symmetry. Immediately, this implies that any theory of solely vectors and fermions-i.e. any gauge theory with arbitrary matter content-is constructible 3 . Moreover, all amplitudes in Yukawa theory necessarily carry an external fermion, so these are likewise constructible. The standard model is also 3-line constructible simply because it has a single scalar-the Higgs boson-which carries hypercharge. Finally, we observe that all supersymmetric theories are constructible. The reason is that without loss of generality, the superpotential for such a theory takes the form W = λ ijk φ i φ j φ k , where we have shifted away Polonyi terms and eliminated quadratic terms to ensure a massless spectrum. For such a potential there is a manifest R-symmetry under which every chiral superfield has charge 2/3. Consequently, all complex scalars in the theory have equal charge under the R-symmetry and all amplitudes are 3-line constructible. This then applies to theories with extended supersymmetry as well. The conditions for on-shell constructibility in some familiar theories is summarized in Tab. 1.

Non-renormalizable Theories
In what follows, we first discuss non-renormalizable theories which are constructible, i.e. for which all amplitudes can be constructed. As we will see, this is only feasible for a subset of non-renormalizable theories, so in general, the covering space of recursion relations does not provide an on-shell formulation of all possible theories. Second, we consider scenarios in which some but not all amplitudes are constructible within a given non-renormalizable theory. In many cases, amplitudes involving a finite number of higher dimension operator insertions can often be constructed by our methods.
Our analysis will depend sensitively on the dimensionality of coupling constants, which we saw earlier have a huge influence on the the large z behavior under momentum shifts. Table 2 Theory   It is straightforward to generalize the arguments above to a theory of scalars and fermions interacting via a φ v 1 ψ v 2 . We find that this theory is fully constructible with a general m-line Finally we consider perhaps the most famous constructible non-renormalizable theory: gravity. As is well-known, all tree-level graviton scattering amplitudes can be recursed via BCFW [3], With the Q 2 = 0 shifts, we can always construct an n-point amplitude with m > (n + 2)/3.
Applying the above result to NMHV amplitudes for m = 3, we find M z n−7 under a Risager 3-line shift, consistent with the known behavior z n−12 [9]. Generally, graviton amplitude can be constructed with Q 2 = 0 shifts if m ≥ n/2. Ref. [6] shows amplitudes with total helicity |h| ≤ 2 cannot be constructed from anti-holomorphic/holomorphic all-line shift. We see this can be resolved if we choose to do "good" shift on only plus or negative helicity gravitons. Our large z analysis predicts the scaling grows linearly with n and this is indeed how the real amplitude behaves. From this point of view, the amplitude behaves surprisingly well under BCFW shift because the scaling doesn't grow as n increases.
An interesting comparison of our large z behavior is to use the KLT relations [10]. Consider the large z behavior of n point amplitudes under a (m ≥ 4)-line Q 2 = 0 shift. A n point graviton amplitude M grav can be schematically written as a "square" of gauge amplitudes M 2 gauge by the KLT relation where we neglect all the permutation in particles and details of s-variables 6 . The KLT relation actually predicts a better large z behavior than our dimensional analysis.
Constructible Amplitudes. The above non-renormalizable theories are some limited examples which can be entirely defined by our on-shell recursions. Modifying these theories generally breaks the constructibility! For instrance, a theory of higher dimensional operator ∂ 2 φ v cannot be constructed. This is clear from Feynman diagrams because the derivatives in vertices compensate the large z suppression from propagators. This implies the chiral Lagrangian is not constructible even with the best all-line shift 7 . In gauge theories, we cannot construct amplitudes where all vertices are higher dimensional F v operators either.
Fortunately, we are usually interested in effective theories with some power counting on higher dimensional operators. If the number of operator insertions is fixed, then we can construct amplitudes with generic multiplicity. To illustrate this, consider amplitudes in a renormalizable theory (spin ≤ 1) with a single insertion of a d-dimensional operator. If we apply a general m-line Q 2 = 0 momentum shift, Eq. (25) gives In the worst case scenario, s = 0, we see an (d + 1)-line shift suffices to construct any such amplitude. For [0, m -and [m, 0 -line shifts, the sum of their large z scaling is where we use ∆ = 0 for theories with spin ≤ 1. The amplitude can always be constructed from one of them provided m > d. We see the input for recursion relations are all amplitudes with d points and below. It is not surprising. After all, we need this input for a φ v operator. If the amplitude has higher total spin/helicity, less deformation is needed to construct it. We will demonstrate this with F v operator in next section. The result is similar to the conclusion of Ref. [6], but we can be more economical by choosing (d + 1)-line or less rather than an all-line shift.
In this section, we illustrate the power of our recursion relations in various theories. The calculation is straightforward once the large z behavior is known.
where y and g are the Yukawa and gauge coupling constants, respectively. There are only two non-vanishing factorization channels. Based on these seeds, it's straightforward to write down where a, b, c are fixed SU (3) flavor indices, no summation implied. We apply our recursion relations on the (color-ordered) 6-point scalar amplitude where the superscripts and subscripts denote R-symmetry and flavor indices, respectively. In the massless limit, all scalars in the chiral multiplets carry equal R-charge. Therefore we can shift the three holomorphic scalars, namely, [{1, 2, 3}, 0 . The relevant lower point amplitudes for recursion are where η is the reference spinor and P F denotes the total momentum of the states in the factorization channel F. We have verified numerically that the answer is, as expected, independent of reference η. Since the scalar amplitude is independent of the fermions, this result applies to any theory with the same bosonic sector. When λ = 1, the SU (3) flavor symmetry together with the U (1) R-symmetry combine to form the SU (4) R-symmetry of N = 4 SYM. Our expression agrees with known answer in this limit.
where hatted variable is evaluated at factorization limit and z ±,456 are the two solutions of P 2 456 = 0. The result is summed over permutation of (1,3,5) and (2,4,6) with σ being the number of total permutation. In the last line, we use the fact that 2|P 456 |5] is linear in z and only non-deformed part survives after exchanging z ±,456 . We see the final answer has no square root as claimed before.
Maxwell-Einstein Theory. We discuss the theory where a U (1) photon minimally couples to gravity. The coupling constant has the same dimension as in GR (see Tabel 2). But as a photon has less spin than a graviton, the large z behavior is worse. We focus on the amplitudes with only external photons given that any amplitude with a graviton can be recursed by BCFW shift [7]. Using a m-line Q 2 = 0 shift, we find M z n+2−2m at large z; thus, it's always possible to construct such an amplitude when m > (n + 2)/2. Together with BCFW shift on gravitons, the theory is fully constructible! Using Eqs.
We conclude [v + 1, 0 -and [v − 1, 1 -line shifts suffice to construct the amplitude with the given helicity configuration.
The case of F 3 operator has been studied extensively in Ref. [14]. Given the large z behavior above, the general MHV-like expression in Ref. [15] This agrees with the result in Ref. [15,16].
The case of φ tr(F F ) operator, which is popular for the study of Higgs phenomenology, is very similar to F 3 operator. The MHV-like formula and CSW expansion in Ref. [15] can also be proved analogously. [43] ξ3 2 43 ξ4 2 (53) where |ξ is a reference spinor in 3-line shift. The result in second line is manifest the leading soft factor of particle 4. After canceling the reference spinor, the result in the last line is expressed in is the corresponding amplitude in gauge theory with F 3 operator given in Eq. (50). It agrees with Ref. [14]. It obvious from the answer that any [m, 0 shift cannot construct the amplitude.

Outlook
In this paper we have determined the minimal set of recursion relations needed to construct renormalizable and non-renormalizable field theories of massless particles in four dimensions. We have shown that all renormalizable theories are constructible from a shift of five external momenta. Quite surprisingly, a shift of three external momenta suffices for a more restricted but still enormous class of theories: all renormalizable theories in which the scalars, if present, are charged equally under a U (1) symmetry. Hence, we can construct all scattering amplitudes in any gauge theory with fermion and complex scalar matter, any supersymmetric theory, and the standard model.
Our results suggest several avenues for future work. Because our analysis hinges solely on dimensional analysis, Lorentz invariance, and locality, it should be possible to generalize our approach to a broader class of theories. In particular, there is the question of theories residing outside of four dimensions and involving massive particles. Moreover, one might study an expanded covering space of recursion relations that include multiple complex deformation parameters or simultaneous shifts of holomorphic and anti-holomorphic spinors of the same leg.
The recursion relations presented here might also offer new tools for studying the underlying properties of amplitudes. For example, the enhanced large z behavior of amplitudes at large momenta implies so-called "bonus relations" whose nature remains unclear. In addition, the soft shift defined in Eq. (14) gives a nicely on-shell regulator for the soft limit of the amplitude. Precise knowledge of the soft limit can uniquely fix effective theories [17], and might actually be useful in the recursive construction of amplitudes, as we will discuss in [18]. Finally, given a more complete understanding of on-shell constructibility at tree-level, we are better equipped to attack a much more difficult problem, which is developing a recursive construction for the loop integrands of general quantum field theories. This was accomplished for amplitudes in planar N = 4 SYM [19], but with a procedure not obviously generalizable for less symmetric theories, where standard BCFW recursion induces ill-defined contributions in the forward limit.
In principle, this somewhat technical obstruction might be eliminated by considering alternative momentum shifts.