Reconstructing Higgs boson properties from the LHC and Tevatron data

We perform a phenomenological fit to all ATLAS, CMS, CDF and D0 Higgs boson data available after Moriond 2012. We allow all Higgs boson branching fractions, its couplings to standard model particles, as well as to an hypothetical invisible sector to vary freely, and determine their current favourite values. The standard model Higgs boson with a mass 125 GeV correctly predicts the average observed rate and provides an acceptable global fit to data. However, better fits are obtained by non-standard scenarios that reproduce anomalies in the present data (more \gamma\gamma{} and less WW signals than expected), such as modified rates of loop processes or partial fermiophobia. We find that present data disfavours Higgs boson invisible decays. We consider implications for the standard model, for supersymmetric and fermiophobic Higgs bosons, for dark matter models, for warped extra-dimensions.


Introduction
Identifying the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking is the main goal of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In the standard model (SM) the electroweak symmetry is broken due to the existence of an elementary scalar particle -the Higgs boson [1,2,3,4,5]. Based on data collected in 2011, both the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC published results of their searches for the SM-like Higgs boson that, yet inconclusively, support its existence with a mass m h ≈ 125 GeV [6, 7, 10]. Those results have been recently updated at the Moriond 2012 conference, where all the Tevatron and LHC collaborations presented their updated Higgs boson searches as well as some new results. The combined Tevatron analysis of all collected data confirms the LHC excess around 125 GeV in the h → bb channel at 2.6σ level; CMS presented an improved γγ analysis; ATLAS presented new W W * , bb and ττ searches with full 2011 luminosity. Furthermore, both the ATLAS and CMS experiments showed results of searches for a fermiophobic (FP) Higgs boson in the h → γγ channel that both show a positive hint around 125 GeV with local significances about 3σ. This excess is consistent with the total inclusive γγ rate observed by the LHC [11].
Accidentally, m h ≈ 125 GeV is a particularly fortunate value for the LHC, because, according to the SM predictions, various Higgs boson search channels are measurable. Those arise from a combination of SM Higgs boson branching fractions [8] BR(h → bb) = 58%, BR(h → W W * ) = 21.6%, BR(h → τ + τ − ) = 6.4%, BR(h → ZZ * ) = 2.7%, BR(h → gg) = 8.5%, BR(h → γγ) = 0.22%, BR(h → cc) = 2.7% (1) and production mechanisms with cross sections [9] σ(pp → h) = (15.3 ± 2.6) pb, σ(pp → jjh) = 1.2 pb, σ(pp → W h) = 0.57 pb, σ(pp → Zh) = 0.32 pb, named gluon-gluon fusion (gg → h), vector-boson fusion (VBF) and associated production with W and Z bosons (Vh). Because different search categories are sensitive to different Higgs boson couplings, the LHC can study the properties of a Higgs boson with m h ≈ 125 GeV and test if it follows the SM predictions or is affected by new physics. With the presently collected statistics none of the search channels alone is sensitive to the SM Higgs boson nor are the combined results of Tevatron, ATLAS and CMS statistically conclusive. Therefore one expects large statistical fluctuations of the expected signal in all the search channels. Indeed, all measured LHC γγ rates, dominated by the new results in the VBF category, have central values above the SM prediction while all the W W * rates have central values consistently below the SM prediction. On the one hand, those anomalies may be statistical fluctuations. On the other hand, they may signal new physics beyond the SM. From a theoretical point of view, reconstructing the Higgs boson properties is an important way to address the main issue that LHC can clarify: is there a natural reason behind the the smallness of the weak scale, m h M Pl ? Indeed, if the weak scale is naturally small, one expects that the new physics that cuts off the top loop contribution to m 2 h (such as light stops at the weak scale in supersymmetric models) also affects the gg → h and h → γγ rates. Therefore a global study of all the Higgs boson collider data obtained so far is necessary to test the SM and to discriminate between different new physics scenarios in the Higgs sector.
In this work we study the collider data collected so far in Tevatron and the LHC in order to derive Higgs boson properties. The study of the Higgs boson fit was pioneered in Ref. [12], while recent fits of new LHC data were published in Refs. [13,14,15]. We improve on previous fits by including the new data presented in the Moriond 2012 conference, and by performing more general fits that cover a wider spectrum of new physics models. To achieve this goal we allow all the Higgs boson couplings to deviate independently from their SM values. We also allow for an additional Higgs boson invisible width, possibly due to decays into the dark matter. Anomalous features are dominated by the new results presented in Moriond 2012, disfavouring the SM compared to the previous fits and motivating new physics scenarios. We discuss implications of our results in the context of different models. More LHC data is needed to discriminate between those scenarios.
The paper is organised as follows. In section 2 we describe the existing experimental results and the statistical procedure we adopt. In section 3 we perform the fits to data. In section 4 we discuss implications of our results on different models. We conclude in section 5.

Data and statistical analysis
The experimental collaborations measure rates of Higgs boson signals R. Their results could be fully encoded in a likelihood L(R, m h ), but only a limited amount of information is reported by the experiments. All collaborations report the upper bounds on rates at 95% C.L., R observed , and the expected upper bound at 95% C.L. in absence of a Higgs boson signal, R expected , as function of the Higgs boson mass m h . Given that information, our statistical analyses follows the one outlined in Ref. [16]. Assuming that the χ 2 = −2 ln L has a Gaussian form in R, these two experimental informations allow one to extract the mean µ and the standard deviation σ, where 1.96 arises because 95% confidence level corresponds to about 2 standard deviations. The Gaussian approximation by construction agrees with the full result at this value of R, but away from it the approximation may be not accurate for channels that presently have a low number of events (such as h → ZZ * → 4 ). We are aware of this fact, but at the moment it is difficult to do better using the available data. We verified that our procedure gives similar results as the refined procedure in [13] and that our procedure agrees better with present values of µ ± σ, when reported by experiments at m h = 125 GeV. We also neglect correlations of uncertainties among different measurements (e.g. uncertainties on luminosity and on the SM prediction, at the ±15% level and therefore subdominant with respect to present experimental uncertainties) and approximate the full χ 2 with where the sum runs over all measured Higgs boson rates i. In the present stage of experimental accuracy such a simplified statistical framework captures the main features in data and allows us to study general properties of the data, that is the purpose of this work. We consider all available Higgs boson data reported at the Moriond 2012 conference and before: 1. The pp → V h → V bb rate measured by CDF, D0 [17] and the related pp → V h → V bb rate measured by CMS and ATLAS [18].
6. In the context of fermiophobic Higgs boson searches, CMS measured the pp → jjh → jjγγ rate [24] where the jj tagging is added to select Higgs boson produced via the VBF process. Indeed, the cuts performed by CMS (m jj > 350 GeV, p T j 1 > 30 GeV, p T j 2 > 20 GeV) significantly reduce the gg → h contribution, such that we estimate that reinterpreting this experimental result in a general context, it is roughly a measurement of with the result observed rate SM rate = 3.3 ± 1.1 for m h = 125 GeV.
7. In the context of fermiophobic Higgs boson searches, ATLAS measured the pp → hX → γγX rate with a high cut p T h > 40 GeV on the Higgs boson transverse momentum [25] (we are oversimplifying by omitting several secondary issues). This cut allows to suppress the gg → h production process, while keeping most of the signal in the VBF and associate production mechanisms. To see how much gg → h is suppressed we allowed for additional QCD jets performing simulations with the Pythia [26] and MadGraph [27] codes. We find that this experimental result can be re-interpreted in a general context as a measurement of with the result observed rate SM rate = 3.3 ± 1.1 for m h = 125 GeV.
In the left panel of Fig. 1 we show our approximated combination of all Higgs boson data. Higgs boson masses around 125 GeV are favoured by the rate, and some ZZ and γγ events (which have little statistical power in fixing the rates but large resolution in m h ) favor m h = 125 GeV, the value that we will adopt in the rest of the paper. Assuming m h = 125 GeV, we summarise all data in the right panel of Fig. 1 together with their 1σ error-bars, as derived by us following the above-described statistical procedure. The horizontal green line in the right panel of Fig. 1 is the SM prediction, and the horizontal red line is the background-only rate expected in the absence of a Higgs boson. The grey band shows the ±1σ range for the weighted average of all data. It lies along the SM prediction. Furthermore, the global χ 2 of the SM fit is 17 for 15 dof.
However, it is interesting to split data into three categories according to the final states and compute the average for each one of them: This shows the main anomalous features in current measurements. First, the γγ channels exhibit some excess, mainly driven by the vector boson fusion data presented at the Moriond 2012 conference. Second, there is a deficit in the vector channels. Finally, the average rate of fermionic channels lies along the SM prediction; here the new Tevatron combination for h → bb plays an important rôle. If the Higgs boson mass is different from 125 GeV, unlike what indicated by excess in γγ distributions around this value of the invariant mass, then the γγ rate in eq. (10) would be reduced with respect to what we assume in our fit.

Reconstructing the Higgs boson properties 3.1 Reconstructing the Higgs boson branching fractions
The Higgs boson observables that can be most easily affected by new physics contributions are those that occur at loop level, the h → γγ, h → gg and gg → h rates. Because the latter two are related via CP, we use a common notation h ↔ gg to indicate both of them simultaneously. Those loop level processes are particularly relevant for the LHC Higgs boson searches because γγ is the cleanest final state, and because gg → h is the dominant Higgs boson production mechanism. The left panel of Fig. 3 shows, as yellow contours with solid borders, the 1σ and 2σ ranges of a global fit to these two quantities in units of their SM predictions. The best fit corresponds to that shows a significant deviation from the SM prediction -the first number allows to best fit the reduced W W * rates, and the second number allows to fit the enhanced γγ rates, in agreement with eq. (10). The χ 2 of the global fit is significantly lower with respect to SM, decreasing from 17 (for 15 dof within the SM) to 5.2 (for 13 dof in this more general fit). The black thick line in Fig. 2 shows the best-fit predictions for the various measured rates, allowing to see how the fit is improved. The gray region with dotted contours in Fig. 3 show the fit obtained omitting the γγ rates with cuts dedicated to vector-boson-fusion production (items 6 and 7 in the list above). In the latter case the agreement with the SM is improved showing that the such data category plays an important rôle in the fit.

Reconstructing the Higgs boson invisible width
New physics can easily give a large effect providing an extra invisible [29] Higgs boson decay channel, for example into dark matter particles [30,32]. Alternatively, the effective operator |∂ µ H † H| 2 similarly has the effect of rescaling all rates by a common factor [33].
In the SM total Higgs boson width is predicted to be Γ(h) SM ≈ 4.0 MeV at m h = 125 GeV, too small to be measured directly.
It is well known that measuring the Higgs boson total width at the LHC requires additional assumptions [12] because the gluon final states cannot be measured over huge QCD background. Let us explain how present data can probe the Higgs boson width, without directly measuring it. The gluon fusion production rates are proportional to Γ(gg → h). In view of approximate CP invariance we can assume that Γ(gg → h) = Γ(h → gg) and we collectively denote them as h ↔ gg. Then, one partial decay width can be reconstructed by data. By performing a global fit to the Higgs boson branching ratios in the context of theories where the decay widths are related we can reconstruct the total Higgs boson width. Of course this is based on theoretical assumptions, but the result gets significantly different only in highly deviant models, e.g. in models where the Higgs boson predominantly decays into light quarks (a decay mode not probed by present data).
In order to emphasise the mild model-dependence of this fitting procedure we perform three fits under different assumptions. We show our results (χ 2 as function of the invisible branching ratio) in the right panel of Fig. 3.
i) First, we perform a global fit of all data assuming the SM plus an additional invisible decay width, obtaining ii) Next, we weaken the theoretical assumptions: we keep the h ↔ gg and the h → γγ rates as free parameters, and marginalise with respect to them (red dashed curve). We see that, even without assuming the SM prediction for h ↔ gg, a (weakened) bound on the Higgs boson invisible width can still be derived from present data; the best fit value becomes positive, but again the preference is not statistically significant.
iii) Finally, we repeat the fit in i), but ignoring the data for γγ from the vector boson fusion channels, obtaining a weaker bound (dotted curve).
Adding an invisible Higgs boson width has the effect of suppressing all observed rates and, according to our fit, this is not favoured by present data.

Reconstructing the Higgs boson couplings
In this subsection we extract from data the Higgs boson couplings to vectors and fermions, in order to see if they agree with the SM predictions. Trying to be as general as possible in describing the Higgs boson couplings, we proceed phenomenologically extracting from data the following parameters: where g W is the W W h coupling; g Z is the ZZh coupling, y t the top Yukawa coupling, y b the bottom Yukawa coupling and y τ the tau Yukawa coupling. All models considered in this work and presented in Fig. 2 are defined via eq. (13). The SM corresponds to R i = 1 for all the couplings. These parameter R i have the following effects: • the partonic cross sections for gg → h and for gg → tth get rescaled by R 2 t ; • the partonic cross sections for qq → qqh and for qq → V h get rescaled by R 2 V ; • the decay widths h → V V * get rescaled by R 2 V where V = {W, Z}; • the decay widhts h → ff get rescaled by R 2 f where f = {b, τ, . . .}; • the decay width h → γγ, arising from the interference of one-loop diagrams mediated by the top and by the W , gets rescaled by (1.28R W − 0.28R t ) 2 for m h = 125 GeV; • similarly the decay width h → Zγ (not yet measured) gets rescaled by (1.05R Z −0.05R t ) 2 .
A simplifying case considered in previous analyses [13,14,15] is a common rescaling factor a for Higgs boson coupling to vectors and a common rescaling factor c for Higgs boson coupling to fermions:  We show in the left panel of Fig. 4 the resulting fit (continuous yellow contours). For comparison the dashed contours show the result obtained ignoring the γγjj data from CMS and ATLAS, as is also done in Fig. 3. This allows to compare our results with the ones of previous analyses [13,14,15] (although some other data has also been modified and added by experiments). Our results essentially agree, up to the difference due to our use of more recent data.
We see that a negative R t R W < 0 is favoured because it implies a constructive interference between the top quark and W boson loops in the decays h → γγ increasing the corresponding rates. Notice that the new data prefers suppression of the W W * rates via suppression of the gg → h cross section, while the Higgs boson coupling to vectors can be somewhat larger than without VBF data. Notice also that the SM point (1,1) is disfavoured beyond 2σ.
In the right panel of Fig. 4 we assume the SM values for the Higgs boson gauge couplings (R W = R Z = 1) and present a fit to the Yukawa couplings R t and R b = R τ . We, again, see that R t < 0 if somehow favoured and the SM is disfavoured. The two branches approach the pure fermiophobic point (0,0), denoted by FP in Fig. 4, but pure fermiophobia is disfavoured by the fit.
In Fig. 5 we consider the most general case where we allow all 4 parameters R W = R Z , R t , R b , R τ to vary and show the favoured regions for the pairs R V , R t (left) and R b , R τ (right) marginalised over the remaining two parameters. The main features of this global fit remain the same as in previous cases: R t R W < 0 is favoured and R W , R b and R τ are constrained to be around their SM values of 1. Fig. 2 shows the best fits (red dashed lines), both allowing for negative Yukawas (thick line) and restricting all Yukawas to be positive, as in the SM (thin line).

Implications for Higgs boson models
In order to interpret our general results presented in Figs. 1-5 in the context of any particular model of Higgs boson, two logical possibilities arise. First, all the present anomalies in data, listed in eq. (10), could be just statistical fluctuations. Second, the emerging pattern in eq. (10) could be real and signal new physics beyond the SM in the Higgs sector. Intermediate possibilities are of course possible. In order to discriminate between these possibilities, we present in Fig. 2 the predictions channel by channel of some particular scenarios that we studied in Figs. 3-5 for collider searches. The best fit χ 2 of those scenarios is also presented in the figure in order to compare different scenarios with each other.

The Standard Model
Naturally, the reference model for all comparisons in the previous sections is the SM. After fixing the Higgs boson mass to the best fit value m h = 125 GeV, the SM does not have any free parameter left to vary. Therefore all the anomalies in the present data must be statistical fluctuations and disappear with more statistics. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the average of all data agrees with the SM prediction, as seen in Fig. 2, and the global χ 2 is good: 17 for 15 dof (we recall that with n 1 degrees of freedom one expects χ 2 = n ± √ n).
On the other hand, our best fit (black curve in Fig. 2) has a significantly lower χ 2 = 5.5 for 13 dof: a bigger reduction than what is typically obtained by adding two extra parameters (one expects ∆χ 2 = −∆n ± √ ∆n when adding ∆n 1 parameters). The SM is disfavoured at more than 95% CL in this particular context, but of course we added the two parameters that allow to fit the two most apparent anomalies in the data, the γγ excess and the W W * deficit.
Only more data will tell if this is a trend, or if we are just fitting a statistical fluctuation.  [34,35,11] scenarios. While bottomphobic Higgs boson is excluded by our fits, top-phobic or pure fermiophobic Higgs boson (with exactly vanishing Yukawa couplings) provide acceptable fits, of quality almost as good as the SM fit, despite that their predictions are significantly different. The pure fermiophobic model captures the features of data qualitatively correctly but predicts larger signal rates than is observed in the LHC, especially in the W W * + jj channel. In addition, the fermiophobic fit suffers from the h → bb signal claimed by Tevatron and CMS. The agreement of the fermiophobic Higgs boson with data can be improved by allowing a moderate small additional Higgs boson branching fraction, because this allows to reduce the too large prediction for the γγjj rate [11], which is very sensitive to the precise value of the Higgs boson mass and width. In fermiophobic models such small Yukawa couplings can be generated via quantum effects [35]. We note that fermiophobia lowers the vacuum stability bound on the Higgs boson mass, allowing 125 GeV Higgs boson to be consistent with no new physics below Planck scale.

Fermiophobia and dysfermiophilia
Our fits in Figs. 4-5 show that reducing some or all of the SM Yukawa couplings allows to again significantly improve the global fit compared to the SM, down to χ 2 ≈ 7. The main feature of the improved fit is y t ≈ −0.7y SM t , because this allows to enhance the h → γγ rate and reduce the gg ↔ h rate. Admittedly, a 'wrong' Yukawa coupling to the top and to the other fermions (dysfermiophilia) is an even more serious pathology than fermiophobia.
Various theoretical frameworks easily lead to modified Higgs boson couplings at moderate level. In models with more than one Higgs multiplet the Yukawa couplings of the light Higgs boson can be non-standard [36] (this is what can happen also in supersymmetric models). Alternatively, in models where SM fermions mix with extra fermions at the weak scale, integrating out the extra fermions, their effects get encoded in effective operators of the formf f HH † H, that lead to modified Higgs boson couplings to the SM fermions f [37]. Such operators also arise in composite Higgs boson models.
In models where the Higgs boson is a composite particle one generically expects that Higgs boson couplings get modified by form factors, approximated at low energy by effective operators [33]. This is the framework considered in the fits of Refs. [13,15]. In this kind of models, the rescaled SM expressions for these rates that we assumed remain valid even when new physics is so large [41]. The Higgs boson coupling to W, Z vectors can be easily reduced by mixing the Higgs boson with other scalars; a good fit to electroweak precision data then demands that the extra scalars are not much heavier than the Higgs boson. Increasing the Higgs boson gauge couplings is theoretically more challenging [42].

Supersymmetry
Supersymmetric theories that attempt to solve the naturalness problem of the electroweak scale have been stringently constrained by the LHC direct searches as well as by the Higgs boson results [44,45]. Within the MSSM one needs light and strongly mixed stops, and there are two main modifications of Higgs physics.
First, light stops modify the predictions and for the h → γγ and gg ↔ h rates [38]. In practice their extra loop effect is described by a deviation of our parameter R t from one: at leading order in the limit mt 1,2 m t [14]. We see that the sign of the new effect is not fixed and can be negative in the presence of strong stop mixing.
The red dashed curve in the left panel of Fig. 3 shows how these rates are affected by R t (this applies not only to stops, but also to any extra particle with same gauge quantum numbers as the top, such as heavy top partners in little-Higgs models). R t = 1 corresponds to the SM, and R t = 0 to the total suppression of gg ↔ h. A R t < 1 increases the h → γγ rate, but only mildly because this rate is dominated by the W loop. The red dashed curve enters in the best-fit region when R t ≈ −1.7, a situation that cannot be achieved in view of bounds on the stop mass. We recall that such bounds are extremely model-dependent, because the signature depends on the unknown stop decay modes, and the production depends on the unknown gluino mass. For example, in gauge-mediated SUSY breaking the lower bound is 310 GeV [39]. If we assume mt 1 ≈ mg, the bound on the stop mass is around 900 GeV [40], assuming that gluino decays always via a sbottomb into bN 1 with a neutralino mass m N 1 < 150 − 300 GeV. The bound on mt gets about 200 GeV lower if the gluino decays fully via a stop.
Second, due to the presence of two Higgs doublets H 1 and H 2 , one has modification of the Higgs boson couplings at tree level. Our R parameters get modified as: where tan β is the usual ratio between the two Higgs boson vev, and the α is the usual angle that diagonalises the mass matrix of Re (H 0 1 , H 0 2 ), with α → β − π/2, in the decoupling limit. The angles α and β depend on the model and specific deviations arise depending on how m h ≈ 125 GeV is reached: extra D-terms imply an increase in h → bb while extra F -terms lead to a decrease (unless extra singlets are light) [43]. The total R t is the combination of the two effects discussed above.
As previously discussed, both the W W * and the γγ rates are roughly proportional to R 2 W ; thereby this correlation prevents to go in the direction favoured by data (lower W W * and higher γγ), as already observed in the context of numerical MSSM scans [44], and in extensions of the MSSM [45].

Dark matter models
The main motivation for an invisible Higgs boson decay width comes from the existence of Dark Matter (DM) of the Universe. The Higgs portal [31] offers a natural possibility to couple the Higgs sector to the dark matter. If the dark matter particles are two times lighter than the Higgs boson, they can lead to invisible Higgs boson width. Because Higgs boson decays to fermion dark matter are essentially ruled out by direct detection constraints [32], in this scenario the dark matter is naturally scalar.
Let us consider, for example, the simplest DM model obtained adding to the SM a real singlet scalar field S coupled to the Higgs doublet H by the −λS 2 |H| 2 Lagrangian term [46]. Fixing the DM/Higgs boson coupling λ assuming that the thermal relic DM abundance is equal to its cosmologically measured value Ω DM = 0.112 ± 0.0056 [47] allows us to predict the Higgs boson invisible decay width and the direct DM detection cross section σ SI The bound BR inv < 0.4 at 95% C.L. derived in section 3.2 then implies M DM > 50 GeV and σ SI < 0.4 10 −44 cm 2 , assuming the nucleon matrix element f = 0.3. While Higgs boson invisible decays to fermionic dark matter are already disfavoured, our work shows that also light scalar dark matter is not supported by data.

Higgs boson or radion?
The Higgs boson couples to the SM fermions with a strength proportional to fermion masses. Similar couplings can be obtained by considering an hypothetical particle ϕ, a radion, with a coupling to the trace of the SM energy-momentum tensor suppressed by some scale Λ: In our language this is described by setting where v = 174 GeV. One important difference arises at quantum level: scale invariance is anomalous, such that a new term appears, where the numerical coefficients are the SM β-function coefficients for the strong and electromagnetic gauge couplings. As a result, the ϕ decay widths into gg and γγ differ from the corresponding Higgs boson decay widths [48].
Such a particle is often called 'radion' because it arises in the context of models with one warped extra dimension as the mode that controls its size. However, in this kind of models the radion can appear with extra couplings and together with other unseen particles.
We focus on the effective coupling in eq. (18), and find that the excess seen around 125 GeV could be due to such a 'radion' rather than to the Higgs boson. The best fit is obtained at R = 0.28 ± 0.03 (i.e. Λ ≈ 870 GeV) and its quality is slightly worse that the best Higgs fit, as illustrated in Fig. 2. More data are needed to discriminate among the two possibilities.

Conclusions
We performed a global phenomenological analysis of all Higgs boson collider data available after Moriond 2012 (including those presented in the context of fermiophobic Higgs boson searches) assuming that the hints observed at m h ≈ 125 GeV arise from the Higgs boson. The SM provides an acceptable fit, however it is not favoured: present data with large uncertainties favor a h → γγ rate enhanced by a factor of ≈ 4 and a gg → h rate reduced by a factor of 0.3. An invisible Higgs boson branching ratio larger than 0.4 is disfavoured, putting constraints on models where dark matter couples to the Higgs boson. Pure fermiophobic Higgs boson scenario gives almost as good fit as the SM but with significantly different predictions for the Higgs boson phenomenology. Partially fermiophobic scenarios are among those giving the best global fit. We find that the apparent excess can alternatively be interpreted as a 'radion' i.e. a particle similar to the Higgs boson, but coupled to the trace of the SM energy momentum tensor.
More LHC data should clarify whether the present anomalies in data are statistical fluctuations or first evidence of physics beyond the SM.