Time dependence of reflected entropy in rational and holographic conformal field theories

We calculate the time dependence of the reflected entropy of two disconnected regions after a global quench in (1 + 1)-dimensional conformal field theories and the large temperature limit. For rational conformal field theories, we find that the time evolution of the reflected entropy is the same as that of the mutual information. We get the same result for holographic theories in the limit where the separation between disconnected regions is much smaller than their respective sizes. We discuss how this result is consistent with the quasi-particle picture of Calabrese and Cardy [1].


Introduction
Quantum quenches have proven to be an interesting tool to understand how non-equilibrium systems thermalize. In a quantum quench, we start with a ground state of some Hamiltonian H 0 and at time t = 0 we change the Hamiltonian from H 0 to H. The state for t > 0 evolves according to the new Hamiltonian, H, and will have a non-trivial time dependence.
An interesting example of a quantum quench is when H 0 is the Hamiltonian of some gapped theory whereas H is the Hamiltonian of a CFT. In this case, it was argued in [1,2] that we can model the quantum quench by replacing the state at t = 0 by where |B is a conformal boundary state and 1/β corresponds to the mass gap of the original theory. The state at time t ≥ 0 is then given by Even though the state of the whole system remains pure (under unitary evolution), we expect the reduced state of some small subsystem to thermalize at late times. This is exactly what was observed in the behavior of the correlation functions in [1,2]. Further evidence JHEP05(2020)082 of (local) thermalization comes from the time evolution of the entanglement entropy of a subregion A of size L, which is defined as In the scaling limit t , L β , (1.4) it was found in [1,2] that the time evolution of the entanglement entropy, for all CFTs, only depends on the central charge, c, of the CFT and the parameter β of the initial state.
In particular, it was found that the entanglement entropy of region A as a function of time is given by where S vac A is the vacuum entanglement entropy at t = 0 which contains the usual ultraviolet divergence [3], and s eq ≡ πc 3β (1.6) is the thermal entropy density at temperature 1/β. A simpler model for studying time-dependence and (local) thermalization, called the 'thermal double model', was introduced in [4]. In this model, we take two copies of our CFT, i.e. CFT 1 ⊗ CFT 2 , and consider the following entangled state: where |n are the energy eigenstates of the original CFT, |n * are the action of the antiunitarity CPT on |n , and E n are the corresponding energy eigenvalues. Furthermore, we demand that the time evolution is generated by H 1 + H 2 . As a result, the state in eq. (1.7) evolves in time. Now suppose that the subregion A consists of two identical intervals of size L, one in each copy of the CFT. The time dependence of the entanglement entropy for region A in this model was studied in [4]. It was found that this time dependence, up to a factor of 2, is the same as the time dependence in eq. (1.5).
The quantitative behavior of S A (t) in these two models, that is the linear growth for t < L/2 and the saturation for t > L/2, can be described in terms of the propagation of entangled pairs of quasi-particles [1,2]. Assume that EPR pairs of entangled quasi-particles are uniformly produced everywhere at t = 0. Each quasi-particle and its entangled partner move in the opposite direction with (instantaneous) speed v = 1. The entanglement entropy of region A at any time t is proportional to the number of EPR pairs for which one entangled partner is in region A at time t whereas other is outside the region A.

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Now consider two disconnected subregions, A and B. The entanglement entropy for disconnected regions are not completely fixed by the conformal symmetry and hence depends on the details of the CFT [5][6][7]. Nevertheless, it was shown in [7] that the quasiparticle picture correctly captures the evolution of entanglement entropy for disconnected regions for a certain class of theories. In these theories, the asymptotic number of conserved currents is approximately equal to the total number of states. In other words, the central charge of these theories is c = c current , where c current is an effective central charge of the chiral sector of the theory. For this reason, these kind of theories were called 'current dominated' in [7]. Examples of current dominated theories include all rational CFTs and some non-rational CFTs [7].
It is also interesting to study how does the entanglement or correlation between two disconnected regions, A and B, change following a quantum quench. Entanglement entropy S A∪B (t) is not a useful quantity for this purpose. This is because S A∪B (t) measures the entanglement of A and B with the rest of the system instead of measuring the entanglement between A and B. One possible quantity that captures the correlation between two disconnected regions is the mutual information, which is defined as (1.8) For current dominated theories, time evolution of the mutual information can also be described in terms of propagating quasi-particles [26]. In particular, the mutual information at any time is proportional to the number of EPR pairs for which one entangled partner is in region A whereas the other is in region B. For concreteness, suppose that regions A and B are of equal size L and they are separated by a distance . The mutual information in the thermal double model, according to the quasi-particle picture, is [26] This result is true irrespective of whether L > or L < . Time evolution of mutual information of two disconnected region has also been studied for holographic CFTs. Unlike the mutual information in current dominated theories, the mutual information for holographic theories in the scaling limit (β t, L, ) depends on whether L > or L < . For L < , the mutual information vanishes for all time, whereas JHEP05(2020)082 for L > , the mutual information in the thermal double model is given by [12] (1.10) Another quantity that captures the entanglement between two disconnected regions is the logarithmic negativity, which is defined as [27] where ρ T B A∪B denotes the partial transpose with respect to region B. The time evolution of negativity after a quench was studied in [28] for theories for which we expect quasi-particle picture to be valid. It was found that the logarithmic negativity at any instant of time is proportional to the mutual information. More precisely, the negativity is given by Recently, a new measure of entanglement between two disconnected regions, called the reflected entropy, was introduced in [29]. This involves finding the 'canonical' purification of a mixed state ρ. Consider a mixed state ρ ∈ H in its eigenbasis, (1.13) The canonical purification of this state is denoted by √ ρ ∈ H ⊗ H and is given by (1.14) For example, the canonical purification of a thermal state is the thermofield double state. Now given a density matrix ρ AB ∈ H A ⊗ H B and its canonical purification √ ρ AB ∈ H A ⊗ H A ⊗ H B ⊗ H B , the reflected entropy is defined as Our goal in this paper is to study the time evolution of the reflected entropy in rational and holographic CFTs. 1 Owing to its simplicity, we use the thermal double model to study this time evolution. For rational 2 CFTs, we find that the time dependence of the reflected entropy of two disconnected regions (with arbitrary choice of L and ) in the scaling limit is the same as the time dependence of the mutual information. That is, (1.16)

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For holographic theories, we only focus in the limit L → ∞ and finite . In this case, we find that the time evolution of the reflected entropy is (1.17) Various properties of the reflected entropy were derived in [29]. One such property is that the reflected entropy can never be less than the mutual information. That is, (1.18) However, if a pure state |ψ ABC ∈ H A ⊗ H B ⊗ H C has only bipartite entanglement, then it was recently shown in [32] that the bound in eq. (1.18) is saturated. If we take the quasi-particle picture for the evolution of entanglement seriously, then it suggests that the time-dependent state, in the scaling limit, has bipartite entanglement structure. Our result in eq. (1.16) for rational theories provides some more evidence for this bipartite entanglement structure. (Note that our result does not prove the bipartite entanglement structure as GHZ states are also known to saturate the bound in eq. (1.18).) The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we review the tools that we will use in this paper to calculate the time dependence of the reflected entropy. In particular, we review the replica trick for computing reflected entropy in section 2.1 and the holographic dual of the reflected entropy in section 2.2. We perform the main calculations in section 3 and in section 4. In section 3, we mostly focus on rational CFTs and use the replica trick to calculate the time dependence of reflected entropy in a thermal double model. In section 4, we focus on holographic CFTs and use the holographic formula for reflected entropy to calculate the time dependence of reflected entropy. We end with a summary and some possible extensions of our work in section 5.

Reflected entropy in CFTs
In this section, we briefly review the reflected entropy. In section 2.1, we review the replica trick approach of computing the reflected entropy. Then in section 2.2, we discuss the holographic dual of the reflected entropy.

Replica trick in (1 + 1)-dimensions
A replica trick for computing reflected entropy was developed in [29]. This involves writing the reflected entropy in terms of correlation functions of certain codimension-2 twist operators inserted at the boundaries of regions A and B. This trick is powerful especially in (1 + 1)-dimensions where the twist operators become local operators inserted at the end points of regions A and B. In this section, we merely summarize this method of computing reflected entropy in (1 + 1)-dimensional CFTs and refer the readers to [29] for more details.

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Reflected entropy, using replica trick, is given by 3 where Z n,m is a correlation function of twist operators on CFT ⊗mn . In particular, if we denote the end points of region A by a 1 and a 2 and those of region B by b 1 and b 2 , then The conformal dimensions of these twist operators are [29] h is the conformal dimension of the usual twist operators used in the calculation of the entanglement entropy [2]. We will use eq. (2.1) in section 3 to study the time evolution of the reflected entropy in rational CFTs. We will find that the time-dependent reflected entropy, in the scaling limit, is governed by various operator product expansion (OPE) limits of twist operators in eq. (2.2). Therefore, we now review the OPEs of twist operators in eq. (2.2). The OPE of these operators, as discussed in [29], is given by following fusion rules: The conformal dimension of σ AB is given by where h n is defined as in eq. (2.4). Moreover, the OPE coefficient for the last fusion rule in eq. (2.5) is This finishes our brief review of the replica trick method of computing the reflected entropy. Before we apply this method in section 3, we discuss the bulk dual of the reflected entropy for holographic CFTs.

Holographic dual of reflected entropy
In AdS-CFT correspondence, the bulk dual of a boundary subregion is the entanglement wedge. The entanglement wedge corresponding to a boundary subregion is the bulk domain of dependence of a spacelike slice between that boundary subregion and its corresponding Hubeny-Rangamani-Takayanagi (HRT) surface. When the boundary subregion is the union of two disconnected subregion, the entanglement wedge can either be 'connected' or 'disconnected'. The connectedness of the entanglement wedge can be quantified using a bulk quantity, called the 'entanglement wedge cross-section', which was defined in [33,34]. In the following, we review this bulk quantity and its relation to the reflected entropy.
The entanglement wedge cross-section for boundary regions A and B, E W (A|B), can be defined as follows [33,34]: let us denote the HRT surfaces corresponding to boundary regions A ∪ B by m AB and the restriction of the entanglement wedge on some time slice by M AB . Then the region M AB is such that (2.8) Now let us divide m AB into two parts as With this division, we define the entanglement wedge cross-section, E W (A|B), as where the minimization is over all possible divisions in eq. (2.9) and where Σ AB ⊂ M AB is such that and it is homologous to A ∪ m AB . By construction, E W (A|B) trivially vanishes when the entanglement wedge of A ∪ B is disconnected. In this sense, it is a measure of how connected the entanglement wedge is.
It was argued and derived using the holographic replica trick in [29] that the boundary dual of the entanglement wedge cross-section is the reflected entropy. The precise relation between these quantities is [29] S R (A|B) = 2 E W (A|B) . (2.12) This relation is valid in any dimension and for any holographic state. This provides a useful tool to compute the reflected entropy for holographic states. We will use this formula in section 4 to study the time-dependent reflected entropy in a holographic thermal double model.

JHEP05(2020)082 3 Time dependence of reflected entropy in rational CFTs
Consider a doubled copy of a (1 + 1)-d CFT in a thermofield double state given in eq. (1.7). Let A 1 and B 1 are two disconnected regions in CFT 1 whereas A 2 and B 2 are their identical counterparts in CFT 2 . We take regions A and B to be the union A 1 ∪ A 2 and B 1 ∪ B 2 respectively. The reduced density matrix of regions A and B can be constructed as a Euclidean path-integral over an infinite cylinder of size β with open cuts above and below regions A and B [4]. Now according to eq. (2.1) and eq. (2.2), the reflected entropy in the thermal double model is given in terms of the correlation function of twist operators in a cylinder. We follow [4,7] and insert the operators at the end points of regions A and B and at arbitrary Euclidean time. Then we analytically continue to Lorentzian time to get the time-dependence of the reflected entropy.
If we take regions A 1 and A 2 to be intervals [x 1 , x 2 ] and regions B 1 and B 2 to be intervals [x 3 , x 4 ], then the reflected entropy at a given time is given in terms of the following correlation function: In this correlation function, for i = {1, 2, 3, 4}, and for i = {5, 6, 7, 8}. Note that z * i =z i is due to the analytic continuation to Lorentzian time as discussed above.
Note that an infinite cylinder can be mapped to a complex plane using the following conformal transformation: Using this conformal transformation, we write the correlation function in eq. (3.1) as a correlation function on a plane. This yields where Z plane n,m is the following correlation function on a plane:

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Now recall from eq. (2.1) that the reflected entropy is given in terms of the ratio Z cyl n,m / Z cyl 1,m n . We find that the conformal factor in eq. (3.5) drops out from this ratio, and we get This is an interesting observation as it implies that the conformal factor in eq. (3.5) does not contribute to the reflected entropy. 4 Moreover, the reflected entropy in the thermal double model is given by In the following, we compute the time dependence of Z plane n,m and then combine it with eq. (3.8) to get the time dependence of the reflected entropy.

Setup
The discussion in the previous subsection was for arbitrary regions A and B. From now on, for concreteness, we take regions A 1 , B 1 , A 2 , and B 2 to be of equal size L. Furthermore, we denote the separation between A 1 (A 2 ) and B 1 (B 2 ) by . More precisely, we choose x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , and x 4 in eq. (3.2) to be Having specified regions A and B, we now compute the time-dependent reflected entropy. In the following, we consider the following three cases separately: • Case 1: L → ∞.

Case 1: L → ∞
This case is a simplified version of case 2. However, we still think it is a good idea to consider it separately. This is because we expect this simpler case to shed light on interesting aspects of the calculation that will help us in studying case 2 and case 3. More importantly, as we will see in this section, the time dependence of the reflected entropy in this case is completely fixed by the conformal symmetry. Therefore, the results of this section are valid for all CFTs.
In this case, Z plane n,m is given by a four-point function on the plane

(3.17)
This means that the time dependence of the reflected entropy is governed by one of the OPEs in eqs. (2.5). We now use the above observation to compute Z plane n,m in eq. (3.10) as a function of time. For t < /2, we take the OPE limit in eq. (3.16) to get and hence, by virtue of eq. (3.8), For t > /2, on the other hand, we take the OPE limit in eq. (3.17) to get where s eq is given in eq. (1.6).
To summarize, the time-dependence of the reflected entropy in the L → ∞ limit is given by

(3.25)
This is the main result of this section. We reiterate that this result was fixed by the OPEs of the twist operators. We did not have to assume anything about the spectrum of the CFT. Hence, this result is valid for all CFTs, as advertised at the beginning of this section.

Case 2: L >
Recall from eq. (3.6) that Z plane n,m is a eight-point function on a plane. The operators in this correlation function are inserted at for i = {1, 2, 3, 4} and x i are given in eq. (3.9). The calculation of an eight-point function, in general, is quite difficult. However, as we saw in the last subsection, the operators approach each other in the scaling limit. To decide which two operators approach each other, we follow [7] and consider the following cross-ratios: In the scaling limit, these cross-ratios become (3.28) These cross-ratios are sufficient to determine the correct OPE limit in the Euclidean signature. However, this is not the case in the Lorentzian signature, as was discussed in [7].

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This is because an operator can approach a light cone of some other operator. To remedy this, we follow [7] and consider two more cross-ratios (3.30) In the scaling limit, these cross-ratios become . (3.32) Now we calculate the time-dependence of Z plane n,m and that of S R (A|B). For t < /2, all the cross-ratios vanishes. This suggests that the following points approach each other: In this limit, we can use OPEs in eq. (2.5) to write Z plane n,m as Now let us consider /2 < t < L/2. In this case, η 23 andξ approach to 1 while all other cross-ratios vanishes. This corresponds to the following configuration (3.38) In this limit, Z plane n,m is again fixed by OPEs in eq. (2.5). By using these OPE relations, we get This implies the following configuration: In this configuration, w's andw's are in a different channel, and hence, this configuration does not correspond to any OPE limit. Therefore, the OPEs do not fix the eight point function in general. Nevertheless, for current dominated theories such as rational theories, we can treat the 'left-movers' and 'right-movers' separately [7]. This allows us to choose different OPE channels for w's andw's. Using this observation, we get Now using eq. (3.8) and using we get Now we focus on (L + )/2 < t < (2L + )/2. In this case, η 14 and ξ vanishes whereas all other cross-ratios approach 1. This corresponds to the configuration

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Note that this configuration is the same as that in eqs. (3.44)-(3.45). This means that Z plane n,m for rational theories still satisfies eq. (3.47) and hence, the reflected entropy is given by S R (A|B) = 4 s eq (L + /2 − t) . (3.52) Finally, we consider t > (2L + )/2. In this case, all η ij → 1 but ξ =ξ = 0. This corresponds to the configuration: (3.54) In this limit, Z plane n,m is once again fixed by the OPEs in eq. (2.5). Using these OPEs, we get To summarize, we find that the reflected entropy is given by .

(3.57)
Note that this precisely matches the time-evolution of the mutual information in eq. (1.9). That is, in a thermal double model. In the next subsection, we will see that this interesting result is valid even if L < .

Case 3: L <
Here we repeat the calculation of the eight-point function, Z plane n,m , and the reflected entropy but for L < . Note that the time-dependence of cross-ratios that we derived in the last subsection, that is eq. (3.28), eq. (3.31), and eq. (3.32), is still valid in this case. Therefore, we can use these results to decide which two points are approaching each other in the scaling limit.
For t < L/2, all the cross-ratios vanishes. This corresponds to the same configurations as in eqs. (3.33)- (3.34). This means that the reflected entropy is fixed by the OPEs and is the same as in eq. (3.36): (3.59)

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Now we consider L/2 < t < /2. In this case, η 12 and η 34 approach to 1 while all other cross-ratios vanishes. This corresponds to the following configuration Note that this configuration is the same as in eqs. (3.53)-(3.54). This means that the reflected entropy vanishes as in eq. (3.56): Now we focus on /2 < t < (L + )/2. In this case, cross-ratios have the same limits as in eqs. (3.42)-(3.43), and hence, we have the same configuration as in eqs. (3.44)-(3.45). Therefore, we deduce that the reflected entropy is the same as in eq. (3.49): (3.63) Now we assume that (L + )/2 < t < (2L + )/2. In this case, η 14 and ξ vanishes whereas all other cross-ratios approach 1. This corresponds to the same configuration as in eqs. (3.50)-(3.51). Therefore, we deduce that the reflected entropy is the same as in eq. (3.52): (3.64) Finally, we consider t > (2L + )/2. This again corresponds to the configurations in eqs. (3.53)-(3.54). Therefore, we deduce that the reflected entropy vanishes: (3.65) Combining the above results, we find that the time-dependent reflected entropy, even for L < , is given by eq. (3.57). Hence, in a thermal double model, S R (A|B)(t) = I(A|B)(t) . (3.66) As we discussed in section 1, our result that the reflected entropy equals mutual information in a thermal double model provides some more evidence for the quasi-particle picture for the spread of entanglement.

Time dependence of reflected entropy in holographic CFTs
In this section, we compute the time evolution of the reflected entropy in the thermal double model using AdS-CFT correspondence. The holographic dual of the entangled state in eq. (1.7) is a two-sided black brane [35]. This bulk geometry has two exterior regions, each corresponding to a single copy of the CFT. Therefore, the holographic dual of the thermal double model is a two-sided black brane where time is taken to run forwards on both of the exterior regions [4].

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Since our focus in this work is only on (1 + 1)-dimensional CFTs, we consider the BTZ black brane in this section. The metric of the BTZ black string is Note that the two exterior regions are related to each other by continuation t → t + iβ/2. The BTZ black brane is locally equivalent to the Poincare AdS 3 spacetime [36]: Note that the two asymptotic boundaries of an eternal BTZ black brane corresponds to two Rindler wedges of the boundary of the Poincare AdS 3 [37,38]. Moreover, a point on an exterior region of the BTZ black brane can be mapped to a point on the Poincare AdS 3 using [4] z = 1 cosh ρ e 2πx/β , (4.3)

4)
x 0 = tanh ρ sinh (2πt/β) e 2πx/β . (4.5) Since the two exterior regions of the BTZ black brane are related by the continuation t → t + iβ/2, we deduce that map between the other exterior region and the Poincare AdS 3 is z = 1 cosh ρ e 2πx/β , (4.6) x 1 = − tanh ρ cosh (2πt/β) e 2πx/β , (4.7) x 0 = − tanh ρ sinh (2πt/β) e 2πx/β . (4.8) In the following, we will use these maps to relate the calculation of the entanglement wedge cross-section to the length of a geodesic in the Poincare AdS 3 geometry. Before we discuss the entanglement wedge cross-section, we need to discuss how does the entanglement wedge of boundary regions A and B changes as a function of time. This is the topic of the next subsection.

Time dependence of the entanglement wedge
Here we consider the same setup as in section 3.2. That is, both regions A and B consist of identical semi-infinite intervals 5 on each of the asymptotic boundaries of the BTZ black brane, and that they are separated by an interval of size . JHEP05(2020)082 Figure 1. The pictorial representation of one of the two possibilities of the HRT surfaces corresponding to region A ∪ B. We referred to these surfaces as configuration-1. The HRT surfaces (shown as red curves) in this configuration is the union of two surfaces each of which go through the black brane from one asymptotic region to another. The shaded region denotes the entanglement wedge, which is disconnected in this configuration.
To understand what is the entanglement wedge for these boundary regions, we first need to understand the HRT surface for these boundary regions. The boundary anchored surfaces in the two-sided black brane were studied in [4]. It was found that the boundary anchored extremal surface can either go through the black hole from one asymptotic region to another or it can remain entirely in the exterior region. The area of the former surfaces grow linearly with time whereas the area of the latter surfaces scales as the size of the boundary regions where the surfaces are anchored. This implies that the correct HRT surface at any instant of time is given by one of the two possible configurations of the boundary anchored surfaces that we now discuss.
One possible HRT surface is the union of two surfaces each of which go through the black brane. The pictorial representation of this configuration is shown in figure 1. The other possibility consists of two surfaces that are entirely in each of the exterior regions. This is shown in figure 2. The HRT surface at any instant of time is the configuration with the smallest area. The total area of surfaces in the two possible configurations is Configuration-2: Now using these results, we deduce that HRT surfaces are the surfaces in the configuration-1 for t < /2 whereas the HRT surfaces are the surfaces in the configuration-2 for t > /2. Note that the entanglement wedge in the configuration-1 is disconnected as shown in figure 1. As we discussed in section 2.2, the reflected entropy is zero if the entanglement wedge is disconnected. Therefore, the reflected entropy is only non-zero for t > /2. In the next subsection, we explicitly calculate the entanglement wedge cross-section and reflected entropy for this range of time.
JHEP05(2020)082 Figure 2. The pictorial representation of the second possibility of the HRT surfaces corresponding to region A ∪ B. We referred to these surfaces as configuration-2. The HRT surfaces (shown as red curves) in this configuration is the union of two surfaces, both of which remain in the asymptotic regions. As a result, the entanglement wedge (shaded region) in this configuration is connected. The blue surface is the cross-section of the entanglement wedge.

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The length of this geodesic between points P 1 and P 2 , computed using the metric in eq. (4.2), is L 12 = 2 log cosh ρ * R + cosh 2 ρ * R 2 − 1 . (4.17) In the scaling limit, this becomes Now using eq. (2.10), the entanglement wedge cross-section is then given Combining the above result with the holographic formula for the reflected entropy, that is eq. (2.12), and using the standard formula in AdS 3 -CFT 2 correspondence, we get S R (A|B) = 4 s eq (t − /2) , (4.21) where we have also used eq. (1.6).
To summarize, we find that the time-dependent reflected entropy in the limit L → ∞ and finite is given by S R (A|B) = 4s eq × 0 for t < 2 , t − 2 for t > 2 . This finishes our discussion of the time dependence of the holographic reflected entropy when A and B are semi-infinite regions. We find that our result matches the result in eq. (3.25). This should not be surprising, because as we discussed in section 3.2, the time dependence of the reflected entropy for two semi-infinite regions is completely fixed by the conformal symmetry and should be same for all CFTs.

Discussion
In this paper, we have studied the time dependence of the reflected entropy in a thermal double model of [4]. We have focused on (1 + 1)-dimensional rational theories and holographic theories. For rational CFTs, we used the replica trick to calculate the reflected entropy. We found that the time dependence of the reflected entropy is the same as that of the mutual information. For holographic theories, we used the relation between the reflected entropy and the entanglement wedge cross-section to calculate the reflected entropy. As a future direction, it would be interesting to study the time evolution of the reflected entropy in CFTs which are neither rational nor holographic.

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There are many possible directions in which our work can be extended. For example, it has been argued that the dynamics of the entanglement entropy for holographic states can be described in terms of a minimal membrane [24,25]. Since the reflected entropy in the holographic theories is also given by an extremization process, it is fair to expect that a similar membrane description holds for the dynamics of the reflected entropy. 6 It will be interesting to understand this membrane description in detail.
Note added. Similar calculations of the time dependence of the reflected entropy are performed in an independent work [40] that appeared on arXiv simultaneously with the first version of this paper.