Dimension-6 Operator Analysis of the CLIC Sensitivity to New Physics

We estimate the possible accuracies of measurements at the proposed CLIC $e^+e^-$ collider of Higgs and $W^+W^-$ production at centre-of-mass energies up to 3TeV, incorporating also Higgsstrahlung projections at higher energies that had not been considered previously, and use them to explore the prospective CLIC sensitivities to decoupled new physics. We present the resulting constraints on the Wilson coefficients of dimension-6 operators in a model-independent approach based on the Standard Model effective field theory (SM EFT). The higher centre-of-mass energy of CLIC, compared to other projects such as the ILC and CEPC, gives it greater sensitivity to the coefficients of some of the operators we study. We find that CLIC Higgs measurements may be sensitive to new physics scales $\Lambda = \mathcal{O}(10)$TeV for individual operators, reduced to $\mathcal{O}(1)$ TeV sensitivity for a global fit marginalising over the coefficients of all contributing operators. We give some examples of the corresponding prospective constraints on specific scenarios for physics beyond the SM, including stop quarks and the dilaton/radion.


Introduction
In view of the fact that, so far, the couplings of the known particles are consistent with those predicted in the Standard Model (SM), and in the absence of any evidence at the LHC or elsewhere of any particles beyond those in the SM, it is natural to assume that any new physics must involve massive particles that are decoupled at the energies explored so far [1]. Such models of new physics may be explored using the SM Effective Field Theory (SM EFT), which provides a model-independent parametrisation of the low-energy effects of such new physics via higher-dimensional operators constructed out of SM fields [2,3]. In collider physics, operators of dimension 6 are typically the most important, since the dimension-5 Weinberg neutrino-mass operator [4] does not play a rôle 1 . Such operators may be generated at either tree or loop level, and in the latter case the matching to ultraviolet (UV) models is easily achieved by the universal one-loop effective action [7].
We show in this paper that the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) proposal for an e + e − collider with a centre-of-mass energy ≤ 3 TeV [31] has a unique advantage for probing the coefficients of dimension-6 operators in the SM EFT, and hence constraining scenarios for possible new physics beyond the SM. This is because the relative contributions of some dimension-6 operators to scattering amplitudes grow rapidly with the energy E, since interferences with SM amplitudes grow like E 2 relative to the latter, conferring a competitive advantage on a higher-energy collider that can attain measurement accuracies comparable with a lower-energy e + e − collider such as the ILC, FCC-ee or CEPC.
Previous studies of CLIC projections for Higgs physics focused on the W W fusion production mode that dominates Higgs production at higher energies [32]. Here we point out that associated HZ production at 1.4 and 3 TeV could be important for indirect new physics searches, despite the lower statistics. We had previously shown that the analogous Higgsstrahlung production mode at the LHC is particularly sensitive to certain dimension-6 operators whose contributions to the cross-section and kinematic distributions grow with energy [13] (See also Ref. [33]) 4 . For the same reason, inclusion of associated HZ production has a dramatic effect on the SM EFT fit at CLIC.
The layout of this paper is as follows.
In Section 2 of this paper we recall relevant aspects of the SM EFT, highlighting the operators that contribute to processes measurable at CLIC at high energies, such as Higgs production via both e + e − → HZ associated production and vector-boson fusion (VBF), and e + e − → W + W − , which constrains SM EFT coefficients via triple-gauge couplings (TGCs). We also recall that there are some combinations of coefficients of dimension-6 operators that are particularly strongly constrained by electroweak precision tests (EWPTs).
In Section 3 of this paper we provide indicative estimates of the accuracy with which the cross sections for e + e − → HZ and e + e − → W + W − might be measurable at CLIC at centre-of-mass energies ranging from 350 GeV through 1.4 TeV to 3 TeV. We emphasise that these estimates are not yet based on detailed simulations, which are now being prepared by the CLICdp Collaboration. We also repurpose previous ILC studies to estimate how accurately Higgs observables could be measured at CLIC at 350 GeV.
In Section 4 we use these estimates to provide projections of the possible CLIC sensitivity to the coefficients of dimension-6 operators, treated both individually and marginalised in global fits. We provide numerical support for the claim made above that the higher-energy CLIC measurements could provide significantly improved sensitivity to some of these coefficients, precisely by virtue of the growth in their contributions to cross sections relative to calculations in the SM. We find that the dependence on certain operator coefficients may grow by a factor O(100) between 350 GeV and 3 TeV, leading to individual 95% CL sensitivities to new physics that may reach up ∼ 10 TeV via certain operators whose contributions to cross-sections grow with energy.
Section 5 explores the applicability and utility of these CLIC estimates in the contexts of some specific scenarios for physics beyond the SM, namely stop squarks in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the SM (MSSM) and dilaton/radion models.
Finally, Section 6 summarises our conclusions, emphasising the importance of detailed simulations of CLIC data at high energies to justify and refine the estimates we make of the accuracies with which the e + e − → HZ, e + e − → Hνν and e + e − → W + W − cross sections should be measurable at CLIC.

The Standard Model Effective Field Theory
In the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SM EFT) it is assumed that all the known particles have exactly the same renormalisable couplings as predicted in the SM, but that these are supplemented by interactions characterised by higher-dimensional operators constructed out of SM fields. Thus, one considers all possible combinations of SM fields of a given dimensionality that are consistent with the SM SU(3) c ×SU(2) L ×U(1) Y gauge symmetries and Lorentz invariance. We focus here on the leading lepton-numberconserving dimension d ≥ 6 operators, whose Wilson coefficients could be generated by decoupled new physics beyond the SM: The effects of operators with dimensions d > 6 are sub-dominant in such a decouplings scenario -with some exceptions [5] -justifying our focus on the dimension-6 terms in the SM EFT Lagrangian: For the purposes of our analysis, we express the dimension-6 operators O i in the basis of Ref. [12]. The dimensionful parameter Λ in (2.1) reflects the scale of the new decoupled physics, and the coefficients c i are model-dependent. We assume CP conservation and a flavour-blind structure for the operators involving SM fermions, so that the operators relevant for the precision electroweak, Higgs and e + e − → W + W − observables that we include in our fits are those listed in Table 1. Table 1: List of pertinent CP-even dimension-6 operators in the basis [12] that we use.

EWPTs Higgs Physics TGCs
In each case we recall the categories of observables that provide the greatest sensitivities to the operator, possibly in combinations with other operators.
As noted in Table 1, electroweak precision tests (EWPTs), notably those in the leptonic sector of Z-pole observables, provide the greatest sensitivities to the following (combinations of) dimension-6 operators: In writing (2.2), we have introduced coefficientsc i that differ from those in (2.1) by ratios of the squares of an electroweak scale M to the effective scale Λ of new physics: where M ≡ m W for the combination O W + O B , and M ≡ v for the other operators. As also noted in Table 1, the dimension-6 operators (and their linear combinations) relevant to the Higgs and triple-gauge coupling (TGC) measurements used in our fits are Since the EWPTs can constrain very strongly the linear combinationc W +c B , we assumē c B = −c W when fitting Higgs and TGC measurements. When marginalising over the effects of all operators in our global fits this assumption holds less well for the TGCs [35], but is sufficient for our projections where we are mainly interested in a first estimate of the CLIC sensitivity to the scale of new physics 5 . Our fit constrains the coefficients at the respective centre-of-mass energy scales E at which they are measured: c i ≡ c i (E), which are related to their values at the matching scale, c i (Λ), by renormalisation-group equations (RGEs) that we do not consider here [37]. Also, we neglect dimension-8 and higher-order operators in our analysis, as well as the four-fermion operators that do not interfere with the SM amplitudes [9] 6 , whose effects on Z-pole measurements are of the same order in Λ (or M ) as dimension-8 operators. It was pointed out in [15] that these operators and theory uncertainties that we omit could be relevant for Λ 3 TeV. These effects and a consistent treatment of the SM EFT at one-loop level, including matching at one-loop [7], will become relevant for realistic fits as future precision data become available.

CLIC Measurements
The CLIC accelerator is foreseen to be built and operated in a staged approach with several centre-of-mass energy stages ranging from a few hundred GeV up to 3 TeV [31]. The CLIC physics potential for the measurement of a wide range of Higgs boson properties has been investigated in detail based on full detector simulations [32]. For our studies here, three energy stages at 350 GeV, 1.4 TeV and 3 TeV have been assumed.  For each of these three energy stages we use projected constraints on the Higgs measurements from Ref. [32], as summarised in Table 2. The Higgsstrahlung process dom-inates most channels at 350 GeV, whereas vector-boson fusion (VBF) provides more statistics at 1.4 and 3 TeV, providing opportunities to identify and measure a wide range of Higgs decays. For the missing H → γγ, ZZ and Zγ projections at 350 GeV we have treated them as in Ref. [24], assuming similar errors as for the ILC at 250 GeV. This is a good assumption if the errors in the branching ratios scale with the available number of Higgs bosons, which are similar for the ILC with 250 fb −1 at 250 GeV (assuming 80% polarization of the e − beam and 30% polarization of the e + beam) to CLIC with 500 fb −1 at 350 GeV (with no polarization assumed).
Projections for some additional observables are needed for the analysis presented in this paper. Although VBF Higgs production dominates at 1.4 and 3 TeV, one of the main points of this work is to highlight the effect of including HZ associated production at high energies, and its importance for improving the sensitivity to certain dimension-6 operators. Also, the e + e − → W + W − process is important for constraining triple-gauge couplings that are important in global fits, as noted in Table 1. For these reasons, additional estimates have been made for the HZ and W + W − processes at generator level, including smearing and assuming the expected detector resolutions, where appropriate. These studies are summarised in the following. Confirmation of these results with full detector simulations and the study of potential systematic uncertainties are left for future analysis by the CLICdp Collaboration.
The cross sections and event samples were obtained using the WHIZARD 1.95 Monte Carlo program [38,39]. The effects of initial-state radiation (ISR) and beamstrahlung were included in the generation. The expected precisions are normalised to an integrated luminosity of 500 fb −1 /1.5 ab −1 /2 ab −1 at √ s=350 GeV/1.4 TeV/3 TeV.

Higgsstrahlung at High Energy
The process e + e − → HZ, Z → qq, H → bb was chosen to evaluate the expected uncertainty in the Higgsstrahlung cross section at 1.4 and 3 TeV, as it provides the largest event sample. All other processes resulting in four final-state quarks were considered as background. The four vectors of all final-state quarks were smeared assuming an energy resolution of: σ(E)/E = 4%, which corresponds to the jet energy resolution of the CLIC detector models. The most probable Z and Higgs candidate in each event was selected by minimising: where m ij and m kl are the invariant masses of the quark pairs used to reconstruct the Z and Higgs boson candidates, respectively, and σ Z,H are the estimated invariant mass resolutions for hadronic decays of the Z and Higgs bosons. Events with a χ 2 minimum of less than 20 were considered further.
Two b-tags were required for each event. For this purpose, a b-tagging efficiency of 80%/10%/1% was assumed for beauty/charm/light quarks in the final state, as motivated by detailed simulations of realistic CLIC detector models. In order to exclude events with a large energy loss due to ISR or beamstrahlung, the HZ invariant mass was required to be larger than 1.3/2.8 TeV for a centre-of-mass energy of 1.4/3 TeV. After the selection described above, the following uncertainties were obtained: The most promising final states to measure the cross section for the process e + e − → W + W − at CLIC are qqqq and qql ± ν, where l ± is an electron or muon. We assume that the background processes can be suppressed to a negligible level for a signal selection efficiency of 50% in both cases. Only events with a W + W − invariant mass above 330 GeV/1.3 TeV/2.8 TeV have been considered for √ s =350 GeV/1.4 TeV/3 TeV, in order to exclude events in which ISR or beamstrahlung has a large impact. The following precisions are expected when combining both final states:

Projections of CLIC Sensitivities
We now present the potential sensitivities to the coefficients of dimension-6 operators that could be provided by the projected measurements and their errors outlined in the previous section. There are no detailed studies of the sensitivity of CLIC to electroweak precision tests (EWPTs), so we omit such a projection here, referring instead to our previous work on the effects of dimension-6 operators on a leptonic subset of observables in future EWPTs [30]. The main operators affecting Higgs physics and triple-gauge couplings that are of interest for our anlysis arec W ,c HW ,c HB ,c 3W ,c γ andc g . We have calculated the linear dependences of the HZ Higgsstrahlung associated production cross-sections at 1.4 TeV and 3 TeV on these dimension-6 operator coefficients using MadGraph5 [41], with the following numerical results: Similarly, in the cases of the e + e − → W + W − production cross-sections at 350 GeV, 1.4 TeV and 3 TeV, we obtain the following numerical results for the linear dependences on the dimension-6 operator coefficients: We see that the sensitivities to most of the operator coefficients increase substantially with the centre-of-mass energy, for both the Higgsstrahlung and W + W − cross-sections, confirming the expected competitive advantage of the high energies attainable with CLIC.
In particular, the Higgsstrahlung cross-section has a very strong dependence on energy for the dimension-6 operator coefficientsc W ,c HW andc HB , namely a factor O(100) between 350 GeV and 3 TeV. As an illustration, Fig. 1 displays the CLIC sensitivities toc HW for various centre-of-mass energies, also including estimates for 250 GeV and 420 GeV [42] that we do not include in our analysis. The horizontal dashed lines denote the corresponding projected experimental errors in the measurements, based on the estimates in Section 3 for 1.4 and 3 TeV and the recoil cross-section measurement for the lower energies, and the dots indicate the sensitivities toc HW that could be obtained by CLIC runs at these different energies, assuming that this is the only significant SM EFT effect. For comparison, the range ofc HW values excluded by the individual limit obtained from Run 1 LHC data [13] is shaded in blue. We see that CLIC would improve marginally on this limit by running at 250 GeV, with substantial improvements possible with higher-energy runs.
Including all the various Higgs channels of Table 2, we have made global fits to estimate the sensitivities at the various CLIC centre-of-mass energies, using the dependences of the Higgs branching ratios on the dimension-6 operator coefficients provided by eHDECAY [43] in combination with the HZ production cross-section and the constraints on triple-gauge couplings from the W + W − production cross-section. In making our χ 2 fits, we assume Gaussian statistical errors and neglect theoretical uncertainties. The resulting 95% CL limits are plotted in Figs. 2, 3, and 4 for 350 GeV, 1.4 TeV and 3 TeV respectively.
The results from our 350 GeV fit shown in Fig. 2 include the individual limits obtained considering just one operator at a time colour-coded in green and the marginalised limits obtained including all operators in red. The lighter green bounds exclude the constraints coming from W + W − production. Comparing with the darker green bars that include W + W − production, we see that this process can help provide significantly stronger individual limits than can be obtained from Higgs physics alone. Moreover, we note that thec 3W coefficient only affects triple-gauge couplings, so the inclusion of W + W − production is crucial in closing directions of limited sensitivity in marginalised fits. All Higgs observables and the W + W − cross section are included in the marginalised fit where all coefficients are allowed to vary simultaneously (includingc f ,c H , which we omit from these plots as the constraints on them are an order of magnitude worse). The upper horizontal axis in Fig. 2 translates the limits on the barred coefficients to the corresponding scale of new physics Λ at which new physics with unit coupling would generate a coefficient of that size when being integrated out. We note that the actual scale would depend on the information encapsulated in the un-barred coefficients c i , such as the coupling strength of the new physics and whether it is loop-induced or not. With this proviso, we see that the O(10 −3 ) bounds in the 350 GeV fit translate to ∼ 1 TeV sensitivities for the individual fits and ∼ 800 GeV for the marginalised fit, with the notable exceptions ofc γ andc g , which are many times more precise. We note in particular thatc g is multiplied by 100 in Fig. 2, which is equivalent to Λ being multiplied by a factor of 10. As these two coefficients characterise loop-induced processes in the Standard Model, they are the most precise Higgs observables, and can place strong indirect limits on weakly-coupled loop-induced new physics such as stops in the MSSM. The 1.4 TeV fits shown in Fig. 3 take into account, in addition to the Higgs channels of Table 2 and the W + W − cross-section of Section 3.2, also the HZ Higgsstrahlung production cross-section of Section 3.1. The individual limits shown in lightest green exclude both the HZ Higgsstrahlung and W + W − cross-section constraints, while those shown in olive green exclude the former but include the latter. The darkest green limits include both, as do the marginalised limits in red that now reach the ∼ 1 TeV sensitivity forc W ,c HW andc HB . This is largely driven by the inclusion of the Higgsstrahlung observable, which sets individual limits in the multi-TeV range for these operators. We   Similar conclusions hold for the 3 TeV fits whose results are shown in Fig. 3, where the increases in sensitivity are even more marked, with individual limits on some operators reaching the 10 TeV level. This level of sensitivity becomes comparable to that at which future electroweak precision tests may constrain the orthogonal dimension-6 operator combinationc W +c B . A complete fit will then have to be made that includes its effect simultaneously, including the RGE running neglected here, which mixes the coefficients at different energy scales [37].
The results for all three energies are summarised and compared side-by-side in the Fig. 5, where the different shades of green of the individual limit bars denote the effect of including (or not) the HZ Higgsstrahlung constraint. As seen in Eqns. 4.1, the increases with energy of the sensitivities of the operator coefficientsc W ,c B ,c HW andc HB are the most rapid for this observable, and this is reflected in the increased heights of the lightercoloured green bars seen in the left panel of Fig. 5. We conclude that measuring the associated production cross-section for e + e − → ZH increases significantly the CLIC sensitivities to these operator coefficients. On the other hand, the sensitivity toc 3W is due exclusively to the W + W − cross-section observable, as seen in Eqns. 4.2. Finally, we note that the sensitivities toc γ andc g shown in the right panel of Fig. 5 increase relatively slowly with energy, as already seen in Eqns. 4.1.
Comparing with the analysis of ILC and FCC-ee sensitivities to individual SM EFT dimension-6 coefficients shown in Fig. 9 of [30], we see that CLIC data at 3.0 TeV would be significantly more sensitive toc HW and somewhat more sensitive toc HB , whereas the CLIC sensitivities at 1.4 TeV would be comparable to those attainable at ILC/FCC-ee. On the other hand, the CLIC sensitivity toc 3W is weaker than ILC/FCC-ee. In the cases ofc γ andc g , we see that CLIC could impose stronger constraints than the ILC, but weaker than FCC-ee.

The Reach of CLIC for Specific UV Scenarios
In order to contextualize the precision achieved by CLIC for the coefficients of the SM EFT operators, one may consider some specific models that could source the EFT coefficients. Accordingly we discuss in this Section two archetypical examples of UV completions of the EFT Lagrangian, specifically theories with more scalar particles beyond the Higgs boson, namely stops in the MSSM and a dilaton/radion model.
The phenomenology of these models has been widely studied, as well as their potential LHC signatures: see, e.g., [44] for a discussion of indirect constraints on stops with an explicit comparison of SM EFT and exact Feynman diagram calculations. In this connection, we note that direct searches for stops and other new scalars are necessarily model-dependent in nature, so that their reach is limited to specific assumptions and areas of parameter space, whereas indirect constraints are insensitive to assumptions about their production and decay modes. Indirect probes for new physics do not rely on the same set of assumptions as direct searches, and hence are a source of complementary information as well as a different way of finding new physics.
Virtual effects of stops in Higgs production via gluon fusion can be parametrized as an overall re-scaling of the rate, namely Loops of stops would induce modifications in the production rate of the Higgs as follows [45]: where the SM loop contribution is proportional to F SM g −2/1.41, and C g (α s ) = 1+ 25 αs 6 π . The function F g encodes the effect of stops in loops, and is a function of the stop masses (mt 1,2 ) and the mixing angle θ t between the two chirality eigenstates: 3) The best current bounds on κ g come from combined the Run 1 analysis of Higgs properties by ATLAS and CMS [46], which reached a precision of about 20%, i.e., ∆κ g = |κ g − 1| 0.2 at 95% CL. Prospects for the High-Luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) are discussed in [47], and with 3000 fb −1 an improvement by a factor of about 3 is expected, leading to ∆κ g 6.7%. One can translate the limit on κ g in terms of the EFT coefficientc g that appears in the EFT framework, as follows: In left panel of Fig. 6 we compare the current sensitivity to MSSM stops with the HL-LHC and CLIC prospects. We present the results in terms of the lightest stop eigenvalue mt 1 and the mass separation from the heavier eigenstate ∆m 2 = m 2 t 2 − m 2 t 1 . We see that the current indirect limit on a light stop of around 200 GeV will improve by a factor of two with the full HL-LHC dataset. This reach would be surpassed by CLIC in any energy scenario. Specifically, in the case of CLIC at 350 GeV, we see that the sensitivity to mt 1 is O(500) GeV, well beyond the direct production limit of 175 GeV, so the SM EFT is quite accurate in this case [44]. On the other hand, whereas the sensitivity with CLIC at 1.4 TeV is increased to mt 1 ∼ 600 GeV, this is below the threshold at which the stop is integrated out and no better than the direct search sensitivity, while similarly the increased indirect sensitivity with CLIC at 3 TeV, mt 1 ∼ 700 GeV is significantly less than the direct kinematic reach 7 . This is to be expected as the stops are mainly constrained by thec g operator coefficient that does not benefit from an energy growth in the cross-section at 1.4 and 3 TeV.
Another set of particularly interesting models is that with extended Higgs sectors, where massive scalar states could naturally evade discovery at the HL-LHC but lead to deviations in Higgs couplings that could be observed at CLIC. We focus here on the simplest such extension, namely a dilaton, or its dual, a radion scalar particle r. These new particles are dual to each other, and couple to the SM via the stress tensor T .
The radion/dilaton mass is linked to the mechanism of stabilization of the extradimension or the explicit breaking of dilatation symmetry. The result is very scenariodependent, and it could be very light as well as around the scale of compactification (or spontaneous breaking) f , see e.g. [48,49]. Integrating r out produces the effective Lagrangian one obtains the following effective Lagrangian [50] L ef f = − where T is the trace of the stress-energy tensor. The relevant terms in the stress tensor for the Higgs and gauge bosons are where V = −m 2 h |Φ| 2 + λ|Φ| 4 and the b i are the β-function coefficients, which lead to anomalous violations of scale invariance. The values of the b i depend on the degree of compositeness of fermions in the SM and possible new physics contributions. For example, in conformal field theories (CFTs) one typically obtains, b CF T i = 8π 2 /(g 2 i log(µ IR /Λ U V )) [49], in which case One can easily read off the following coefficients of dimension-6 operators: (5.8) One could also consider a more general situation with a non-universal dilaton/radion coupling. This would lead to a prefactor in the coefficients of the effective operators, dependent on the degree of overlap of the wavefunctions in the bulk (radion) or participation on the composite dynamics of the species (dilaton), but we do not enter into details here.
The dominant dilaton/radion production mechanism at CLIC would be in association with a Z boson, e + e − → Z → Zr. In the case of CLIC at 350 GeV, the production crosssection scales as ∼1 pb (1 TeV/f ) 2 for m r 200 GeV, and at 3.0 TeV CLIC would produce 1-TeV radions with a cross-section 0.5 pb (1 TeV/f ) 2 . In models where the composite dynamics is related to the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking, one finds that the radion/dilaton decays predominantly to massive particles whenever kinematically allowed, with ratios 2 : 1 : 1 to the final states W + W − , ZZ and hh respectively [51]. Therefore the signatures at the LHC are dominated by diboson decays, which are most distinctive in the high-mass region (above a TeV).
We show in the right panel of Fig. 6 indirect limits on the radion parameter space via the effect on the SM EFT with the constraintsc HW = −c W andc W +c B 0. We also compare with the limits from the Run-I fit [13] and an optimistic ballpark estimate of an improvement of a factor ten forc HW in the high-luminosity LHC runs. We see that CLIC can extend the indirect reach for the radion mass into the TeV scale, greatly exceeding the direct reach of the LHC. However, we note that for CLIC at 3 TeV the exclusion contour extends into a region where the EFT expansion breaks down, though there could still be indirect probes of the radion via the behaviour of the Higgs.
As far as direct searches are concerned, we note that a non-universal dilaton/radion could decay predominantly to an invisible final state or one that is particularly difficult to detect. At 3 TeV, the cross section for e + e − to neutrinos and a Z boson is 2 pb, much larger than the cross section expected in the dilaton/radion model considered here. So, if the radion/dilaton decays into invisible (undetectable) final states, further kinematic selections would be needed to distinguish new phenomena from the neutrino background. This example illustrates the complementarity between indirect and direct probes, as they are based on different assumptions about the couplings to SM particles and dominant branching ratios.
The gain in sensitivity for CLIC at 1.4 and 3 TeV comes from the energy dependence of certain operators that can place tight constraints on their Wilson coefficients. However, if the mass scale of the UV physics being integrated out lies below the kinematic threshold then the parameter space of such models is outside the regime of EFT validity. On the other hand, in some strongly-coupled models the UV mass scale may lie significantly beyond this validity threshold [6,33]. This may occur if there is a strong coupling whose degeneracy with the UV mass scale can maintain a fixed value for the Wilson coefficient's contribution to the cross-section. For example, Ref. [33] discusses a model of composite fermions whose effects in Higgsstrahlung can be generated byc W −c B via such a strong coupling. Such a scenario would be beyond the direct reach of CLIC but may still be probed indirectly in the higher-energy runs with an SM EFT analysis.

Summary and Conclusions
We have emphasized in this paper the potential importance of measurements of e + e − → HZ, Hνν and W + W − in high-energy CLIC running for indirectly probing possible new physics beyond the SM by constraining the coefficients of dimension-6 operators in the SM EFT. We have stressed, and shown numerically, that the increased relative importance of interferences between SM and dimension-6 EFT amplitudes at high energies provides opportunities in the processes e + e − → HZ and W + W − , in particular.
These processes have not yet been simulated in detail by the CLICdp Collaboration [31,32], so we have presented estimates of the prospective precision with which their cross-sections could be measured in CLIC running at 1.4 and 3 TeV. We have then incorporated these estimates in fits of the relevant SM EFT coefficients, showing that such measurements are orders of magnitude more sensitive than low-energy measurements. In some cases, the sensitivity to new physics in individual dimension-6 operator coefficients may reach the level of 10 TeV, greater than that attainable with the ILC of FCC-ee [30].
We matched the coefficients on to specific UV models and analysed the implications for the indirect sensitivity to new particles in these scenarios. We find that CLIC at 350 GeV may outperform the indirect constraints from LHC and HL-LHC on stops and radions/dilatons. The 1.4 and 3 TeV runs, on the other hand, are uniquely sensitive to operators whose contributions to the Higgsstrahlung process grows with energy. They may be used to constrain specific strongly-coupled models of composite fermions that are inaccessible to direct searches.
Our results motivate more detailed studies including additional benchmark analyses based on full CLIC detector simulations at high energies, with the aim of verifying and refining our estimates of the accuracies with which the cross-sections for e + e − → HZ and W + W − could be measured at CLIC. It has long been clear that the higher centreof-mass energies attainable with CLIC offer significant advantages in direct searches for heavy particles that appear in scenarios for physics beyond the SM. The results of our paper indicate that the same should be true for indirect searches for such new physics.