Boundary dynamics of asymptotically flat 3D gravity coupled to higher spin fields.

We construct a two-dimensional action principle invariant under a spin-three extension of BMS3 group. Such a theory is obtained through a reduction of Chern-Simons action with a boundary. This procedure is carried out by imposing a set of boundary conditions obtained from asymptotically flat spacetimes in three dimensions. When implementing part of this set, we obtain an analog of chiral WZW model based on a contraction of sl(3, ℝ) × sl(3, ℝ). The remaining part of the boundary conditions imposes constraints on the conserved currents of the model, which allows to further reduce the action principle. It is shown that a sector of this latter theory is related to a flat limit of Toda theory.


Introduction
Three-dimensional gravity has proven to be an excellent laboratory for testing holographic dualities. For example, the study of asymptotically Anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetimes was an early precursor of the AdS/CFT conjecture when Brown and Henneaux found that the group of symmetries at infinity correspond to the two-dimensional conformal group [1]. Furthermore, it was proved that Einstein-Hilbert action in presence of negative cosmological constant can be reduced to Liouville theory [2], which is known to be conformally invariant. In this sense, Liouville theory can be regarded as a classical dual of 3D Einstein gravity with negative cosmological constant.
Recently, the interaction of higher spin fields with gravity has received a lot of attention. In particular, it has been noticed that AdS 3 asymptotics encodes not only conformal symmetry, but also the infinite dimensional W -algebra, which involves excitations of higher spin fields [3,4]. In addition, as argued in [3], three-dimensional higher spin gravity can be reduced to Toda theory, a generalization of Liouville model possessing higher spin conserved charges [5,6]. This is a well-known fact due to prior work of [7,8] (for a review see JHEP05(2014)127 e.g., [9]), where it was established that Toda (Liouville) theory is obtained as a Hamiltonian reduction of Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) model.
When the cosmological term is absent, it is possible to find similar features as in the AdS 3 case. In fact, three-dimensional asymptotically flat spacetimes contain an infinite set of transformations which preserves the conformal structure of null infinity [10,11], which gives rise to the so-called bms 3 algebra, whose representation through Poisson brackets picks up a central term [10]. These set of transformations are in correspondence to the AdS case when one takes a suitable vanishing cosmological constant limit [12]. Related recent work using this approach, following the holographic renormalization program, appeared in [13,14]. In [15], a map between flat and AdS 3 geometries was developed by introducing Grassmann variables. In the context of non-relativistic two-dimensional systems, it has been shown that bms 3 algebra is isomorphic to Galilean Conformal Algebra, gca 2 [16,17].
Interestingly enough, higher spin gravity in three dimensions on a flat background can be formulated in terms of a Chern-Simons action [18]. In this setup, higher spin fields can be consistently truncated to a finite set. Moreover, a set of asymptotic conditions can be devised in order to accommodate a higher spin generalization of bms 3 algebra [19,20]. These results were re-obtained from the ones found for asymptotically AdS spacetimes by using a gauge choice that allows to take the flat spacetime limit.
In this note we use the asymptotic conditions presented in [19,20] in order to reduce Chern-Simons action down to a first order Lagrangian involving scalar fields. This model is a generalization of the bms 3 -invariant theory found in [21] and it can be related to a flat spacetime limit of sl(3, R) Toda theory. Furthermore, this reduction will also be studied at the level of the conserved quantities present in the theory and their algebra.
The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, specific sets of the asymptotic conditions are selected from the on-shell gauge field. It is also explained how they will be used to reduce the theory. Section 3 is devoted to the construction of a well defined Chern-Simons action principle. With this at hand, we solve the constraints inside of this regularized action, producing a two-dimensional theory, analog to a WZW model [22] based on a contraction of sl(3, R) × sl(3, R).
In section 4, the symmetries of this latter model are reviewed. It is shown to possess two types of conserved currents, whose Poisson brackets give rise to a Kac-Moody algebra.
In section 5, we build charge densities as bilinear and cubic invariants of the currents. These cubic quantities are suitable generalizations of the Sugawara construction. 1 The algebra of these densities produces a spin-three extension of bms 3 algebra without central extensions.
Part of the boundary conditions discussed in section 2 will impose constraints on the conserved currents of the WZW model. In section 6 these conditions will be first used to further reduce the theory at the level of the action. There, we make use of the Gauss decomposition for the group element and conveniently rewrite the constraints in order to impose them directly inside of the Lagrangian. The outcome of this procedure is a theory JHEP05(2014)127 which can be regarded as the classical dual of asymptotically flat gravity coupled to spinthree fields. 2 Moreover, as shown in section 7, a sector of this reduced theory is related by a field redefinition with a flat limit of Toda theory written in Hamiltonian form. In the second part of section 6, we implement further conditions on the currents which enables to define Dirac brackets of the reduced theory. Under these brackets, linear and central terms are added to the Poisson algebra computed in the previous section. As expected, this result coincides exactly with the previous analysis done in [19,20].
Finally, in section 8, we comment on the generalization of these results to higher rank algebras.

Boundary conditions
Our starting point is the Chern-Simons formulation in (2+1)-dimensions. For simplicitly, we will work with the spin-three case, closely following the conventions of [19]. In particular, we consider a gauge field A, where J a and P a comprise the Poincaré algebra whereas J ab and P ab are new symmetric and traceless generators. 3 All of them satisfy the following commutation relations, This algebra has been obtained as a Wigner-Inönü contraction of sl(3, R) × sl(3, R). See appendix A for conventions.
As it was shown in [19,20], it is possible to find a class of solutions to the equations of motions which possess the following form: where r is a radial coordinate, φ is an angle and u is a null coordinate playing the role of time. Here M, J , W and V stand for arbitrary functions of φ. Under bms 3 transformations M, J transform as spin-two generators, while W, V do as spin-three. The above solution encodes all the necessary information to reduce CS action to a theory defined on the boundary of the spacetime. We will take into account some features of (2.3) in an off-shell formulation. In particular, it will be important to consider:

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(i) In order to define a differentiable action principle (in the sense of the Regge-Teitelboim approach, [30]) we will implement, as boundary conditions. This allows to reduce Chern-Simon action down to a flat version of WZW model.
(ii) The following set of conditions will impose first class constraints on certain components of the conserved currents associated to the flat WZW model. In turn, they further reduce the model obtained using condition (i). They are given by (iii) When constructing Dirac brackets, we will impose extra constraints in order to completely fix the gauge freedom. These constraints can be read off from In the forthcoming sections we will use each of these conditions to perform every step of the reduction. The analysis considers a boundary at future null infinity, r → ∞ and u = const. Also, we do not take into account either contributions of localized sources or global aspect such as holonomies.

From CS to WZW
To begin with, let us consider Chern-Simons theory in three dimensions, in presence of a boundary ∂M, where the manifold M is considered to be the real line times the disc. The bracket · · · in (3.1) stands for a non-degenerate invariant bilinear product (see [19] for details). The Newton constant is related to k by Due to its topological nature, it has been realized that this theory can be defined as an action over ∂M [31,32]. In order to show this fact for Chern-Simons based on Liealgebra (2.2), it will be convenient to express action (3.1) in terms of generalized driebein and spin connection

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where J a and J ab form a representation of sl(3, R) These variables transform action (3.1) into an equivalent Einstein-Hilbert form where the non-vanishing traces are given by Reducing (3.6) to a boundary theory must be done in two steps. First, a well-defined action principle is in order, in which the classical set of solutions (2.3) constitute a true extremum, in the sense that This is accomplished by adding boundary terms to the action such that the asymptotic behavior of the fields (2.3) fulfills (3.8). Secondly, the constraints must be solved. Both steps can be easily done in the Hamiltonian formulation. By performing a decomposition in time and space, i.e. E = E u du + E i dx i and Ω = Ω u du + Ω i dx i , one can see that the action is already written in Hamiltonian form after discarding boundary terms If we the take the variation of I, we obtain Note that when evaluated on-shell, the bulk piece vanishes. The remaining boundary term becomes integrable when the boundary conditions (i) are taken into account. In terms of E and Ω variables, these conditions read with which one can define a new action principle given by,  (3.14) and can be locally solved, yielding 4 where Λ is an element of SL(3, R) and a lives on its algebra. The idea now, is to use these fields in order to construct an action principle entirely defined at the boundary. However, the field content depends on variables located not only at the boundary, but also at the bulk (r coordinate). In order to parameterize this r-dependence, we will first impose partial gauge-fixing conditions, which in this case will be given by where f is a Lie algebra valued function. It is important to note that these conditions are compatible with the on-shell solution (2.3) but they differ from the one used in [33]. Also, they imply that Λ and a can be written as where β is defined through the relation ∂ r β = f . Hence, these relations lead to modified expressions for the generalized spin connection and dreibein, By replacing these expressions back in (3.12), we obtain the following action principle, Note that this model was first obtained in the iso(2, 1) case, when analog boundary conditions were taken into account [33]. There, it was shown that this theory can be obtained as a flat limit of the sum of two chiral WZW actions. For this reason, we will refer to (3.22) as "Flat WZW model". A similar action was also found in [34] for boundary conditions not related to asymptotically flat spacetimes at null infinity.

JHEP05(2014)127 4 Symmetries of flat WZW action
In what follows we consider action (3.22) where λ is an element of SL(3, R) and α belongs to its Lie algebra. For simplicity, we will refer to the J a and J ab matrices simply as T A , where capital latin indexes runs from 1 to 8. In this notation, the Killing metric and the structure constants can be computed as Algebra indexes will be raised and lowered with g AB and g AB respectively. Note that, both g AB and f ABC can be extracted from relations (3.7) and (3.5).
Let us now review general features of this model. As with chiral WZW [32,35], this action contains a first class constraint which gives rise to gauge transformations Besides from this time-dependent transformation, this action is invariant under two global symmetries. We will show that the symmetry algebra of the associated currents corresponds to an affine extension of (2.2). The first transformation is given by, where σ is a Lie algebra valued function depending only on φ. By means of Noether theorem, the components of the conserved current ∂ µ P µ = 0 generated by this symmetry, are The second symmetry correspond to the parameter θ is some Lie algebra element depending only on the angular coordinate. Its associated conserved current ∂ µ J µ = 0 can be cast into For the iso(2, 1) case, the algebra of these currents was worked out in [33] after a lengthy Hamiltonian analysis. Here we will adopt the approach of [36], where it was shown that for JHEP05(2014)127 a given current J X , where X stands for the parameter of the transformation, the Poisson bracket {J X 1 , J X 2 } can be read from, where δ X 2 J X 1 is the variation of J X 1 with respect to the symmetry X 2 , [X 1 , X 2 ] represents the Lie bracket and K X 1 ,X 2 is a potentially non-vanishing central extension. In order to apply this procedure, we will define the smeared currents, Then, by a direct application of (4.9) we obtain, If we write the Poisson brackets relations in terms of J A and P A , they become which is the affine extension of algebra (2.2). In the next section we will show that the higher spin extended bms 3 algebra can be obtained from this algebra through a generalization of Sugawara construction including higher spin charges.

Extended Sugawara construction
The chiral WZW flat model (3.22) based on sl(3, R) Lie algebra contains a generalization of the bms 3 algebra involving generators with spin s = 2, 3. Indeed, the spin-two densities are constructed as quadratic invariants of the currents, Using (4.14), the algebra of these densities gives

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which is recognized as bms 3 algebra without central extensions. Unlike the sl(2, R) case, the greater rank algebra which we are working with allows to define cubic invariants 5 where d ABC is an invariant sl(3, R) tensor constructed as and finally, by using relation (A.6), we obtain (5.6) Algebra (5.2), (5.5), (5.6) can be regarded as a spin-3 extension of bms 3 . The main difference of this algebra with the one found in [19,20] is the central term. In order to incorporate central extensions we have to take into account boundary conditions (ii). This requires the introduction of gauge fixing conditions (iii) in such a way that the complete system of reduction conditions become second class. This will be discussed in section 6.2.

Reduced flat WZW model
In this section, we implement the remaining conditions in the flat WZW model. The purpose is twofold: first, in section 6.1, a reduced theory will be obtained when solving the condition (ii) inside of the action. On the other hand, in section 6.2, conditions (ii), (iii) will be used to implement Dirac brackets of densities (5.1), (5.3) defined in the previous section. 5 One could also consider quantities such as but we will not use them since they vanish when (ii) and (iii) are implemented.

Reduction of the action
We will perform the reduction at the level of the action (3.22). The outcome of this procedure will be a theory possessing the higher-spin-extended bms 3 as a global symmetry.
To accomplish this task, it is better to decompose the group element λ as, where we have made use of the Gauss decomposition, using the Cartan basis for sl(3, R). This representation consists of two commuting generators H i and six generators E ± a labeled by roots a (See appendix A for details on conventions and the relation with basis (3.5)). Fields σ a , ϕ i , τ a are arbitrary scalars.
The basis H i , E ± a can always be chosen to fulfill the following trace relations where K ij corresponds to the Cartan matrix of sl(3, R). Also, it will be of particular importance to identify the generators E ± a labeled by simple roots, which will be denoted as, 7 when a i is a simple root. (6.5) Note that there are as many simple roots as generators H i . Reduction conditions (6.1) can be translated in terms of the Cartan basis. First, those which involve components of P, i.e., ψ 1 , ψ 3 and ψ 5 , can be expressed as where the superscript (−) denotes the components along the Lie algebra element E − a and the sum is taken over the negative simple roots. The coefficients µ i are given by

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It is convenient to rewrite condition (6.6) in terms of the Gauss decomposition of λ. This can be accomplished by making use of the trace relations (6.4) and the commutation relations (A.8), (A.9) given in appendix A. Using this, we find On the other hand, reductions conditions involving components of J , i.e., ψ 2 , ψ 4 and ψ 6 , imply (λ −1 α λ) (−) = 0, (6.8) which, in terms of Gauss decomposition, can be simplified to With reduction conditions (6.7) and (6.9) at hand, we are ready to apply them inside of the action. The flat WZW action (3.22) can be expressed as where we have discarded boundary terms in order to impose directly relations (6.7) and (6.9). In fact, by using relations (6.4), one obtains . Action (6.11) is the natural generalization to sl(3, R) of the results found in [33]. Note that, apart from the global symmetry transformations, this model also inherits the zero mode transformations (4.2) present in the flat WZW action (6.12) where f i and g i are arbitrary functions. In section 7, it will be shown that action (6.11) is related to a suitable limit of sl(3, R) Toda theory. However, this latter theory is devoid of transformations (6.12).

Dirac charge algebra
The next step is to determine the Poisson structure associated to the charges of the reduced action (6.11). To do so, we must implement first class conditions (6.1) inside of algebra (5.2), (5.5), (5.6). This is achieved by imposing gauge fixing conditions (6.2) and constructing Dirac brackets.

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If we denote as Φ = {ψ, χ} the set of all constraints, the Dirac bracket between any quantities A and B read, (6.13) where C αβ (φ, φ ) = {Φ α (φ), Φ β (φ )} is the constraint Poisson bracket matrix. By a straightforward, albeit tedious computation, one is able to find the bracket of densities M, J , W, V on the surface defined by constraints Φ, leading to This is the standard bms 3 algebra of pure General Relativity in three dimensions [10]. Furthermore, generators W and V still transform with spin-three however, the algebra among the spin-three generators get modified by linear and central terms, When expressing in Fourier modes, one obtains the same result as in [19]. Indeed, definitions The explicit form of the constraint matrix, some intermediate expressions needed to evaluate (6.13) and the above algebra expressed in modes will be presented in appendix B.

Connection with flat limit of Toda theories
We will prove that action (6.11) can be regarded as a suitable flat limit of sl(3, R) Toda theory. In order to demostrate this assertion, let us specify an appropriate limit. In its Hamiltonian form, Toda theory on a cylinder of radius l is defined by, where G ij is the inverse of the Cartan matrix, fields ϕ i and π i are canonical pairs, whereas γ and M i are coupling constants. This theory is known to be invariant under two copies of W -symmetry [5,6,8].
The flat limit of (7.1) consists in taking l → ∞. However, as it occurs with Liouville theory [21], by simply taking the limit, the resulting theory possesses a charge algebra which does not include central terms, hindering the connection with asymptotically flat spacetimes in three dimensions. Therefore, along the lines of [21], we first rescale the fields as and then take l → ∞, keeping M i and β = γl fixed, obtaining It is important to stress that this is a first order action which does not have a second order counterpart.
The interesting observation is that flat-Toda action can be related to (6.11) by a field redefinition. In fact, by defining and replacing back in (7.3), we obtain action (6.11) (up to a boundary term), provided β 2 = 8π k .

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A few comments on (7.4) are in order. A similar kind of transformation has been previously used to obtain the bms 3 invariant Liouville theory from the corresponding model (6.11) [33]. Nonetheless, transformation (7.4) differs since it is explicitly time dependent. However, in both cases, zero modes (6.12) are dropped by these field redefinitions. The origin of this exclusion can be traced back to the identification of Π i with (ξ i ) , which is not invertible in the zero mode sector. This feature has been previously observed when two chiral bosons are combined giving rise to Liouville theory [37].

Comments on higher rank groups
Results presented in the previous sections are easily generalized beyond the sl(3, R) case. If we consider the model (3.22) for λ ∈ SL(n, R) and α ∈ sl(n, R), we can construct densities with spin s, where 3 ≤ s ≤ n. Indeed, they can be written as where d A 1 ···As are symmetric invariant tensors of sl(n, R). The commutation relations of these quantities with M and J become The above expressions show that V s and W s transform as spin-s generators. Hence, we expect that the whole set {M, J , W 3 , V 3 . . . W n , V n } spans the spin-n extension of bms 3 algebra. Note that for the sl(n, R) case, the asymptotic form of the connection A was given in [19] These generalized boundary conditions does not alter significantly the form of the reduction relations (ii) and (iii), leaving (i) unchanged. As a result, the procedure carried out in section 6 is still true for higher order groups. In this case, (ii) is translated into conditions on the components of the currents along the negative simple roots of the Cartan basis. Accordingly, the reduced model acquires the same form as in (6.11) provided K ij being the Cartan matrix of sl(n, R).
The full spin-n extension of bms 3 algebra, along with the Dirac bracket computation, will be presented elsewhere.

JHEP05(2014)127 9 Conclusions
We have built the two-dimensional action principle invariant under a spin-three extension of BMS 3 group, which at classical level corresponds to the dual of asymptotically flat gravity coupled to spin-three fields. The charges associated to this theory span an algebra which coincides with the previous analysis [19,20]. We have shown that this latter theory is related to a flat spacetime limit of Toda theory.
The importance of these results is twofold. From the point of view of holography, these reduced models are appropriate candidates to understand a quantum duality of higher spin gravity on asymptotically flat geometries. On the other hand, the properties of these nonlinear algebras can be better understood, in particular, in its relation with W -algebras. In this sense, this work supports the fact that asymptotically flat spacetimes have structures as rich as spaces with AdS 3 asymptotics.
In section 6, we have made use of Chevalley basis. The algebra spanned by generators H i and E ± i takes the form The rest of the algebra can be obtained by repeated commutations of E ± i . It gives The explicit matrices are given by, (A.10) The relation between the Chevalley basis and the J a , J ab reads (A.11)

JHEP05(2014)127 B Dirac bracket computation
Here we display useful formulae for the computation of Dirac brackets. The Poisson brackets matrix of the constraints (6.1) and (6.2), C αβ (φ, φ ) = {Φ α (φ), Φ β (φ )}, turns out be where δ ≡ δ(φ−φ ) and δ ≡ ∂ φ δ(φ−φ ). We look for the inverse of C αβ , in such a way that where Furthermore, in order to compute the brackets of the densities with the constraints Φ, the following relations are useful Finally, bms 3 algebra (6.14) in terms of modes (6.17) gives, Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.