Hidden-charm and bottom tetra- and pentaquarks with strangeness in the hadro-quarkonium and compact tetraquark models

In two recent papers, we used the hadro-quarkonium model to study the properties of hidden-charm and bottom tetraquarks and pentaquarks. Here, we extend the previous results and calculate the masses of heavy-quarkonium-kaon/hyperon systems. We also compute the spectrum of hidden-charm and bottom tetraquarks with strangeness in the compact tetraquark (diquark-antidiquark) model. If heavy-light exotic systems with non-null strangeness content were to be observed experimentally, it might be possible to distinguish among the large variety of available theoretical pictures for tetra- and pentaquark states and, possibly, rule out those which are not compatible with the data.

Here, we extend the hadro-quarkonium model findings of refs. [64,65] and calculate the spectrum of hidden-charm and bottom tetraquarks and pentaquarks with strangeness. The hadro-quarkonium picture was developed to explain the experimental observation of heavy-light tetraquark candidates characterized by peculiar properties [53,67]. Firstly, these exotics are supposed not to be particularly close to a specific heavy-light mesonmeson threshold, unlike D 0D * 0 in the X(3872) case. Secondly, such states may decay into heavy quarkonia plus one or more light mesons, like η c + η. Even though it was meant for the description of tetraquarks, the hadro-quarkonium model can be easily extended to the baryon sector to study pentaquarks [59][60][61]65].
We also compute the masses of heavy-light tetraquarks with non-null strangeness content in the compact tetraquark model of refs. [46,48,50]. In the compact tetraquark model, heavy-light qQqQ states are modeled as the bound states of a diquark, qQ, antidiquark,qQ, pair. The diquark constituents are treated as inert against internal spatial excitations. Their binding is the consequence of one-gluon-exchange forces and their relative dynamics can be described in terms of a relative coordinate r rel . The calculation of the spectrum of compact pentaquark configurations in the diquark model is more difficult than that of compact tetraquarks because one has to deal with a three-body problem instead of a two-body one; moreover, one also has to consider both diquark-diquark and diquark-antiquark interactions. This is why here we do not provide results for compact (diquark-diquark-antiquark) pentaquarks, which will be the subject of a subsequent paper.
Our predictions for strange hidden-charm and bottom tetraquarks and, especially, those for P c and P b pentaquarks with non-null strangeness content may soon be tested by LHCb. 2 Hadro-quarkonium model The possible existence of binding mechanisms of charmonium states in light-quark matter was discussed long ago [68][69][70] in terms of the interaction of charmonium inside nuclei. The idea of hadro-charmonium (hadro-quarkonium) bound states resembles the previous one.
Finally, the hadro-quarkonium quantum numbers are obtained by combining those of the hadrons ψ and H, Here, J hq = J ψ + J H , the hadro-quarkonium parity is P = (−1) hq P ψ P H , and hq is the relative angular momentum between ψ and H. From now on, unless explicitly indicated, we assume that hq = 0.

Spectra of strange hidden-charm and bottom tetra-and pentaquarks in the hadro-quarkonium model
In this section, we discuss our results for the spectrum of heavy quarkonium-strange hadron bound states. The binding energies are computed in the hadro-quarkonium model of section 2 and refs. [53,64,65] by solving the two-body eigenvalue problem of eq.  Table 2. Hadro-quarkonium model predictions for charmonium-Σ and Ξ bound states. The pentaquark binding energies and masses (5th column) are calculated with the values of the chromoelectric polarizabilities α ψψ (n ) (3rd column). Here, n = u or d. The bound states are S-wave configurations (i.e. hq = 0), except where explicitly indicated. In some cases, the V hq potential well is deep enough to give rise to a heavy-quarkonium−baryon bound state and its radial excitation. In this instance, the masses of both the ground-state and excited hadro-quarkonium configurations are reported in the fifth column.
by means of a numerical code based on the Multhopp method; see [82, section 2.4]. The values of the heavy quarkonium chromo-electric polarizabilities and light hadron radii used here are given in table 1.

Hidden-charm and hidden-bottom pentaquarks with strangeness in the hadro-quarkonium model
The first step of our investigation is the study of heavy quarkonium-hyperon bound states. Our findings are enlisted in tables 2 and 3. It is worth noting that: I) According to our predictions, heavy-quarkonium-hyperon states may be deeply bound; II) In some cases, the V hq potential well is deep enough to give rise to a heavy-quarkonium-baryon bound state and its radial excitation; III) Our results show a strong dependence on the hyperon's radius, R B . See eq. (2.2). The theoretical predictions for R B 's are highly model dependent and span a relatively wide range [77][78][79][80].

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However, the use of different values of the hyperon's radius does not change our first conclusion qualitatively. As an example, we consider the η c (2S) ⊗ Σ state. If we extract the value of the Σ radius from ref. [80], R Σ = 1 2 (R Σ + + R Σ − ) = 0.91 fm, we get a binding energy B ηc(2S)⊗Σ = −294 MeV; if we use the experimental value [74], R Σ = R Σ − = 0.780 fm, we obtain B ηc(2S)⊗Σ = −492 MeV. The previous results can be compared to our prediction from table 2, B ηc(2S)⊗Σ = −355 MeV, calculated with R Σ = 1 2 (R Σ + + R Σ − ) = 0.863 fm [79]; IV) In bottomonium-hyperon configurations, the presence of a heavier (nonrelativistic) bb pair is expected to make the hadro-bottomonium system more stable than the hadrocharmonium one due to kinetic energy suppression. This is why the strange hidden-bottom pentaquarks are more tightly bound than their hidden-charm counterparts; V) If we consider the second set of values for the bottomonium chromo-electric polarizabilities of table 1, we get bottomonium-Σ bound states characterized by very large binding energies. The hadro-quarkonium picture may break down in these specific cases. Thus, one may have to consider the possibility of a mixing between hadro-quarkonium and compact five-quark components: Here, H hq = V hq +T hq is the hadro-quarkonium Hamiltonian, with T hq being the ψH relative kinetic energy and V hq the potential of eq. (2.2); H compact is an effective Hamiltonian, which describes a compact five-quark system; V mixing is an off-diagonal interaction, which mixes hadro-quarkonium and compact five-quark components.

Hidden-charm and hidden-bottom tetraquarks with strangeness in the hadro-quarkonium model
As a second step, we study heavy quarkonium-kaon and K * configurations. Our findings are enlisted in tables 4 and 5.
Heavy quarkonium-kaon bound states show similar features as the heavy-light pentaquarks of section 3.1. In particular, one can notice that: I) The hadro-quarkonium interaction, eq. (2.2), may determine the emergence of deeply-bound charmonium-kaon tetraquark configurations; II) Even more stable configurations are the bottomonium-kaon ones; III) In both previous cases, if one substitutes the kaon with the K * , one obtains extremely stable systems. As discussed in section 3.1, a more realistic description of ψK * systems may be accomplished by making use of the Hamiltonian (3.1), where one also takes mixing effects between hadro-quarkonium and compact tetraquark components into account. Compact heavy-light tetraquarks have been extensively studied. For example, see the potential model calculations of refs. [41,42,45,[48][49][50] and sections 4 and 5.
The quality of the approximation of neglecting mixing effects between the heavy, ψ, and the light, H, hadron components in the hadro-charmonium states of table 4 can be evaluated by calculating the wave function overlap of the previous components at the hadro-quarkonium center  Here, R H is the light hadron's radius and Ψ ψ (r) and Ψ H (r) are the wave functions of the heavy and light hadro-quarkonium constituents, respectively, extracted from the relativized QM [76]. If we restrict to the case of kaon-charmonium bound states, the heavy and light hadro-quarkonium's constituents can only be 1P or 2S charmonia (heavy component) and 1S K or K * mesons (light component); see table IV.
In conclusion, the previous test would indicate that in χ c0 (1P ) ⊗ K and η c (2S) ⊗ K bound states the approximations we considered are acceptable ones and that there should be no substantial mixing among the heavy and light components.

Relativized diquark model
We describe tetraquarks as color-antitriplet (3 c ) diquark and color-triplet (3 c ) antidiquark (DD) bound states. We also assume the constituents, D andD, to be inert against internal spatial excitations [83][84][85][86]. Consequently, the internal dynamics of the DD system can be described by means of a single relative coordinate r rel with conjugate momentum q rel .
Therefore, the results we report below are parameter-free predictions. The present model was previously used to calculate the spectrum of hidden-charm [48] and fully-heavy tetraquarks [46,50].

Masses of cscn and bsbn states in the compact tetraquark model
Below, we provide results for the ground-state masses and the spectrum of strange hiddencharm (cscn and cncs) and bottom (bsbn and bnbs) tetraquarks in the compact tetraquark model of refs. [46,48,50] and section 4.
The tetraquark masses are obtained by solving the eigenvalue problem of eq. (4.1) by means of a numerical variational procedure, based on harmonic oscillator trial wave functions. This variational method was previously applied to meson and baryon spectroscopy [46,48,50,85,86].

Ground-state energies of cscn and bsbn tetraquarks
Our starting point is the calculation of the ground-state masses of cscn (cncs) and bsbn (bnbs) tetraquark configurations.  Table 6. Parameters of the Hamiltonian (4.1). Here n = u or d and the superscripts "sc" and "av" indicate scalar and axial-vector diquarks, respectively.
In the first case, we obtain to be compared with the BB s threshold energy, 10.65 GeV [74]. Contrary to the cscn case, the av-av bsbn tetraquark ground-state is above the lowest energy hadro-bottomonium η b ⊗ K state of table 5, which lies at an energy between 9.76 and 10.12 GeV depending on the input value of the chromo-electric polarizability. According to the previous results, strange hidden-charm and bottom tetraquarks may be bound. However, due to the largeness of the theoretical uncertainties on the bsbn and, especially, cscn ground-state tetraquark masses, it is difficult to draw a definitive conclusion.

Spectra of cscn and bsbn tetraquarks
After discussing the possible emergence of cscn and bsbn tetraquarks and their groundstate energies, the next step is to calculate the spectrum predicted by the Hamiltonian of eq. (4.1) with the model parameters of table 6. In tables 7 and 8 we report the masses of cscn (cncs) and bsbn (bnbs) compact tetraquarks, where n = u or d, up to the second radial excitations.   Table 7. Masses of cscn (cncs) tetraquarks, obtained by solving the eigenvalue problem of eq. (4.1). We report states up to the second radial excitation. They are labelled thus: N is the radial quantum number; S D , SD are the spin of the diquark and antidiquark, respectively, coupled to the total spin of the meson, S; the latter is coupled to the orbital angular momentum, L, to get the total angular momentum of the tetraquark, J. In the case of scalar-axial-vector diquark configurations, there are two possible ways of combining diquarks to get a tetraquark with strangeness S = ±1. As discussed in ref. [50], these type of predictions may serve as benchmarks for other analyses with the goal of identifying model-dependent artifacts and develop a perspective on those predictions which might only be weakly sensitive to model details. Moreover, given the possibility that J = 0 ++ tetraquarks may be more difficult to access experimentally than 1 −− resonances, our predictions for J = 0 states may be useful in the experimental search for cscn and bsbn tetraquark states.
The calculation of the spectrum is only the first step of a wider analysis, with the aim of understanding the possible formation and stability of compact tetraquark states. The   following steps include the calculation of tetraquark decay amplitudes, production crosssections, and the study of their production mechanisms. When compared to the same observables calculated within other interpretations for XY Z states (like the meson-meson molecular model, the hadro-quarkonium model and the UQM) and the experimental data, it will be possible to distinguish among the different interpretations and possibly rule out those which are not compatible with the experimental resuls.
In conclusion, even though the experimental search for strange hidden-charm and bottom tetraquarks may be challenging, the observation of these systems may be extremely useful to understand the quark structure of XY Z exotic mesons.
Our results suggest that: I) strange hadro-quarkonium systems may be strongly bound. On the other hand, if the heavy quarkonium-(ψ) light hadron (H) binding energies become too large, the hadro-quarkonium picture may break down. As a consequence, the ψ and H components may overlap, and a compact four/five-quark system could be realized rather than a ψ-H bound state; II) both cscn and bsbn compact tetraquarks may be bound, even though bsbn configurations are more likely to manifest; III) in the case of cscn configurations, the compact tetraquark ground-state is around 200 MeV below the lowest energy hadro-charmonium state, η c ⊗K. On the contrary, in the bsbn case the compact tetraquark ground-state is above the lowest energy hadro-bottomonium configuration, η b ⊗ K; IV) by combining the conclusions discussed at points I) and II), we suggest the experimentalists to look for strange tetra-and pentaquark configurations with hidden-bottom. They should be more stable than their hidden-charm counterparts due to kinetic energy suppression; thus, there is a higher probability of observing them.
Finally, as pointed out in ref. [13], the meson-meson molecular model cannot be used to describe heavy-light tetraquarks with non-null strangeness content. The reason is that one-pion-exchange cannot take place between strange and nonstrange heavy mesons, like B and B s . Hidden-charm and bottom mesons with strangeness are also forbidden in the context of the Unquenched Quark Model (UQM) formalism. Indeed, one cannot dress heavy quarkonium QQ states with Qs − nQ or Qn − sQ higher Fock components (where n = u or d) by creating a light nn or ss pair with vacuum quantum numbers. Tetraquarks with non-null strangeness content can only take place either in the compact tetraquark or hadroquarkonium models. Therefore, a possible way to discriminate between the compact tetraquark and hadro-quarkonium models on one side and the molecular model and UQM interpretations on the other is the experimental search for strange hidden-charm and bottom four-quark states.
Our predictions for P c and P b pentaquarks with non-null strangeness content may be soon be tested by LHCb.

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