BMS4 algebra, its stability and deformations

We continue analysis of [1] and study rigidity and stability of the bms4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathfrak{b}\mathfrak{m}{\mathfrak{s}}_4 $$\end{document} algebra and its centrally extended version bms4^\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \widehat{\mathfrak{bm}{\mathfrak{s}}_4} $$\end{document}. We construct and classify the family of algebras which appear as deformations of bms4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathfrak{b}\mathfrak{m}{\mathfrak{s}}_4 $$\end{document} and in general find the four-parameter family of algebras W\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathcal{W} $$\end{document}(a, b; a¯,b¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \overline{a},\overline{b} $$\end{document}) as a result of the stabilization analysis, where bms4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathfrak{b}\mathfrak{m}{\mathfrak{s}}_4 $$\end{document} = W\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathcal{W} $$\end{document}(−1/2, −1/2; −1/2, −1/2). We then study the W\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathcal{W} $$\end{document}(a, b; a¯,b¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \overline{a},\overline{b} $$\end{document}) algebra, its maximal finite subgroups and stability for different values of the four parameters. We prove stability of the W\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathcal{W} $$\end{document}(a, b; a¯,b¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \overline{a},\overline{b} $$\end{document}) family of algebras for generic values of the parameters. For special cases of (a, b) = (a¯,b¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \overline{a},\overline{b} $$\end{document}) = (0, 0) and (a, b) = (0, −1), (a¯,b¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \overline{a},\overline{b} $$\end{document}) = (0, 0) the algebra can be deformed. In particular we show that centrally extended W\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathcal{W} $$\end{document}(0, −1; 0, 0) algebra can be deformed to an algebra which has three copies of Virasoro as a subalgebra. We briefly discuss these deformed algebras as asymptotic symmetry algebras and the physical meaning of the stabilization and implications of our result.


Introduction and motivations
Motivated by a possible resolution to black hole information paradox and also by a rederivation and reinterpretation of soft theorems, studying algebras of "soft charges" has attracted a lot of attention, see [2][3][4] and references therein or their citations list. Soft charges are associated with a specific subsector of gauge or diffeomorphism transforma-

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tions which are singled out by an appropriate falloff behavior or boundary conditions. As such, the states carrying these charges all have the same energy. That is, turning on these charges do not alter the energy of the state, hence justifying the name soft charge.
Deformation theory of Lie algebras has been introduced in 1960s [ [34][35][36][37][38] and immediately was applied by physicists to study important Lie algebras in physics [39]. The idea is to analyze possible deformations one can make in structure constants of a given Lie algebra. Some of such deformations may just be a change of the basis which are called trivial deformations. There could be nontrivial deformations which deform the algebra into another algebra with the same number of generators. If an algebra does not admit any nontrivial deformation, it is called to be rigid or stable. For finite dimensional Lie algebras it has been proven that (Whitehead and Hochschild-Serre factorization theorems) any semi-simple Lie algebra is stable [40][41][42]. These theorems relate the stability of the algebra to its second adjoint cohomology, see [1] for a short review and summary. The deformation and stabilization of an algebra is inverse of the contraction procedure first introduced by Inönü and Wigner [43]. As a well-known example, one may show that the Poincaré algebra may be contracted to Galilean algebra and conversely the Galilean algebra may be stabilized into the Poincaré algebra [44]. For a more recent analysis on stabilization of symmetry algebras with a rotation subgroup ("kinematical algebras") see [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52].
The Hochschild-Serre factorization theorem, however, does not apply to infinite dimensional algebras, like the asymptotic symmetry algebras discussed above. In the absence of general theorems, stability of these algebras has been studied in case-by-case basis, e.g. see [53][54][55][56][57][58]. In particular, in our previous paper [1], we studied stability of bms 3 and its centrally extended versions bms 3 . Besides recovering cases where the algebra could be deformed into two Virasoro algebras, 1 we found that bms 3 can be deformed into a twoparameter family of W (a, b) algebras (which were first introduced in [56]). This provides an explicit example of evasion of the Hochschild-Serre factorization for infinite dimensional algebras. We also analyzed rigidity of W (a, b) algebras and showed that for generic values of a, b parameters this family of algebras are stable. Furthermore, we studied how the deformation of the algebra interplays with admission of central extensions.

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In this work we focus on the bms 4 algebra and study its deformations and stability. The "original" bms 4 algebra introduced in [7,8] is a semi-direct sum of Lorentz algebra with Abelian ideal spanned by supertranslations (bms 4 ) old = Lorentz Supertranslations, which has 4d Poincaré a subalgebra. Barnich and Troessaert in [11,12] suggested the Lorentz part of the bms 4 might be replaced by a larger (infinite dimensional) algebra called superrotations. In this work, as it is common in the recent literature, we use bms 4 to denote this extended version. bms 4 is hence semi-direct sum of superrotations and supertranslations as bms 4 = Superrotations Supertranslations.
Later, they also classified its central extensions bms 4 in [12,15]. There are many physical or mathematical motivations to carry out the stability analysis of the bms 4 . To state our main motivation, let us review some facts: (1) As mentioned, the asymptotic symmetries of AdS 3 space is two Virasoro algebra at Brown-Henneaux central charge [17]. The seminal Brown-Henneaux analysis was a precursor of the celebrated AdS/CFT.
(2) This algebra upon the Inönü contraction goes over to the bms 3 [59], which is asymptotic symmetry group of 3d flat space. This contraction is geometrically the large AdS radius limit under which the AdS 3 goes over to 3d flat space.
(3) Under a similar large radius limit, geometrically, AdS d space yields a d dimensional flat Minkowski space for any d.
(5) Asymptotic symmetry algebra analysis depends very much on the choice of boundary falloff behavior on metric fluctuations and there could always be a question whether the results mentioned in item (4) above could some how be evaded by a more relaxed boundary condition. (6) The asymptotic symmetry group of 4d flat space is known to be the infinite dimensional bms 4 algebra. 2 Therefore, it is natural to wonder if the bms 4 may come from contraction of an infinite dimensional "asymptotic symmetry algebra of AdS 4 ". In this work we confirm these earlier results, in the sense that we show bms 4 algebra cannot be deformed into an algebra which has so(3, 2) as its subalgebra. Our algebraic analysis and results has the advantage that

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it roles out possibility of existence of falloff conditions (for metric fluctuations) which may allow for a bigger symmetry algebra than so (3,2) for AdS 4 asymptotic symmetry algebra. As another motivation, we note that the asymptotic symmetry algebras has been argued to be relevant for formulation of holographic dual field theories, e.g. see [65]. As argued in [1] the deformation of asymptotic symmetry algebras may be attributed to the holographic renormalization of the conformal weight (scaling dimension) of the operators. This analysis may also shed more light on field theory dual to gravity on 4d flat space. We will make more comments on this in the discussion section.
The full stability analysis of bms 4 algebra and its centrally extended version bms 4 which we carry out here, reveals that bms 4 algebra can be deformed into a four parameter family of algebras W(a, b;ā,b). This algebra is an analogue of the W (a, b) algebras obtained in bms 3 stability analysis [1]. We then study stability of the W(a, b;ā,b) family of algebras and show that they are generically stable. We also extend this analysis to the centrally extended versions of these algebras and classify all possible central extensions W(a, b;ā,b) algebras can admit, for generic values of the four parameters as well as in the special points.
Organization of the paper. In section 2, we review and introduce bms 4 , its central extension bms 4 and its global subalgebra (4d Poincaré algebra). In section 3, we study all possible infinitesimal deformations of bms 4 algebra. We show that this algebra can only be deformed to W(a, b;ā,b). In section 4, we analyze the most general formal (finite) deformations of bms 4 and study integrability of the infinitesimal deformations. This section contains our main result on bms 4 , as we prove that bms 4 can only be deformed into W(a, b;ā,b). In section 5, we study W(a, b;ā,b) algebras, their subalgebras, deformations and stability and prove a theorem that W(a, b;ā,b) family of algebras are stable for generic values of the four parameters. In section 6, we repeat analysis of previous sections considering central extensions. In section 7, we present algebraic cohomology arguments, based on Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence [42,66], for the bms 4 and W(a, b;ā,b) algebras. In this way we provide a cohomological basis for our explicit computations of previous sections. Section 8 is devoted to summary of results and discussions. In a couple of appendices we have gathered some more technical analysis. In appendix A we have reviewed the fact that generators of bms 4 or W(a, b;ā,b) algebras may be viewed as functions on an S 2 and analyze implications of this on the index structure of possible deformations. In appendix B, for completeness we have reviewed some basic facts of algebra cohomologies and the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence.

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2 Introduction to bms 4 algebra In this section we review the structure of asymptotic symmetry algebras appearing in the context of 4d gravity. Depending on the asymptotic behavior of the metric and the chosen boundary falloff conditions one can get different asymptotic symmetry algebras.

4d flat space asymptotic symmetry algebra
The centerless asymptotic symmetry algebra of 4d flat spacetime is bms 4 : where m, n, p, q, r, s ∈ Z and it is defined over the field of real numbers R. The bms 4 is an infinite dimensional algebra with countable basis which is spanned by the generators L m , L m and T p,q . The generators L m andL m generate the direct sum of two Witt subalgebra of bms 4 and are usually called "superrotations". T p,q , the "supertranslations," construct an adjoint representation of the direct sum of two Witt algebras and form the ideal part of bms 4 . Eq. (2.1) makes it clear that bms 4 has a semi-direct sum structure: where the subscript ab is to emphasize T p,q being abelian and ad denotes the adjoint action. The global part, i.e. the maximal finite subalgebra, of bms 4 is 4d Poincaré algebra iso (3,1) and is generated by L 0 , L ±1 andL 0 ,L ±1 (which form Lorentz algebra so(3, 1)) and T 0,0 , T 0,1 , T 1,0 , T 1,1 as the translations. In the next subsection we will make the connection to the more usual basis for Poincaré algebra explicit.
The above bms 4 admits central extensions in L n ,L n sectors [12,13]. The centrally extended algebra which will be denoted by bms 4 is [T p,q , T r,s ] = 0,

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in which C L and CL are called central charges. We note that these central charges do not appear in computation of surface charges associated with the asymptotic symmetries of 4d flat space gravity [13]. One may readily see that the central terms, which vanish for m = 0, ±1, do not appear in the global part of the algebra. Therefore, global part of bms 4 is also 4d Poincaré. We note that the second real cohomology of the bms 4 algebra, H 2 (bms 4 ; R), which classifies (global) central extensions of the algebra does not allow for any other central extension [12], other than C L , CL.
2.2 More on global part of the bms 4 algebra As mentioned the bms 4 algebra which is the asymptotic symmetry algebra of 4d flat space, should contain Poincaré algebra which is the isometry algebra of the flat space. Generators of the Poincaré algebra is usually written in the 4d tensorial basis, J µν , the generator of Lorentz algebra, and P µ , the generator of translations, as it discussed in [67] [J µν , where µ, ν = 0, 1, 2, 3 and η µν = diag(−, +, +, +) is the Minkowski metric. To relate the above algebra to the global part of bms 4 one should decompose the Lorentz part into sl(2) ⊕ sl(2) basis: Here J i , K i are generators of rotation and boost: where i jk is an antisymmetric quantity with 1 23 = +1. In other words, the generators of 4d Lorentz algebra J µν can be decomposed as (1, 3) ⊕ (3, 1) of sl(2) ⊕ sl(2) algebra. One may then readily show that where m, n = ±1, 0.

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The translation generators, which are Lorentz four-vectors P µ can be decomposed into (2, 2) of sl(2) ⊕ sl(2) algebra, i.e. P µ are linear combinations of T m,n , m, n = 0, 1: For our later use we also discuss the AdS 4 isometry algebra generated by J ab , a, b = −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 where η ab = (−1, −1, +1, +1, +1). J ab which is in 15 representation of so(3, 2) may be decomposed in terms of sl(2) ⊕ sl(2) as (1, 3) ⊕ (3, 1) ⊕ (3, 3). The first two are just L m ,L m , m = 0, ±1, and the last one may be denoted by T m,n , m, n = 0, ±1 with the commutation relations: where m, n, p, q = 0, ±1. It is known that iso(3, 1) is not a rigid (stable) algebra and may be deformed into so (3,2) or so(4, 1), which are stable [39]. In the sl(2) ⊕ sl(2) notation adopted above, one may readily use the Hochschild-Serre factorization theorem to argue that only the ideal part of iso(3, 1), the [T, T ] commutator, can be deformed such that only L m ,L m appears in the right-hand-side of the commutator. This can be manifestly seen in the last equation in (2.9). 3 As reviewed in the introduction, these theorems do not apply to the infinite dimensional algebras and one cannot extend the above result which is about the global part bms 4 to the whole algebra. We will show in the rest of this work that there is no infinite dimensional algebra in the family of bms 4 deformations which has so(3, 2) as its global part.

JHEP04(2019)068 3 Deformations of bms 4 algebra
In this section we consider deformations of bms 4 defined in (2.1). As discussed the Hochschild-Serre factorization theorem is not applicable for infinite dimensional Lie algebras and working with them is more complicated than finite dimensional cases. Here, we first analyze possible deformations of bms 4 algebra by deforming each commutation relation of bms 4 algebra separately. Of course one should check that in this way we do not miss any possible deformation which may involve more than one set of commutators. Finally, we study obstructions, which infinitesimal deformations yield formal deformations and what are the rigid algebras obtained from deformations of bms 4 .

Deformation in the two Witt subalgebras
The Witt algebra is known to be rigid and hence there is no 2-cocycle which deforms [L m , L n ] by coefficients of L p [54,68]. Similarly, we cannot deform witt ⊕ witt algebra [1]. Therefore, in this sector the only option is deforming witt ⊕ witt sector by coefficients of T m,n generators: 4 Let us first consider the special case of h d,d =h d,d = 0. In this case one can easily see that  The mn term, however, can be absorbed in the "homogeneous solution" part H d,d 0 (m, n). Therefore, we consider the solution ansatzH d,d (m, n) = Am + Bn + C.

Plugging this into (3.3) and (3.4) yields
On triviality of these deformations. One may examine whether the h,h and H(m, n) deformations are nontrivial or may be absorbed in the redefinition of generators. To this end let us consider redefined generators as would remove the deformations. Therefore, the deformations in (3.1) are all trivial.

Deformation of [L, T ] commutators
The deformations in this sector could be with coefficients of T m,n or L m . We consider these two cases separately.
With coefficients in T . Consider the deformations of commutator of superrotations and supertranslations which is the fourth line in (2.1) without changing other commutators.
To this end as in the previous subsection we add a 2-cocycle function: We have fixed the first index of T on the right-hand-side to be m + p, see appendix A for further discussions. Here, K(m, n) is an unknown function to be determined through closure of algebra requirements. To find the explicit form of function K(m, n), there are two Jacobi identities to check. The first one is [L m , [L n , T p,q ]] + cyclic permutations = 0, which to first order in the deformation parameter yields For p, m = 0 we get n + 1 2 (K(0, n) − K(0, 0)) = 0, and hence K(0, n) = constant. (3.11) To solve (3.10) we note that it is linear in K and hence linear combination of any two solutions is also a solution. One may then check that is a solution for any α, β. This equation has solutions which involve higher powers of m, n.
One may then examine a degree N , i.e. K(m, n) = N r=1 A rs m r n s ansatz. At N = 2 we obtain a solution of the form where γ is an arbitrary constant and we have added the 1/2 factor for later convenience. This solution, however, is a trivial deformation as it can be absorbed in rescaling of T m,n generators: T m,n →T m,n = M (m)T m,n (3.14) with M (m) = 1 + γm. In general, one can show that the most general solution to (3.10) is

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which again can be absorbed in a redefinition of T of the form (3.14). (Note that here K(m, n) is to be viewed as an infinitesimal function. In section 4.1 we discuss finite deformations. 5 ) The other Jacobi to be checked is [L m , [L n , T p,q ]] + cyclic permutations = 0, which does not yield a new constraint on K(m, p). So the most general solutions of (3.10) are those we have derived. Deformations in [L n , T p,q ] can be analyzed in a similar manner, yielding similar results.
To summarize, the only non-trivial deformations are those generated by (3.12) which yields W(a, b;ā,b) algebra defined through commutation relations, The above is a 4d extension of the W (a, b) algebra which is a deformation of bms 3 [1].
One may wonder if the index of T generator appearing in the r.h.s. of [L n , T p,q ] is restricted to be T n+p,q . As in the previous subsection, cf. (3.1), the answer is no, at least as far as the Jacobi identity and the closure of the algebra is concerned. Explicitly, let us consider the following deformation, where d 0 ,d 0 are two arbitrary constants. The Jacobi identity then leads to It can be readily seen that for d = 0 the only solution to (3.18) is K(m, n) = K = constant. Nonetheless, this is trivial deformation, as it can be absorbed in the redefinition of T m,n as follows:T The deformations discussed above and also those of (3.1) involve an index structure which has a shift (by d,d). In all of these cases, as we explicitly showed, such deformations are trivial ones and can be absorbed in the redefinition of generators. One may show that JHEP04(2019)068 all such shifts in the indices are trivial deformations. This may be understood geometrically recalling that the bms 4 algebra is associated with asymptotic symmetry algebra of 4d flat space and the generators are functions on the 2d celestial sphere [12,13]. The deformations with the shifted indices are then an inner automorphism of the asymptotic symmetry generating diffeomorphisms; see appendix A for more discussions on this point. Therefore, from now on we only consider deformations with appropriately fixed indices; we do not consider the extra shifts.
With coefficients in L andL. As the bms 3 case, we can consider deformations of the [L, T ] (or [L, T ]) by L andL terms: where functions f, g,f andḡ are functions to be fixed upon the requirement of closure of the algebra. The index structure of the deformations has been fixed recalling the discussions in last part of the previous subsubsection.
To find the explicit form of the functions we should consider three different Jacobi identities. The Jacobi [L m , [L n , T p,q ]] + cyclic permutation = 0 leads to one relation for each of L andL coefficients as and From the first relation we have which suggests that f (m, n) = a(1 + m) andf (n) = −a(3n + 1) and similarly forḡ(m, n) and g(n) . The next Jacobi we should consider is [L m , [L n , T p,q ]] + cyclic permutation = 0 which leads to,
The terms with coefficients g should be equal to zero as they are coefficients of different T m,n 's. In a similar way the f (m, n) terms should be zero. So, [L, T ] cannot be deformed with coefficients in L,L.
To summarize this subsection, bms 4 algebra can be deformed to a four parameter for any value of parameters a, b;ā,b share a witt ⊕ witt subalgebra spanned by L n andL n . In section 5 we will study this family of algebras, its stability and deformations in more details.

Deformations of commutator of [T, T ]
[T, T ] commutator may be deformed in terms involving T or L andL. In what follows we consider these cases separately.
With coefficients in T . As general case, we can consider the deformation of [T, T ] as [T m,n , T p,q ] = G(m, n; p, q)T m+p,n+q , (3.26) in which G is an antisymmetric function under the replacements m ↔ p and n ↔ q. One must check the Jacobi identity [L r , [T m,n , T p,q ]] + cyclic permutations = 0, which yields For r = 0, and recalling G(m, n; p, q) = −G(p, q; m, n), we get which means that G(m, n; p, q) = 0. In this way, we have shown that the ideal part of bms 4 cannot be deformed by terms with coefficients in T , when other commutators are untouched.

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With coefficients in L andL. We next consider deformation of the [T, T ] by terms with coefficients in L andL as [T m,n , T p,q ] = A(m, n; p, q)L m+p−1 + B(m, n; p, q)L n+q−1 (3.29) in which the coefficients A(m, n; p, q) and B(m, n; p, q) are antisymmetric under the replacement m, n ↔ p, q. 6 The index structure of L andL in (3.29) is chosen recalling discussions of appendix A that the generators may be viewed as fields (operators) on an S 2 in Poincaré coordinates. Moreover, the Jacobi [L, [T, T ]] + cyclic permutations = 0 restricts the index of L to be a linear function of the first indices of T . The same argument is obtained forL. One should examine the Jacobi identities [L r , [T m,n , T p,q ]] + cyclic permutations = 0 and [T r,s , [T m,n , T p,q ]] + cyclic permutations = 0. From the first identity for the terms with coefficientsL one gets For r = 0 and recalling the antisymmetry of B function, we find (m+p−1)B(m, n; p, q) = 0 and therefore, B(m, n; p, q) = B 0 (n, q)δ m+p,1 , where B 0 (n, q) = −B 0 (q, n). and As discussed, (4.4) leads to B(p, q; r, s) = 0. A similar argument (analyzing (4.3) for m = 0) yields A(p, q; r, s) = 0. So we should just analyze (4.2). Since T m,n for different m, n are linearly independent, a careful analysis of the indices of T generators in (4.2) reveals that f (m, n), g(m) and G(m, n; p, q) should all vanish. To summarize, turning on deformations simultaneously, up to the first order, does not yield any new deformation other than W(a, b;ā,b) algebra.

Integrability, obstructions and formal deformation.
We have shown in the previous section that the most general infinitesimal nontrivial deformation of bms 4 is W(a, b;ā,b). Now, we would like to explore integrability of these deformations and check if they are formal deformations. As in the case of bms 3 discussed

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in [1] one only needs to consider the relation which is satisfied by K(m, n) = α + βm. 7 (Considering the Jacobi [L m , [L n , T p,q ]] + cyclic permutations = 0 does not change this result.) This means that the obtained infinitesimal deformation is integrable and can be extended to formal deformation. Analysis of previous and this section may be summarized in the following theorem:

its subalgebras and deformations
We have introduced W(a, b;ā,b) which appears as formal deformation of bms 4 and here we would like to study this algebra a bit more. We first analyze its global subalgebras and then consider possible deformations of W(a, b;ā,b), particularly for special values of a, b,ā,b parameters. Before starting we note that, as in the bms 3 and W (a, b) algebra cases [1], • W(a, b;ā,b) and W(ā,b; a, b) algebras are isomorphic.
• the range of a,ā parameters may be limited to [−1/2, 1/2), as a = k + r, k ∈ Z and a = r cases can be related by just a shift in the index of the associated T m,n generator, T m,n → T m−k,n , and simiarly for theā.
• W(a, b;ā,b) and W(−a, b;ā,b) algebras are isomorphic, as renaming L m → −L −m and T p,q → T −p,q relates these two algebras. Therefore, one may restrict the range of a andā parameters to [0, 1/2].

Subalgebras of W(a, b;ā,b)
Irrespective of the values of a, b;ā,b parameters, all W(a, b;ā,b) algerbas share a witt ⊕ witt subalgebra spanned by L n andL n . This subalgebra in turn has a Lorentz subalgebra Depending on the values of the four parameters, some T m,n generators may also be a part of this global subalgebra, e.g. as discussed in the previous section for bms 4 , T 0,0 , T 0,1 , T 1,0 , T 1,1 are the other four generators which turn the global subalgebra to 4d Poincaré iso(3, 1). To

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verify which of T m,n appear in the global subalgebra, we consider the relevant commutators: The above commutations close off for finite number of T m,n generators only for three cases, a = b = 0, a = 0, b = −1 and a = b = −1/2, and similarly forā,b. For generic values of a, b other than these two cases the global part (finite subalgebra) of W(a, b;ā,b) is just so(3, 1). We have therefore, nine independent special cases for which the global part of the algebra is bigger than the Lorentz algebra so(3, 1): 1. W(−1/2, −1/2; −1/2, −1/2) which is nothing but the bms 4 and its global part is 4d Poincaré algebra iso(3, 1).
Some other infinite dimensional subalgebras of W(a, b;ā,b). Besides the above examples, one may consider other infinite dimensional subalgebras of W(a, b;ā,b). The simplest of these subalgebras are witt ⊕ witt or W (a, b) p algebras generated by L n , T m,p where p is a fixed (but arbitrary) number. As a subalgebra of W(a, b; 0, −1) one may consider the one generated by L n , T m,r ,L r (r = 0, ±1). In special case a = b = 0 one may view this as a u(1) 3 Kac-Moody algebra where the three currents fall into triplet representation of the sl(2, R) R generated byL r . This latter may be viewed as an "internal symmetry" of the Kac-Moody part.

Deformations of generic W(a, b;ā,b) algebra
As discussed formal deformations of bms 4 algebra yields the four parameter family W(a, b;ā,b) algebra. As such, one expects this algebra to be rigid. However, a more careful look into the analysis of previous section also reveals that deformations may move us in the a, b;ā,b plane. This is very similar to the 3d example of W (a, b) discussed in [1], and is what we will explore more explicitly in this section. Here we use W(a, b;ā,b) in two different meanings, which will hopefully be clear from the context: (1) W(a, b;ā,b) for a given (but generic) value of the four parameter. This latter denotes a specific algebra; (2) W(a, b;ā,b) as "family" of algebras for different values of the parameters.
While the W(a, b;ā,b) family is expected it to be rigid, as in the 3d example of W (a, b) discussed in [1], there could be special values of parameters where one can deform the algebra to other families of algebras. These special points, as we will see, correspond to cases with larger global part discussed in the previous subsection. To make a formal analysis of W(a, b;ā,b) as in the previous section we consider all possible deformations of its commutators and check the closure conditions.
One can check that our argument in section 3.3 also works for deformations of W(a, b;ā,b)'s in this sector, in the sense that for generic a, b,ā andb it does not admit any non-trivial deformation in its ideal part.
The most general deformations of W(a, b;ā,b) algebra. When we consider the most general deformations of W(a, b;ā,b) algebra simultaneously as in the bms 4 case of (4.1), one can verify that except one case, similar to bms 4 case, all Jacobi identities lead to the relations obtained in the above. Similarly the bms 4 case, the only case we must study is the Jacobi One can then show that these two latter are independently equal to zero. In this way the most general deformations of W(a, b;ā,b) are restricted to that induces by K(m, n) and takes the W(a, b;ā,b) to W(a , b ;ā ,b ) with shifted parameters.
The following theorem summarizes our above discussion as: The family of W 4 (a, b;ā,b) algebra for generic values of the four parameters is stable (rigid) algebra.

Deformations of special W algebras
As discussed while in generic points of the parameter space of W algebra they are rigid, there are special points in the parameter space where the algebra is not rigid and may admit other deformations. In this subsection we discuss such special cases.
Deformations of W(a, b; 0, 0). As discussed for a = b = 0 case the h-deformations (cf. (5.5)) become non-trivial and cannot be absorbed into a redefinition of generators. One can go through the Jacobi's of the previous subsection and verify allowed deformations. • The possibility of moving in the (a, b,ā,b) parameter space via the deformation still exists and the above is the new non-trivial deformation which did not exist forā,b = 0 point. That is, theν deformation and moving inā,b plane are not mutually inclusive.
• [T m,n , T p,q ] cannot be deformed. Once again, [L m , T p,q ], [L n , T p,q ] can only be deformed into those of W(a, b;ā,b) algebra, but in that case we need to set ν = 0.
• Here we are considering a, b = 0 case. The special case of W(0, 0; 0, 0) will be discussed next. To summarize, W(0, 0; 0, 0) can be deformed to the four parameter family W(a, b;ā,b) or (exclusively) by three independent formal deformations parametrized by ν,ν, H 0 . Also, if one chooses to move in (ā,b) or (a, b) planes, we are left withν or ν deformations, respectively, cf. the W(a, b; 0, 0) case discussed above.
To summarize, one can deform W(0, −1; 0, 0) to a generic W(a, b;ā,b) by moving in (a, b;ā,b) plane, or by turning on ν or, exclusively, ε(m − p) deformations. 8 If we move in (ā,b) plane we cannot turn on ν or ε deformations and if we move in (a, b) plane we cannot turn on ε while ν deformation is possible. be viewed as a special class of deformations given by Gel'fand-Fucks 2-cocycles [73]. One may show, following analysis of [12], that W(a, b;ā,b) for generic values of the parameters admits two independent central extensions which may be associated with deforming the algebra by two independent unit elements added to the algebra. The centrally extended W-algebra which will be denoted by W(a, b;ā,b) is given by: As in the case of W (a, b) algebras discussed in [1,56], there may be special points in the (a, b,ā,b) parameter space which admit other central terms. As the first case let us consider bms 4 . This algebra admits only two independent central terms in its two witt algebras [12].
Recalling that in the W . For the former one learns that the only solution is f (m, n) = m 2 δ m+n,0 as we expected for the u(1) Kac-Moody algebra, cf. [1]. Plugging the solution f (m, n) = F (m + n) into (6.4) restricts us to b = 1 and arbitrary a.
For this subalgebra, Z(m, n; p, q) = m 3 δ m+p,0 δ n,0 δ q,0 is an allowed central extension (as well as a formal deformation), denoted by C a in the above algebra. This subalgebra hence admits three central charges and is therefore, direct sum of three Virasoro algebras. Although the latter is a formal deformation, when we turn onK,h andȲ simultaneously they cannot satisfy the Jacobi in higher order in deformation parameter, so they should be considered as independent formal deformations. The direct and explicit verification of Jacobi identities for deformations may be presented in the language of algebraic cohomology. Following our discussions for bms 3 in [1], here we study second adjoint cohomology of bms 4 and its central extension bms 4 as well as the W(a, b;ā,b) and its central extension W(a, b;ā,b) for generic a, b,ā andb. The main tools to this cohomological analysis is the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence which has been reviewed in appendix B. As similar analysis for infinite dimensional Schrödinger-Virasoro type algebras may be found in [74].

Cohomological consideration of bms 4 algebra
As we know H 2 (bms 4 ; bms 4 ) classifies all infinitesimal deformations of bms 4 algebra which may be computed using the spectral sequence (B.3) and the long exact sequences (B.5) and (B.6). By the former we obtain information about H 2 (bms 4 ; (witt ⊕ witt)) and H 2 (bms 4 ; T) independently where T and (witt ⊕ witt) respectively denote the ideal part and the Witt subalgebra of the bms 4 . Note that since (witt ⊕ witt) algebra is not a bms 4 module by the adjoint action, H 2 (bms 4 ; (witt ⊕ witt)) is defined by the action used in the short exact sequence (7.1) below, as discussed in appendix B. Note also that given the semidirect sum structure of the bms 4 algebra (2.2), one should not expect H 2 (bms 4 ; bms 4 ) to be equal to H 2 (bms 4 ; (witt ⊕ witt)) ⊕ H 2 (bms 4 ; T). Nonetheless, as we will see, direct analysis of H 2 (bms 4 ; (witt ⊕ witt)) and H 2 (bms 4 ; T) may carry information about the structure of H 2 (bms 4 ; bms 4 ).
To this end, we follow the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence method (cf. appendix B) and consider the following short exact sequence of bms 4 algebra 0 −→ T ab −→ bms 4 −→ bms 4 /T ab ∼ = (witt ⊕ witt) −→ 0, (7.1) where T ab is the abelian ideal of the bms 4 algebra which is spanned by T m,n generators. As in the case of bms 3 [1], we compute H 2 (bms 4 ; witt ⊕ witt) and H 2 (bms 4 ; T ab ) separately. ⊕ H 0 ((witt ⊕ witt); H 2 (T; T)), where the subscript T in E p,q 2;T means we are computing H 2 (bms 4 ; T). We compute the three terms above separately. H 2 ((witt ⊕ witt); H 0 (T; T)) contains H 0 (T; T) which by the definition (3.14) of [1] (or [66]) and the fact that the action of T on T is trivial, one concludes that H 0 (T; T) = T then H 2 ((witt ⊕ witt); H 0 (T; T)) = H 2 ((witt ⊕ witt); T). On the other hand, by the direct computations in subsection 3.1 we have shown that two Witt subalgebras in bms 4 do not admit any nontrivial deformation with terms by coefficients in T . So one concludes that H 2 ((witt ⊕ witt); T) = 0. Therefore the two first commutators in (2.1) remains intact by deformation procedure, in accord with results of subsection 3.1.

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Next we analyze H 1 ((witt ⊕ witt); H 1 (T; T)). It is constructed by 1-cocycle ϕ 1 which is defined as a function ϕ 1 : (witt ⊕ witt) −→ (T; T)φ −→ T, where hereφ is a 1-cocycle used in the definition of H 1 (T; T). The expression of ϕ 1 (L m ,L m )(T p,q ) can hence be expanded in terms of T 's as ϕ 1 (L m ,L m )(T p,q ) =K(m, p)T m+p,q +K(m, q)T p,m+q , whereK(m, p) and K(m, q) are arbitrary functions. The deformation of [L, T ] part corresponding to ϕ 1 is [L m , T p,q ] = ( m+1 2 − p)T m+p,q +K(m, p)T m+p,q . The Jacobi identity for the above bracket imposes restraints onK(m, n) exactly like the ones on K(m, n) in (3.10), so one finds the same result asK(m, n) = α + βm and the same result is obtained forK(m, n).
The last term we study is H 0 ((witt ⊕ witt); H 2 (T; T)). We use the definition of H 0 3) where ψ is a T -valued 2-cocycle. The action "•" of L on a 2-cocycle ψ is defined as [42] (L r • ψ)(T m,n , T p,q ) = [L r , ψ(T m,n , T p,q )] − ψ([L r , T m,n ], T p,q ) − ψ(T m,n , [L r , T p,q ]). (7.4) Expanding ψ in terms of T s as ψ(T m,n , T p,q ) = G(m, n; p, q)T m+p,n+q , we get the same relation as (3.27) which has the solution G(m, n; p, q) = 0. The same relation can be obtained byL. The above discussion leads to H 2 (bms 4 ; T) = H 1 ((witt ⊕ witt); H 1 (T; T)), (7.5) which means that turning on deformations with coefficients in T, we can only deform the [L, T ] part byK(m, n). This is exactly in agreement of our results of direct and explicit calculations in section 3.

Cohomological consideration for bms 4 algebra
As discussed in [1,6] for a given algebra g, (1) central extensions are classified by Gel'fand-Fucks 2-cocycles, or by H 2 (g; R) and, (2) to deal with the central extensions in the cohomological analysis we need to extend the algebra by adding unit elements, one unit element for each possible central term, explicitly, we need to considerĝ = g ⊕ u(1) ⊕ · · · ⊕ u(1), where the number of u(1) factors is equal to the number of independent commutators in the algebra, i.e. for bms 3 it is three and for bms 4 it is six. Of course closure condition may not allow to turn on all these central terms. 9 In our analysis, we adopt the viewpoint that each central extension is a deformation in the u(1) extended algebra and that turning on a central charge is like a deformation inĝ. Therefore, we need not first study H 2 (g; R) and then analyze the deformation, we may directly focus on H 2 (ĝ;ĝ). As in the bms 4 case, (vir ⊕ vir) is not a bms 4 module by the adjoint action and H 2 ( bms 4 ; (vir ⊕ vir)) is defined by the action induced from the short exact sequence (7.12),
7.3 Cohomological consideration of W(a, b;ā,b) algebra W(a, b;ā,b) which is introduces by (3.16) can be considered as semi-direct sum of (witt ⊕ witt) T which it has the following short exact sequence where T and (witt⊕witt), respectively, denote the ideal part and subalgebra of W(a, b;ā,b). Note that since (witt ⊕ witt) is not a W(a, b;ā,b) module by the adjoint action, H 2 (W(a, b;ā,b); (witt ⊕ witt)) is defined by the action induced from the above short exact sequence. The relevant second adjoint cohomology of H 2 (W(a, b;ā,b); W(a, b;ā,b)) may hence be computed much the same as the bms 4 case discussed earlier, with the same result, namely, H 2 (W(a, b;ā,b); W(a, b;ā,b)) = 0 for the family of W(a, b;ā,b) algebras; i.e. W(a, b;ā,b) family for generic value of parameters is infinitesimally and formally rigid.
Cohomological consideration of W(a, b;ā,b) algebra. The case W(a, b;ā,b) is exactly the same as bms 4 from cohomological point of view: it just admits two nontrivial central terms in its two Witt subalgebras and that H 2 ( W(a, b;ā,b); W(a, b;ā,b)) = 0 for the family of W algebras.

Summary and concluding remarks
We analyzed the deformation and stability (rigidity) of bms 4 and its central extension bms 4 algebra. While the former appears as asymptotic symmetry of the 4d flat space [12], the latter does not [13]. We showed that although they are stable (rigid) in their ideal part, they can be formally deformed in other commutators which lead to a family of new nonisomorphic infinite dimensional algebras we called W(a, b;ā,b) and W(a, b;ā,b). Among other things, this implies that there is no such infinite dimensional algebra associated with
In the 4d case one should seek a different way to tackle the question of field theories dual to gravity on 4d flat space. We also showed that while the family of W(a, b;ā,b) and W(a, b;ā,b) are stable (rigid) for generic values of their parameters, for specific points such as W(0, 0; 0, 0) and W(0, −1; 0, 0), there are other possibilities for deformation which takes us out of the W-algebra family. As the first interesting follow-up question one may explore whether W(a, b;ā,b) and W(a, b;ā,b) algebras may appear as asymptotic symmetries of a physical theory. One may first tackle a similar question in the simpler case of W (a, b) algebra discussed in [1,56]. The next natural question is then what is the physical/geometric meaning of the deformations and motion in the parameter space of the algebras.
Hochschild-Serre factorization (HSF) theorem for infinite dimensional algebras?! We already discussed the HSF theorem states that a non-rigid finite dimensional algebra can only be deformed in its ideal part and other parts of the algebra cannot be deformed. It is, however, known that this theorem does not apply to infinite dimensional algebras. Our analysis in [1] for the bms 3 , KM u (1) and W (a, b), led us to a proposal for a version of HSF which works for the infinite dimensional algebras: For infinite dimensional algebras with countable basis the deformations may appear in ideal and non-ideal parts, however, the deformations are always by coefficients of term in the ideal part. For the W (a, b) class with generators L n , P n the deformations may appear in [L, L], [L, P], [P, P], nonetheless it is proportional to P generators. Our analysis of bms 4 , W(a, b;ā,b) algebras confirm this extended HSF theorem, providing more supportive examples for it. It would be desirable to attempt proving this proposal, maybe using cohomological arguments.
As we mentioned although the W(a, b;ā,b) algebrafamily and their central extensions are stable and cannot be deformed, there are some specific points which can be deformed in other commutators. The most interesting case is the W(0, −1; 0, 0) algebra which admits a formal deformation in its ideal part. The central extension of W(0, −1; 0, 0) algebra can also be deformed to a new algebra which has a direct sum of three Virasoro subalgebras. As we discussed the W(0, −1; 0, 0) algebra has iso(2, 1) ⊕ sl(2, R) global part. By deformation of the W(0, −1; 0, 0) algebra we obtain a new algebra which has so(2, 2) ⊕ so(2, 1) (so(3, 1) ⊕ so(2, 1)) which is direct sum of isometry algebra of AdS 3 (dS 3 ) spacetime with 3d Lorentz algebra [69,70]. It is interesting to explore if this subalgebra is related to the asymptotic symmetry algebra of 3d Einstein-Maxwell theory (see [71,72,79]) or to the "meta" conformal algebras [80] which can have a connection with conformal field theory.
Here we focused on the algebras and their deformations. We know that there are groups associated with bms 4 and its central extension bms 4 algebras [81]. One may ask how the deformation of algebras appear in the associated groups, e.g. whether there are groups associated with W(a, b;ā,b) and its central extension W(a, b;ā,b) algebras. Another related question is analyzing the (co)adjoint orbits of these groups and algebras and how JHEP04(2019)068 the deformations affect the coadjoint orbits which is crucial for building Hilbert space of physical theories invariant under the deformed symmetry algebras.
The bms 3 and bms 4 algebras may be obtained as asymptotic symmetry algebra 3d and 4d flat spacetimes, respectively. As such the generators of these algebras are given through co-dimension two surface integrals which is an integral over a circle for bms 3 case and over a two-sphere for the bms 4 case. In other words, the generators of bms 3 and bms 4 algebras respectively may be viewed as functions on an S 1 or S 2 . In fact, it is known that witt (or Virasoro algebra) is nothing but algebra of diffeomorphisms on an S 1 . In this appendix we explore this viewpoint and its implications.
witt algebra case, a warm up example. Let us first analyze the case of witt. The case of bms 3 was analyzed in [1]. Generators of the witt are Fourier modes of a (periodic) function on S 1 : where Φ(ϕ) is some periodic function, ϕ(Φ) is its inverse andL(Φ) = L(ϕ). For example, if we choose Φ = K d 0 e id 0 ϕ , thenL n = d C d L n+d with C d = ( K d 0 ) l 1 l! in which K is a constant number.
The above simple analysis shows that one have the freedom to shift the index n on L n generators an go to another equivalent basis; this change of basis geometrically corresponds to a diffeomorphism on circle. bms 4 algebra case. We are now ready to make a similar analysis for bms 4 case where the generators are function on an S 2 [11,12]. To this end, let adopt Poincaré coordinates for the S 2 , ds 2 = where ζ,ζ are coordinates on the sphere. A change of coordinates on the S 2 , for example like the one discuss above for the case of a circle, yields a change in the indices on L n ,L n , T m,n . Fixing this coordinates, fixes the conventions on the indices. 10 Analyzing the commutators and hence in what can appear on the Right-Hand-Side of the deformed commutators, we are dealing with product of these functions. Let us e.g. consider T (1) (ζ,ζ)T (2) (ζ,ζ), T (1) (ζ,ζ)T (2) (ζ,ζ) = T (1) m,n T (2) p,q ζ m+pζ n+q ≡ T k,l ζ kζ l =⇒ T k,l = T (1) m,n T k−m,l−n , (A.4) so one finds that the index k, l are fixed to be sum indices of T

B Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence
It is known that Hochschild-Serre factorization theorem does not work infinite dimensional Lie algebras, nonetheless the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence method applies also to infinite dimensional cases and can be used to extract information about deformations and hence second adjoint cohomology. For a Lie algebra (g, [, ]) with a semi-direct sum structure as g = g 0 h where h is an abelian ideal and g 0 ∼ = g/h is its quotient Lie algebra, we have the following short exact sequence where arrows show Lie algebra morphisms. The arrows in the short exact sequence means the image of each morphism is equal to the kernel of the next. For this sequence one obtains the Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence of cochain complexes whose first terms are (see [1] for a more detailed review and references) E p,q 0 = C p (g 0 , C q (h, M )), E p,q 1 = H p (g 0 ; C q (h, M )), E p,q 2 = H p (g 0 ; H q (h; M )), . . . , E p,q n , . . .
in which M is a g-module, C p is the space of p-cochains and E's are related to each other by the differential operator d p,q n : E p,q n −→ E p+n,q−n+1 n [42,66]. In some specific cases one finds the differential function becomes trivial for n ≥ n 0 (for certain n 0 ) and E p,q n , ∀n ≥ n 0 are isomorphic to each other and therefore, E p,q n ∼ = E p,q ∞ . So for the latter we have 11 In this setting by the Hochschild-Serre spectral theorem [42] we have E p,q 2 = H p (g 0 ; H q (h, M )). (B.3) 10 Of course, recalling that the global part of the supertranslations T00, T01, T10, T11 are in the (2,2) representation of the Lorentz group su(2)L × su(2)R, it is also natural to choose the indices to be halfinteger valued, as suggested in [15]. 11 Note that, in general, this equality is true modulo extensions but all the terms in our cases are vector spaces and hence those extensions do not appear.

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This theorem works for both finite and infinite dimensional Lie algebras. For those split abelian extensions with the property that the ideal action on M is trivial, Theorem 1.2 in [75] states that we always have n 0 = 2 and therefore E p,q 2 ∼ = E p,q ∞ . So, combining (B.2) and (B.3) one finds H 2 (g; M ) = ⊕ p+q=2 E p,q 2 .

(B.4)
Note that h is an ideal of g and hence a g-module and because it is abelian, as a g-module its action on itself is trivial. Using the short exact sequence (B.1) we consider g 0 as a g-module as well. In this way the action of h on g 0 is trivial. We conclude that via the above arguments, g 0 and h are both g-modules satisfying the conditions of Theorem 1.2 in [75], and one can compute the spaces H 2 (g; g 0 ) and H 2 (g; h).
The short exact sequence (B.1) induces the long exact sequence at the level of cohomologies · · · −→ H 1 (g; g 0 ) −→ H 2 (g; h) −→ H 2 (g; g) −→ H 2 (g; g 0 ) −→ H 3 (g; g 0 ) −→ · · · (B.5) One may use the above sequence to get information about H 2 (g; g) or even compute it. The long exact sequence (B.5) is true for both finite and infinite dimensional Lie algebras with the semi-direct sum structure. In finite dimensional cases as a consequence of Hochschild-Serre factorization theorem we have H 2 (g; g) ∼ = H 2 (g; h). The latter can be obtained from another long exact sequence · · · −→ H 1 (h; g) −→ H 2 (g 0 ; g) −→ H 2 (g; g) −→ H 2 (h; g) −→ H 3 (g 0 ; g) −→ · · · (B.6) in which H 2 (g 0 ; g) = H 3 (g 0 ; g) = 0. In the case of infinite dimensional Lie algebras we can still use (B.5). While the sequence has in general infinite terms, in some specific cases one finds that some of terms in (B.5) are equal to zero, leading to another short exact sequence. In such situations we can infer some information about lower cohomologies, see [1] for some examples.
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