Heavy fermion bound states for diphoton excess at 750 GeV — collider and cosmological constraints

A colored heavy particle with sufficiently small width may form non-relativistic bound states when they are produced at the large hadron collider (LHC), and they can annihilate into a diphoton final state. The invariant mass of the diphoton would be around twice of the colored particle mass. In this paper, we study if such bound state can be responsible for the 750 GeV diphoton excess reported by ATLAS and CMS. We found that the best-fit signal cross section is obtained for the SU(2)L singlet colored fermion X with YX = 4/3. Having such an exotic hypercharge, the particle is expected to decay through some higher dimensional operators, consistent with the small width assumption. The decay of X may involve a stable particle χ, if both X and χ are odd under some conserved Z2 symmetry. In that case, the particle X suffers from the constraints of jets + missing ET searches by ATLAS and CMS at 8 TeV and 13 TeV. We found that such a scenario still survives if the mass difference between X and χ is above ∼ 30 GeV for mX ∼ 375 GeV. Even assuming pair annihilation of χ is small, the relic density of χ is small enough if the mass difference between X and χ is smaller than ∼ 40 GeV.


Introduction
The LHC Run II at 13 TeV has started last year and first results have been obtained. Among observed deviations from standard model (SM) predictions, the excess of diphoton events with an invariant mass around 750 GeV has been reported by both ATLAS and CMS collaborations [1,2]. The global significance of the excess is 2.3 σ (2 σ) for ATLAS (CMS), while the local significance is 3.6 σ (2.6 σ). The best fit value of the decay width is around 45 GeV for ATLAS data, while CMS data is more significant in the narrow width approximation. If one interprets the excess as a resonance of an unknown particle, the cross section times the branching ratio to the diphoton channel is required to be around 5 fb [3][4][5][6][7].
A possible explanation of the excess by a spin zero resonance (scalar or pseudoscalar) has been extensively studied in recent literatures. On the other hand, existing negative search results at the 8 TeV LHC constrain the nature of the observed excess. The upper limit of the production cross section at 8 TeV is scaled to a constraint at 13 TeV using the ratio of luminosity functions at 8 TeV and 13 TeV. The production cross section of the (pseudo)scalar particle should increase by a factor of 2.5 at 13 TeV if the production through qq initial states dominates, while it increases by 4.5 if the gluon gluon fusion dominates. Since the search of the diphoton resonance at 8 TeV gives a stringent upper limit on the production cross section of 1-2 fb, the production of the (pseudo)scalar particle through the gluon gluon fusion should be the dominant mechanism of the excess [3][4][5][6][7]. Note that the new (pseudo)scalar particle couples to gluons or photons at loop level, while it is difficult to explain the excess if only SM particles are involved in the loop. Colored vector fermions or scalars should be introduced to explain the observed excess. O(1) couplings between the JHEP04(2016)159 (pseudo)scalar and the new colored particles are needed to have a sufficient cross section, though these couplings could blow up at the scale not much beyond TeV [8][9][10][11][12][13][14].
On the other hand, the resonance could arise naturally as a bound state of a new colored particle X when the decay width of the particle is small enough. The colored particles in the bound state can annihilate into gauge bosons, so that they can give a relatively clean diphoton signature. The possibility to observe such a resonance at hadron colliders has been studied extensively for the scalar top case in the past [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] and in the context of the 750 GeV excess [22][23][24][25]. However, such a colored particle of the mass ∼ 375 GeV (750/2 GeV) is severely constrained by the current LHC data. For example, it is excluded up to 750 GeV if the decay modes consist of tZ, tH and bW for the fermionic top partner case [26,27]. One way to evade such current searches is introducing a dark matter particle χ in the decay chain of X. Even for the case, when m X − m χ is large enough, scalar top searches or general SUSY searches exclude m X > 900 GeV (700 GeV) for the fermion (scalar) X case [28-32]. We therefore consider a degenerate spectrum with smaller m X − m χ as it is well known that the collider sensitivity becomes weaker. It is also preferable to explain its small decay width to enhance the diphoton signal strength. Note that an extremely small width predicts a long-lived colored particle and again strongly constrained by R-hadron searches [33,34]. In this paper, we consider a scenario with a multiplicatively conserved Z 2 symmetry, and assume that a new colored SU(2) L singlet and Z 2 odd fermion X with hypercharge Y X decays into a stable and neutral Z 2 odd particle χ through higher dimensional operators. We show that our scenario can explain the diphoton excess without conflicting with any other 8 TeV and 13 TeV data and the cosmological constraint on the thermal relic density of χ.
This paper is organized as follows: in section 2, we study the production and the decay of the bound state at the LHC. We solve the Schrödinger equation taking the effect of Y X into account, and obtain the wave function of the bound state. The cross section of the diphoton signal turns out to be sensitive to Y X , and found to be consistent with the excess when Y X = 4/3. In section 3, we consider the case where X decays into a dark matter particle χ and multiple jets, and study the current collider bound on X by reinterpreting SUSY searches at the 8 TeV and 13 TeV LHC. We found that the current 13 TeV data have already set the strongest constraint on X and χ with m X ∼ 375 GeV, however m X − m χ 30 GeV have not been excluded yet. We will show in section 4 such a mass difference is preferable from a cosmological viewpoint. Assuming the selfannihilation of χ does not alter its thermal relic density significantly, m X − m χ 40 GeV is indeed required for m X ∼ 375 GeV. We briefly mention the outlook of our scenario in section 5.

Quarkonium productions and decays
Various types of colored heavy fermions can contribute to the diphoton excess through their non-relativistic bound states. We adopt in this paper the fermion which is odd under the Z 2 symmetry, triplet under SU(3) c , singlet under SU(2) L and has a hypercharge Y X .

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Essential part of the Lagrangian describing this heavy fermion X is then given by where the covariant derivative is defined as / D = D µ γ µ and D µ = ∂ µ + ig s (λ a /2) G a µ + ig Y X B µ with G a µ and B µ being the gluon and U(1) Y gauge boson fields and their corresponding gauge couplings are g s and g , respectively. The mass of X is denoted by m X . The fermion X have sufficiently short lifetime so that one can avoid stringent constraints from long-lived colored particle searches at the LHC [33,34] and to be consistent with cosmology. The above Lagrangian should thus involve some interactions inducing such a decay, and will be discussed in the next section, because those are not relevant to the discussion here.
When the heavy fermion X is pair produced near the threshold energy, the pair forms a bound-state with a significantly enhanced production cross section. The diphoton process at the LHC, pp → XX → γγ, is induced dominantly through the production of the lowest 1 S 0 (J P C = 0 −+ ) state, which is denoted by S 0 in our paper. The γγ production cross section through the bound state S 0 is in the lowest order calculation computed as where m S 0 denotes the mass of the bound-state, s is the center-of-mass energy squared and f g (x) is the gluon parton distribution function (PDF) inside a proton. We adopt the PDF of MSTW2008NLO [35], where the parenthesis of the right-hand side takes a value of about 2137 at √ s =13 TeV when m S 0 = 750 GeV [4]. The so-called K-factor, which is introduced to take higher order corrections into account, is denoted by K in the above formula, and is fixed to be two in our analysis. 1 Total decay width of S 0 and its partial decay widths into photons and gluons are denoted by Γ tot , Γ γγ and Γ gg , respectively. The widths are given by the wave function of the bound state at the origin, ψ 0 (0), as follows [39]: where c W ≡ cos θ W is the Weinberg angle, α s = g 2 s /(4π), and α is the fine structure constant, respectively. The width Γ X in eq. (2.3) is the total decay width of the heavy fermion X and it is assumed to be smaller enough than other two terms Γ γγ /c 4 W and Γ gg , which corresponds to Γ X O(1) MeV. This assumption will be discussed in the next section. Since Γ γγ Γ gg when Y X ∼ O(1), the signal cross section σ(pp → S 0 → γγ) is proportional to Y 4 X .

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The wave function and the mass of the bound state, ψ 0 (0) and m S 0 , must be determined to evaluate the cross section. They are obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation: where E 0 is the energy eigenvalue of the state, and thus the mass of the bound state is given by m S 0 = 2m X + E 0 . Here, the wave function is normalization to be d 3 r ψ * 0 (r) ψ 0 (r) = 1. The potential V (r) is composed of two different long-range interactions; one is from the strong force and the other is from the Coulomb force, so that it is expressed as The explicit form of the QCD potential V QCD (|r|) is found in ref. [39], which includes the scale dependence of α s at a short distance as well as the long-range (non-perturbative) QCD effect. 2 It is worth emphasizing that the Coulomb force contribution gives a sizable correction to the potential. It enhances the wave function |ψ 0 (0)| by 10-30% when Y X 1. For instance, |ψ 0 (0)| 88, 90, 94, 99, 105 and 113 GeV 1.5 when Y X = 0, 2/3, 1, 4/3, 5/3 and 2, respectively, with m S 0 being 750 GeV. We discuss it in more details in appendix A together with a useful fitting function of |ψ 0 (0)| for various values of Y X . It is instructive to express the above result in terms of the effective lagrangian L eff , for L eff is frequently used to discuss the diphoton excess from phenomenological viewpoints. Since the bound state S 0 is a pseudo-scalar particle composed of a pair of SU(2) L singlet fermions, L eff should involve following dimension-five interactions at leading order: where B µν (G a µν ) andB µν (G a µν ) are the field strength tensor of the U(1) Y (SU(3) c ) gauge boson and its dual. Matching the effective lagrangian (2.8) with the diphoton cross section (2.2), the absolute values of the coefficients, |C BB | and |C gg |, turn out to be (4πΓ γγ /c 4 W m S 0 ) 1/2 and (πΓ gg /2m S 0 ) 1/2 , respectively. This fact means that the diphoton signal strength is uniquely determined in our model when the hypercharge Y X is fixed. This result is shown in figure 1, where the predictions of our model are depicted by red stars on the (|C gg |, |C BB |)-plane. For comparison, we also show contours of the diphoton cross section by grey-dashed lines as a function of |C gg | and |C BB |. The region painted by a darker (lighter) green color corresponds to the one favored by the diphoton excess at 1σ (2σ) level [3]. It is worth notifying that the increase of |C gg | with respect to Y X is from the hypercharge dependence of the wave function, |ψ 0 (0)|. It can be seen that the heavy fermion with Y X = 4/3 explains the diphoton excess very well, so that will use it as a canonical model in following discussions.

Other bound state signals
When the bound state S 0 is produced, it can decay into other channels, which have also been searched for at the 8 TeV LHC. Since S 0 is composed of SU(2) L singlet fermions, it does not decay into W + W − but into Zγ, ZZ due to the electroweak symmetry breaking. Production cross sections of the channels at 8 TeV, σ(pp → S 0 → Zγ, ZZ), and experimental limits on the cross sections obtained from 8 TeV data are shown in table 1 with m X and Y X being 750 GeV and 4/3, respectively. 3 Experimental limits on both of the channels are still weak, though the Zγ channel will be important to test the model at the 13 TeV LHC.
At the threshold energy, the pp collision also produces a bound state which is color neutral but has a spin one with quantum numbers, 3 S 1 (J P C = 0 − − ), which is denoted by S 1 in this paper. 4 The bound state S 1 degenerates with S 0 in mass, and is produced dominantly through the s-channel diagram of γ/Z from quark-antiquark collisions at leading order. The bound state S 1 decays into various fermion pairs. Among those, the decay into a lepton pair ( + − = e + e − + µ + µ − or τ + τ − ) gives the most sensitive limit, while the next one is the tt channel. Their production cross sections and experimental limits from 8 TeV data are shown in table 1. Since the cross sections are smaller than those of S 0 , 8 TeV limits are weak, though the lepton channel would serve another test of the model in future. 3 All the production cross sections in the table have been computed at leading order, namely with the K-factor being one, because the cross sections are already much below the experimental limits at the 8 TeV LHC. 4 There are no color-octet bound states, because the strong SU (3) Before closing this section, we also address other signals from S 0 and S 1 . Both of the bound states decay into two jets; a gluon pair from S 0 , while light quark (u, d, s and c) pairs from S 1 . Since the total production cross sections of the two jet channel are still much smaller than the experimental limit as shown in table 1, this channel is useless to test the model. The bound state S 1 can decay into a bottom quark pair, though it is less significant than the tt channel as can be seen in the table. This bound state also decays into W + W − and hZ but their partial decay widths are rather suppressed compared to other channels, so that these channels cannot be used to test the model. For the sake of convenience, some formulae for the S 1 production cross sections are summarized in appendix B.

LHC direct search bounds on heavy fermion X
In this section, we consider a scenario where a Z 2 -odd fermion X with its hypercharge Y X decays into a stable and neutral Z 2 -odd particle χ, and discuss the current constraint on X from 8 TeV and 13 TeV data at the LHC. We found in the previous section that the best fit value of Y X for the diphoton excess is 4/3. For a Z 2 -odd fermion with such an exotic hypercharge, we cannot write down any renormalizable interaction involving X, χ and SM particle(s). Interactions inducing X decays are thus written by higher dimensional operators. For such an operator with a mass dimension as low as possible, O F ∼ (Xu c ) (χu c )/Λ 2 (O S ∼ (Xd c ) (ū c d c ) χ/Λ 3 ) can be found for a fermionic (bosonic) χ. Based on a naive dimensional analysis, the operators O F and O S lead to MeV, respectively, when Λ = 1 TeV. The smallness of the X width is required to enhance the diphoton signal as mentioned in the previous section and it is automatically guaranteed thanks to the exotic hypercharge.
As a result, the decay of X proceeds as X → χ + n-jets, where n ≥ 2 (3) when χ is a fermion (boson). We mainly consider the n = 3 case in this paper. On the other hand, we have to consider a vertex with the color structure of ijkXi u c j u c k for the n = 2 case, but there are subtle points to simulate the color flow of the vertex. In order to estimate the efficiency of the signal detection in the n = 2 case, we thus have generated events using the decay X → qgχ. We have found that the result is similar to the one obtained in the n = 3 case. The LHC signature of the pair production of X is characterized by / E T and jets: Conventional searches of such a process usually rely on a large missing momentum. When the heavy fermion X is heavier enough than the stable particle χ, a model with m X ∼ 375 GeV is already disfavored by existing searches. The bound becomes weaker for a degenerate spectrum with m X ∼ m χ as the decay products are too soft to be detected and the missing momentum tends to be small due to the back-to-back χ configuration.
Mono-jet searches are then sensitive for such a degenerate mass spectrum, which utilizes the ISR-jet in the next leading order process. It provides a significant transverse momentum to the system of the undetectable particle χ (dark matter) pair as follows: We consider the collider limit on the (m X , ∆m)-plane, because m X mainly controls the XX pair production cross section through the strong interaction and ∆m ≡ m X − m χ does the signal efficiency. Note that the mass difference ∆m also controls the thermal relic abundance of the dark matter particle χ, as will be discussed in the next section. Mono-jet searches at 8 TeV [48,49] and / E T + jets searches at 13 TeV [50] reported by the ATLAS collaboration are particularly important to estimate the current bound on our scenario. Applying the above analyses to the simulated signal events, we draw several contours of their 95% C.L. limits on the (m X , ∆m)-plane. We have used MadGraph5 aMC@NLO [51] and Pythia6 [52] for the event generation. CheckMATE-1.2.2 [53] is used for the efficiency estimation, where Delphes3 [54] and FastJet [55,56] are implemented for detector simulation and jet reconstruction, respectively. For the 13 TeV analysis, we follow the CheckMATE convention and estimate the efficiency using the default Delphes3 detector card.
We have implemented a heavy colored fermion X and a scalar dark matter χ using Feynrules [57] for the MadGraph model file. Signal events are generated up to two additional jets and merged in the MLM-matching scheme [58][59][60]. The NLO/NNLO production cross section of the X pair is computed by Hathor-2.0 [61] and used for the normalization of the events generated by MadGraph. Numerical values used in our analysis are summarized in table 2 for various X masses. The uncertainty of the cross section was estimated by changing the factorization scale, the renormalization scale and the parton distribution function, and it turns out to be less than 25% (10%) at NLO (NNLO) [61]. To estimate the acceptance uncertainty, the theoretical error of the ISR distribution has to be considered. The error is often estimated as the deviation of the LO XX j matched cross section after the cut by changing the scale of the renormalization, factorization and emission vertex JHEP04(2016)159 between 0.5 and 2 from the nominal value, keeping the normalization of the total cross section as the NLO one. We found the error of (the cross section) × (the acceptance) is dominated by the cross section uncertainty. It should be smaller if the NNLO fully differential cross section is available, however currently is not. We adopt 16% theoretical error for (the cross section) × (the acceptance), which is the one quoted for the degenerate stop study at NLO [48].
Among various results obtained at the 8 TeV LHC, the mono-jet searches [48,49] are found to be particularly important for our scenario. In the former reference [48], the following kinematical cuts have been adopted for all of the signal regions: • / E T > 150 GeV.
• n j ≤ 3 where n j is the number of jets with p T > 30 GeV and |η| < 2.8.
Here, ∆φ (j, / p T ) is the azimuthal angle separation between the missing momentum and a jet selected by the cuts. Signal regions are then categorized into M1-M3 according to different cuts on / E T and the leading jet p T . On the other hand, in the latter reference [49], the following kinematical cuts have been adopted for all of the signal regions: • / E T > 150 GeV.
• p T / / E T > 0.5 for the leading jet.
The requirement on ∆φ (j, / p T ) is applied for each jet with p T > 30 GeV and |η| < 4.5. Signal regions are categorized into SR1-SR9 according to different cuts on / E T . Note that the signal regions are overlapped with each other, and thus statistically not independent. The upper limit on the maximum number of resolved jets and rather large p T values for the leading jet are required in the signal regions M1-M3. Those select only events which are close to pure mono-jet ones and thus gives a weaker bound compared to the one from SR5-SR6. Moreover, we have found that searches for squarks and gluinos using jets and missing momentum events at the 13 TeV LHC [50] have already set a severe constraint on our scenario. Following kinematical cuts have been adopted for all of the signal regions, • ∆φ (j, / p T ) > 0.8.
We found that the most sensitive signal region for our scenario is SR2jm which are designed for the compressed spectra, where n j ≥ 2 for jets with p T > 50 GeV & |η| < 2.8 and the leading jet p T > 300 GeV are required to select mono-jet like events. We summarize in table 3 the most sensitive signal regions in refs. [48][49][50] for our scenario.  Our results are summarized in figure 2, where parameter regions excluded at 95% C.L. are shown on the (m X , ∆m)-plane. Those are obtained using the prescription [62], σ sig − 2∆σ sig < σ 95% obs , in each selected signal region, where σ sig is the signal cross section after all the selection cuts applied in each signal region, while ∆σ sig is its error which is taken to be 16%, and σ 95% obs is the 95% C.L. experimental upper limit on σ sig quoted from the corresponding ATLAS analysis. Larger ∆m provides less mono-jet like events with m X being fixed, because additional jet activities reduce / E T relative to the total activity of the events and thus reduce signal efficiencies. It can be seen that the parameter region with ∆m 30 GeV has not been excluded yet by the mono-jet searches when m X ∼ 375 GeV. The signal regions SR5 and SR6 in ref. [49] set much stringent constraints compared to the M2 region in ref. [48]. The M2 region was indeed optimized for the scalar top search, as it requires strong criteria on the number of additional jets, leading to the reduction of JHEP04(2016)159 multi-jet signal events in our case. This is because the mass scale of X is higher than that expected in the original scalar top analysis, and the probability to have additional jets becomes higher in our case. The 13 TeV limit from the SR2jm region is slightly stronger than the 8 TeV results. We find, however, the region with ∆m 30 GeV still survives for m X ∼ 375 GeV.

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In the same figure, we have also depicted the parameter region that is not favored from the cosmological viewpoint of χ (dark matter). When χ is a scalar (fermionic) particle, the region with ∆m 50 (40) GeV is not favored, for the thermal relic density of χ exceeds the dark matter density observed today assuming that the self-annihilation cross section of χ is small. See the next section for more details. It can be seen that there is still an available region consistent with both the current LHC limits and the DM relic abundance. Interestingly, there is a 1σ level excess observed in the SR2jm region against the estimated SM backgrounds and the systematic error is dominated. Our scenario is therefore compatible with the current situation and the entire parameter region can be probed once the systematic error is reduced by accumulating more events in near future.

Cosmology of χ
We saw in the previous section that the mass difference between the dark matter particle χ and the new heavy fermion X should be small enough but still larger than ∼30 GeV to avoid the constraint from LHC direct searches. Such a mass difference is also favored from the viewpoint of dark matter cosmology, and this is the topic discussed in this section.
Since χ is degenerate with X in mass, (co)annihilation processes among the two particles play crucial roles to determine the dark matter relic abundance at present universe. Let us first check whether or not the chemical equilibrium between the two particles is maintained during the freeze-out epoch. Since X eventually decays into χ by emitting some SM particles, some interaction must exist between X and χ, where its reaction rate is parameterized by the decay width of X, namely Γ X . There is an upper limit on Γ X so that it does not dominate the total decay width of the X-quarkonium, which reads Γ X O(1) MeV. On the other hand, the width should be larger than the expansion rate of the universe during the freeze-out epoch, which is given by Γ X H with H ∼ O(10 −16 ) GeV being the Hubble constant during the epoch. These two conditions are thus easily satisfied simultaneously, and the two particles χ and X can be assumed to be in the chemical equilibrium.
The relic abundance of the dark matter χ is then determined by so-called the thermally averaged effective annihilation cross section, which is in our scenario given as follows: where g i is the spin and color degree of freedom for the particle 'i', while x = m χ /T and ∆ i = (m i − m χ )/m χ with m χ , T and m i being the dark matter mass, the temperature of the universe and the mass of the particle 'i', respectively. The thermally averaged annihilation cross section between the particles 'i' and 'j' is denoted by σ ij v with v being the relative velocity between the two particles. The effective degree of freedom g eff is defined JHEP04(2016)159 by g eff = i g i (1 + ∆ i ) 3/2 exp(−x∆ i ). The index 'i' runs among the dark matter χ, the new vector-like quark X and its anti-particleX in our setup. Annihilation cross sections σ χX and σ χX are negligibly small, because the interaction between the two particles are suppressed, as mentioned in the previous paragraph. The same reason is applied for cross sections σ XX and σXX . We also assume σ χχ σ XX in our analysis, which is justified in particular when χ is a fermion singlet under the SM gauge group, because all renormalizable interactions of such a particle are forbidden due to the SM gauge symmetry and the Z 2 symmetry to stabilize the dark matter particle. The effective annihilation cross section is therefore simply determined by the annihilation cross section between X andX, namely σ XX in this setup.
Main contribution to the annihilation cross section σ XX comes from QCD processes. Neglecting all the masses of SM particles, which is verified when X is enough heavier than the SM particles, the effective annihilation cross section σv eventually reads 5 According to the method developed in ref. [63] and using the cross section σv computed, the relic abundance of the dark matter at present universe is obtained by solving the Boltzmann equation. Our result is shown in figure 2 as a thin orange (pink) band and a shaded region with the same color, where the dark matter particle is assumed to be a fermion (scalar). When m X and ∆m ≡ m X − m χ are inside the band, the correct relic abundance observed today, Ω DM h 2 0.112, is reproduced at 95% confidence level neglecting systematic errors associated with theory predictions. The relic abundance exceeds the observed value in the shaded region, so that it is excluded. As can be seen in the figure, the mass difference ∆m of about 40 (50) GeV is favored for a fermionic (scalar) dark matter χ, which is within the region evading the direct heavy fermion X searches at the LHC.

Outlook
We have shown that the non-relativistic bound state of a pair of the colored particles X with m X ∼ 375 GeV and Y X = 4/3 can be responsible for the 750 GeV diphoton excess. This scenario is consistent with current LHC data from pp → XX if X decays into a stable neutral particle χ and multiple soft jets though higher dimensional operators. The mass difference between the new particles ∆m = m X − m χ must be small to avoid hard jets + missing E T constraints, but must also be large enough to avoid mono-jet search constraints. ∆m > 30 GeV is required for m X ∼ 375 GeV. On the other hand, the stable particle χ in the scenario can be a dark matter in our universe. Even assuming the pair annihilation of χ is small, its thermal relic density can be small enough if ∆m < 40 (50) GeV when χ is a fermion (scalar). Collider constraints on mono-jet searches would be more stringent in future, and it will excludes or proves the entire region satisfying this cosmological constraint.

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The diphoton signature is currently not significant enough statistically. Even if the diphoton excess does not survive in future, our work is still useful to constrain a class of scenario where a dark matter couples to a heavy colored fermion but does not couple to the SM sector at leading order. For integrated luminosity of 3000 fb −1 , which is in the scope of so-called the high luminosity LHC, the LHC can give a factor of 1/30 more stringent limit on the signal cross section σ(pp → S 0 → γγ) than the current one in purely statistical consideration. This is sufficient to access another type of the heavy colored fermion X with Y X = 2/3, which has the same charge of the standard model top quark. The search for the mono-jet signal should also constrain the scenario, however its constraint may suffer more from theoretical and systematical errors compared with the case of the diphoton resonance search. A Fitting functions for |ψ 0 (0)| and E 0

Acknowledgments
The wave function at origin, |ψ 0 (0)|, and the corresponding energy eigenvalue E 0 of the bound state S 0 are required to compute the signal cross section for the diphoton excess. Fitting functions of these two quantities for various hypercharges Y X are given by where the coefficients a n and b n for various Y X are given in table 4. It is worth emphasizing here that our fitting results with Y X = 0 are consistent with those in ref. [39]. In fact the difference is at most four percent in the range of 200 GeV ≤ m S 0 ≤ 1 TeV. Note also that our fitting functions were verified to work up to the case with 200 GeV ≤ m S 0 ≤ 2 TeV.

B Signals from S 1 bound state
The spin one bound state S 1 is produced dominantly by quark-antiquark collisions at the LHC, and then decays into various pairs of SM particles, such as a lepton pair. As in the S 0 case, the signal cross section of the S 1 bound state into the xx final state is given by  Table 4. Coefficients a n and b n for the fitting functions for φ 0 (0) and E 0 in eq. (A.1).
where m S 1 is the mass of the bound-state. Since S 1 exactly degenerates S 0 in mass at leading order, it is the same as m S 0 . The quark and antiquark PDFs inside a proton are denoted by f q (x) and fq(x). According to MSTW2008NLO [35], the parenthesis of the right hand side gives, e.g. 158, 89 and 7.2 for q = u, d and s, respectively, at √ s = 8 TeV with m S 1 being 750 GeV [4]. The so-called K-factor is denoted by K 1 in the above cross section.
The total decay width of the S 1 bound state and its partial decay width into the xx final state are denoted by Γ (1) tot and Γ (1) xx , respectively, and their explicit forms are given by The wave function ψ 1 (0) is equal to ψ 0 (0), because the Schrödinger equation for S 1 is exactly the same as the one for S 0 at leading order. The coefficient c xx are 20, 10, 34/3 and 10/3 when xx = + − , τ + τ − , uū (= cc = tt), dd (= ss = bb), respectively.
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