Thermal corrections to Rényi entropies for free fermions

We calculate thermal corrections to Rényi entropies for free massless fermions on a sphere. More specifically, we take a free fermion on ℝ×Sd−1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathbb{R}\times {\mathbb{S}}^{{{}^d}^{-1}} $$\end{document} and calculate the leading thermal correction to the Rényi entropies for a cap like region with opening angle 2θ. By expanding the density matrix in a Boltzmann sum, the problem of finding the Rényi entropies can be mapped to the problem of calculating a two point function on an n sheeted cover of the sphere. We follow previous work for conformal field theories to map the problem on the sphere to a conical region in Euclidean space. By using the method of images, we calculate the two point function and recover the Rényi entropies.


Introduction
Entanglement entropy has become of interest to various communities in physics from condensed matter and quantum information [1,2] to black holes and quantum gravity [3,4]. The discovery of a way of calculating entanglement entropy holographically produced interest in the AdS/CFT community as well [5].
In this paper, we use the conventional definition of entanglement entropy. We assume that the Hilbert space factors nicely with respect to two complementary spatial regions, A andĀ. The reduced density matrix and Rényi entropies are then defined as (1. 2) The factor of 1/(1 − n) in the the definition of the Rényi entropy is convenient for taking a n → 1 limit and recovering the entanglement entropy: It was argued in ref. [6] that for gapped systems at small temperature, thermal corrections to the entanglement entropy are Boltzmann suppressed. Further evidence in d = 1+1

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can be found in refs. [7][8][9][10][11]. For general conformal field theories with temperature 1/β on a circle of perimeter L, the coefficient of the Boltzman factor was calculated [12]: where g is the degeneracy of the first excited state, ∆ is the smallest scaling dimension among the operators, and is the interval length. (In order for these formulae to hold, the conformal field theory on the circle has to have a unique ground state and a mass gap.) For higher dimensional conformal field theories on S 1 × S d−1 , an analogous thermal correction to entanglement entropy is also known [13]. The result for the entanglement entropy for a cap on a sphere with polar angle θ and radius R is given in general by the following integral: The derivation of this result relies on a conformal transformation from the sphere to hyperbolic space. The conformal transformation allows one to identify the reduced density matrix for the ground state as a unitary transformation of the thermal density matrix on hyperbolic space. There is a corresponding identification between the logarithm of the reduced density matrix (or modular Hamiltonian) and the Hamiltonian for the conformal field theory on hyperbolic space. Unfortunately, there can be subtleties associated with boundary terms for the modular Hamiltonian when this transformation is invoked. In the case of conformally coupled scalars [13,14], these boundary terms mean the result (1.6) should be corrected; one replaces I d in the result above with I d−2 . The issue is that the conformal coupling requires a Gibbons-Hawking like term on the boundary. The natural constant θ boundary is different from the boundary of hyperbolic space, and this difference contaminates the entanglement entropy. In this paper we study free fermions which have no such Gibbons-Hawking like term and consequently no subtleties associated with the boundary. Thus we expect and indeed find that the result (1.6) holds for massless free fermions. As an added benefit, we also compute thermal corrections to Rényi entropies for fermions. This paper is organized as follows. First we briefly review the mapping used in ref. [14] that maps from the multi-sheeted cover of the sphere to a wedge in flat space. We then calculate the two point function using the method of images, from which we can read off the thermal corrections to Rényi entropies. Finally, we compare these calculations of entanglement and Rényi entropies with numerical results for fermions in d = 2 + 1 and d = 3 + 1.

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2 Rényi's for a general CFT A main result from ref. [14] was a general equation for the thermal correction to the Rényi entropy for a conformal field theory. We assume that when the conformal field theory is placed on a S d−1 × R, there is a unique ground state |0 and a set of degenerate first excited states |ψ i with energy E ψ . We divide the S d−1 into a spatial region A and complementĀ and consider instead of S d−1 × R, an n-sheeted branched cover of this spacetime where the branching is over the region A. The result from ref. [14] is where ψ i is an operator that creates one of the first excited states. The point z is in the far Euclidean future and the point z in the far Euclidean past. The subscript n indicates the two-point function is to be evaluated on this n-sheeted branched cover. (Note that the result (2.1) could have been anticipated from a very similar result in 1+1 dimensional conformal field theories [12].) In general, it is not clear how to evaluate ψ i (z)ψ i (z ) n . However, if we restrict to the case where A is a cap on a sphere of opening angle 2θ, then we can take advantage of a conformal transformation that maps the n-sheeted branched cover of S d−1 ×R to C n ×R d−2 where C n is an n-sheeted cover of the complex plane, branched over the negative real axis. It is convenient to make the transformation in a couple of steps, as was outlined in ref. [14]. The first step takes the cap on S d−1 to a ball in R d−1 (see the appendix of ref. [15]): and dΩ 2 is the line element on S d−2 . If the cap has opening angle 2θ 0 , then the ball has radius r 0 = tan(θ 0 /2). A further special conformal transformation maps the ball to a half space: We let x 0 and y 0 correspond to Euclidean times, and take b 1 = 1/r 0 to be the only nonvanishing value of the vector b. After further rescaling and rotations, the inserted operators can be placed at y = (1,2θ 0 , 0) and y = (1,0, 0), where we are using polar coordinates (r, θ) on the C n . (For further details, see ref. [14].)

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We will employ a method of images strategy for computing ψ i (y)ψ i (y ) n on C n ×R d−2 . This strategy was already used successfully for the scalar in refs. [14,18]. The idea is to compute the two-point function using the method of images on the orbifold C/Z m for general m and then to obtain ψ i (y)ψ i (y ) n by analytic continuation, setting n = 1/m. As the method of images relies on the fact that the underlying equations of motion are linear, we do not expect this method will be useful for interacting field theories.
In the fermionic case, there are issues associated with nontrivial phases, signs and a choice of spin structure which we must address. One issue, which we now review, is that rotations act nontrivially on spinor wave functions.

Rotation on fermions
For a Dirac fermion we know the effect of a rotation on the components of the spinor [16]. A general Lorentz transformation in Euclidean signature, Λ, is given by where ω µν parameterizes the rotations and Lorentz boosts. For the case of interest we are only interested in rotations in (0,1) plane, for which the only non-vanishing components are ω 01 = −ω 10 = φ. The matrix exponential can be done simply and is given by If we then define then equation (2.10) simplifies to A fact that we will rely on heavily moving forward is that γ 0 γ z and γ 0 γz are projectors: (2.14)

Analytic calculation of Rényi entropies
In flat space the fermion 2-point function is, up to normalization,

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Following ref. [14], the Green's function on a wedge C/Z m × R d−2 can be calculated via the method of images. The Green's function via the method of images is given by rotating one of the fermions by 2πk/m where k indexes the wedges and m is the number of wedges. In going between adjacent wedges an extra factor of (−1) is added due to the spin structure (for example see ref. [17]). The result is then (Curiously, this expression only makes sense for m an odd integer. Nevertheless, we find that knowing the two-point function for odd integers is in general sufficient to make the analytic continuation to n = 1/m.) In the case of interest y = y = 0, z = e 2iθ and z → 1, the two-point function can be rewritten From this expression, we can deduce the following recursion relation for the two-point function: To obtain the Rényi entropy we make the replacement n = 1/m in the two point function and we use that E ψ = d−1 2R for free fermions on a sphere of radius R: (3.5)

d = 2
In d = 1 + 1 we can choose gamma matrices (γ 0 = σ 3 and γ 1 = σ 1 ) such that It is worth noting that it is convenient to have γ 0 γ z diagonal, but is not necessary. Then the 2-point function is given by (3.6)
These agree with the known results for 2d CFTs [12] in general and for 2d fermions [7,11] in particular.

d = 4
In d = 3 + 1 we choose gamma matrices In this case the 2-point function is given by Repeating the calculation in d = 2 we get  The second result correctly reproduces the entanglement entropy correction found for general conformal field theories on the sphere [13]. The result for δS n (θ) is new.
Following previous work [14,18], we may try to convert the denominator of the Green's function (3.3) to an integral in order to perform the sum over k. In the case of the scalar, the resulting expression can be analytically continued to all m and thus in particular to JHEP04(2016)124 n = 1/m. However, in the case of the fermion, some extra phases appear to spoil the analytic continuation. We are able to extract thermal corrections to entanglement entropy from an n → 1 limit of the integral successfully. Thermal corrections to Rényi entropies remain out of reach however. The first step in converting the sum to an integral is an integral representation of the cosecant used successfully in the analogous calculation for the scalars [14,18]: From this integral representation, it directly follows that Using the representation (3.13) in the Green's function (3.3) for d = 3, we obtain To get the entanglement entropy, we expand around m = 1:  This result matches the general case derived in ref. [11]. While this integral representation gives the correct thermal corrections to the entanglement entropy, it appears to fail for the Rényi entropies. We suspect a reason is that the integral representation grows too quickly as a function of complex m to satisfy the assumptions of Carlson's Theorem. In other words, there will not be a unique analytic continuation. We can break the integral up into two pieces, one from 0 < x < 1 and a second from 1 < x < ∞, and then replace the two integrals with double sums: e iπq/m π(mp + q) + mθ + e −imπ e iπq/m π(m + mp + q) + mθ .

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In the case of the scalar, the phases in the numerator of this expression vanish, and the sum has better convergence properties. Here instead, for m = iy pure imaginary, the sum has the same kind of growth as sin(πm), which vanishes for all integer m. 1

Recursion relation for entanglement entropy
We would also like to show that our recursion relation (3.4) is compatible with the recursion relation for the entanglement entropy found in ref. [11]. We start by Taylor expanding the two-point function and relating it to the entanglement entropy 2 We will proceed by induction and assume equation (1.6) in d dimensions. Equation (1.7) has the following recursion relation . (3.20) Then using equation (1.6) and recalling that ∆ = (d − 1)/2, We checked the entanglement entropy for both d = 1 + 1 and d = 2 + 1. Thus by induction the two recursion relations are in agreement for both even and odd dimensions.

Numerical check
We are interested in numerically checking our results. As mentioned earlier a free fermion on a sphere does not suffer from the same boundary term ambiguities as the conformally coupled scalar [13]. The numerics for a free fermion should then directly give the general conformal field theory results. Using the conventionΨ = Ψ † γ 0 the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian densities for a fermion in curved space are given by Γ

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Where D λ is the covariant derivative on the manifold. This can be written explicitly in terms of the vierbein (e λ I ) and spin connection (ω λIJ ). 3 We have defined the curved space gamma matrices and covariant spinor derivative where ω µIJ is the spin connection. Using the torsion free Maurer-Cartan equation, de i + e j ∧ ω j i = 0, we can extract the spin connection, the nonvanishing elements of which are The general Hamiltonian in d + 1 dimensions is then where is a flat spatial index. We can remove the cotangents and the volume factor in the commutation relation with the following definition Ψ = d j=1 csc (d−j)/2 (θ j ) ψ: To obtain a numerical result efficiently, we turn this Hamiltonian density into a d = 1 + 1 Hamiltonian. To this end, we integrate over θ i for i > 1. We then calculate the spectrum of O where the lowest energy, smallest eigenvalue, gives the lowest order thermal correction to the Rényi entropies. For general d the result is as can be found in ref. [19]. We discretize these Hamiltonians, turning the integral into a sum and the derivative into a finite difference. We then numerically calculate the entanglement and Rényi entropies in the same way as previous papers [11,14,20]. We find agreement with our analytical results for the entanglement entropy in both d = 2 + 1 and d = 3 + 1 (see figure 1), and for the Rényi entropy in d = 3 + 1 (see figure 2).

Discussion
In this paper we extended to include massless free fermions the work in ref. [14], which considered thermal corrections to Rényi and entanglement entropies for the conformally coupled scalar. This extension allowed a direct and successful comparison with ref. [13] which provided general results for thermal corrections to entanglement entropy for conformal field theories -without additional complications caused by boundary terms present for the conformally coupled scalar. We also were able to calculate thermal corrections to the Rényi entropies for the free fermion in even dimensions. We give the analytic result in d = 1 + 1 (3.7) and d = 3 + 1 (3.10) along with a recursion relation (3.4) which allows for computations of all even dimensions. In odd dimensions, we were unable to find an analytic continuation that would allow us to calculate thermal corrections to Rényi entropies, but we were able to reproduce the thermal corrections to entanglement entropy. Amusingly, the situation is usually reversed, where one can compute Rényi entropies but the analytic continuation to entanglement entropy is not feasible. It is possible that the methods used in this paper and those in ref. [14] could allow for corrections to be calculated for other free higher spin theories and possibly more generally for conformal field theories.

A Alternate formulation of d = 3 sum
In our effort to find the Rényi entropies in odd dimensions we came across an alternate form of the sum in equation (3.13). This alternate representation is essentially a Fourier series on the shifted interval π 2m < θ < 2π + π 2m . Using the same integral form for the cosecant used for d = 3 we can rewrite this new sum as an integral. The integral can be evaluated for individual values of n = 1/m. This rewriting of the sum seems to have different issues with analytic continuation than those that plagued equation (3.13). It appears to reproduce correctly the n = 2 thermal correction to the Rényi entropy (see figure 3), but fails for the others and for the entanglement entropy. (Note that the n = 3 result is not reproduced by our numerics.)