Enhanced supersymmetry from vanishing Euler number

We argue that compactifications on Calabi-Yau threefolds with vanishing Euler number yield effective four dimensional theories exhibiting (spontaneously broken) N = 4 supersymmetry. To this end, we derive the low-energy effective action for general SU(2) structure manifolds in type IIA string theory and show its consistency with gauged N = 4 supergravity. Focusing on the special case of Calabi-Yau manifolds with vanishing Euler number, we explain the absence of perturbative corrections at the two-derivative level. In addition, we conjecture that all non-perturbative corrections are governed and constrained by the couplings of N = 4 massive gravitino multiplets.


Introduction
Dimensional reductions of string theory on compact manifolds produce the most promising candidates for gravitational theories with UV completions in dimensions lower than ten. While many such backgrounds are well understood at the classical level, a complete understanding of quantum string corrections remains a challenging task. Often, supersymmetry provides a powerful tool for controlling these corrections, at least at the two-derivative level.

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In this paper, we focus on a class of theories which, while exhibiting an N = 2 vacuum, admit further (spontaneously broken) supersymmetries. Since these provide nonrenormalization theorems for some of the quantities in the off-shell supersymmetric action, they can help to constrain quantum corrections. Upon supersymmetry breaking, masses generated by the super-Higgs mechanism give rise to additional quantum corrections. However, they also are constrained by the spontaneously broken supersymmetry.
G-structure manifolds which admit nowhere vanishing spinors (see e.g. [1][2][3][4][5][6]) are natural candidates for internal spaces on which to reduce the supergravity action to four dimensions in a supersymmetric fashion. 1 It has been argued in [9][10][11] that such reductions can yield supersymmetric effective theories which do not necessarily possess supersymmetric vacua. 2 We want to illustrate in this work how such off-shell supersymmetries can help in understanding quantum corrections.
In the following, our main focus will be on compactifications on Calabi-Yau threefolds, an extensively studied class of backgrounds in string theory. These manifolds have holonomy group SU(3) and hence permit a covariantly constant spinor η, as opposed to a spinor which is merely nowhere vanishing. Compactifications of type II string theory on Calabi-Yau threefolds give rise to N = 2 supergravity in four dimensions. The general form of perturbative and worldsheet instanton corrections is completely known at the two-derivative level. While the worldsheet instanton corrections are computed by Gromov-Witten invariants [16], the only perturbative α correction arises at cubic order and corrects the cubic holomorphic prepotential of the complexified Kähler structure B + i J by a constant proportional to the Euler number of the Calabi-Yau threefold. Similarly, the hypermultiplet sector gets corrected at one loop string order by a contribution which is also proportional to the Euler number [17,18]. This means in particular that if the Euler number vanishes, there are no perturbative corrections at the two-derivative level. The vanishing of these corrections suggests the presence of an additional symmetry. Indeed, we will argue that this additional symmetry is a consequence of the Hopf theorem. It states that any manifold with vanishing Euler number admits a nowhere vanishing vector field v (and vice versa). 3 Applied to Calabi-Yau threefolds, this implies that we can define a second nowhere vanishing spinor (v m Γ m )η that is everywhere linearly independent of η. Therefore, Calabi-Yau threefolds of vanishing Euler number exhibit SU (2) structure, in addition to SU(3) holonomy. One might therefore expect that compactification on such distinguished Calabi-Yau manifolds yields a four-dimensional action admitting twice the conventional number of supercharges, albeit off-shell. SU (2) structures and reductions on SU(2) structure manifolds have been discussed in [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. In particular, it was shown that the dimensional reduction of the type II string 1 A priori, a G-structure does not necessarily refer to the reduction of the structure group of the frame bundle, but can be defined with regard to a larger bundle, such as the generalized tangent bundle, cf. [7,8]. 2 For conditions for the existence of four-dimensional supersymmetric vacua, see [12][13][14][15]. 3 In fact, the nowhere vanishing vector is complex, as can be seen by using the non-degenerate complex structure of the Calabi-Yau, see the discussion at the beginning of section 4.1. More generally, the vanishing Euler number on any compact six-dimensional manifold is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a pair of vectors that are linearly independent at any point of the manifold [19]. action on an SU(2) structure manifold gives rise to N = 4 gauged supergravity in four dimensions. These reductions take subclasses of SU(2) structure manifolds as a starting point, for which certain torsion classes are absent [21,24,25]. As we will explain below, Calabi-Yau threefolds of vanishing Euler number always lie outside of these subclasses, hence require a more general treatment of SU(2) structure backgrounds. In this work, we will perform a reduction of the type IIA action on manifolds of general SU(2) structure. The resulting gauged N = 4 supergravity will admit N = 2 Minkowski vacua, where half of the supersymmetries are spontaneously broken. The effective action with eight unbroken supercharges around such vacua yields the N = 2 supergravity of a standard Calabi-Yau reduction in type IIA.

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As N = 4 gauged supergravity does not permit perturbative corrections at the twoderivative level, this would explain their absence for Calabi-Yau threefolds with vanishing Euler number. Furthermore, even non-perturbative corrections at the two-derivative level are restricted by N = 4 supersymmetry. One can thus expect simplifications even at the non-perturbative level when compactifying on such Calabi-Yau manifolds, perhaps in the form of relations among their Gromov-Witten invariants. In principle, all ten-dimensional modes could be rewritten in terms of N = 4 massive multiplets in four dimensions. The quantum corrections coming from these modes would then all have to fit into the framework of N = 4 gauged supergravity, yielding further constraints on quantum corrections for Calabi-Yau threefold backgrounds with vanishing Euler number.
This work is organized as follows. In section 2, we will review basic facts concerning SU(2) structures. Section 3 contains the main work on the SU(2)-structure reduction of the type IIA action to four dimensions, yielding an N = 4 gauged supergravity. Section 3.1 might be of particular interest, where we discuss the truncation ansatz. In section 3.5, we identify the N = 4 gauged supergravity in terms of its gauging parameters, discuss the JHEP04(2013)058 four-dimensional gauge group and identify supersymmetric vacua. Section 4 contains the discussion of Calabi-Yau manifolds of Euler number zero. The corresponding spontaneous breaking of supersymmetry to N = 2 is discussed in section 5. In section 6, we collect and further discuss our results. Details of the reduction have been assembled in the rather technical appendix A, and the derivation of the gravitino mass matrix is performed in appendix B.
2 Basics on SU(2) structure manifolds Let us start by introducing the concept of an SU(2) structure on a six-dimensional manifold Y . This section is meant as a brief review of the basic properties of SU (2) structures. For more information, see for instance [20][21][22][23].

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Alternatively, one can define an SU(2)-structure with no reference to spinors, by specifying an SU(2) triple of real two-forms J a , a = 1, 2, 3, and a holomorphic one-form K which satisfy the conditions (2.5) and (2.6).
The existence of the one-form K permits the introduction of an almost product structure P : T Y → T Y on the manifold, defined locally via The eigenspaces T 2 Y and T 4 Y of P to the eigenvalues +1 and −1 respectively yield a global decomposition of the tangent space, The subbundle T 2 Y is trivial, spanned by K 1 = Re K and K 2 = Im K.
Let us now discuss the frame bundle over spacetime×Y. We choose a section (vielbein) 4 where the e µ live in spacetime and depend only on spacetime coordinates. In contrast, consist of a one-form v i in T * 2 and two spacetime gauge fields G i (the Kaluza-Klein vectors) that parameterize the fibration of T * 2 over spacetime, as well as the coefficient k i j , which is a spacetime scalar. 5 Furthermore, the e α are one-forms on T * 4 such that with constant coefficients I a αβ that span the SU(2) algebra of complex structures on the frame bundle, i.e.
(I a ) α The dual vielbein to (2.9) iŝ wherev i is the vector field dual to the vielbein component v i . Next, we consider the Levi-Civita connection one-form Ω, which is the unique torsionfree connection satisfying the Maurer-Cartan equation (2.13) The corresponding curvature two-form is defined by (2.14) 4 The first two equations in (2.6) imply that the K i can be chosen as components of the vielbein. 5 Due to the mixed spacetime/internal components of the ten-dimensional metric, the components K i of the vielbein are not purely internal. We will nevertheless retain the same nomenclature as in (2.2) for simplicity.

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The Ricci tensor (in flat indices) is defined by contraction with the dual vielbein, 15) and the Ricci scalar as its trace Let us decompose the ten-dimensional connection under SO (1,9) , where we have called the full SO(6) connection Θ. From the decomposition of the adjoint representation of SO(6) under the breaking SO (6) where su (2) is the adjoint of the SU(2) structure group and su(2) is spanned by the I a .
The so (2) is generated by the almost complex structure I 0 on T * 2 , given by (I 0 ) i j = ij . The component θ is the torsionful SU(2) connection. Its internal torsion on T 2 Y is given by T i = dK i and the component on T 4 is We can also decompose the Ricci tensor group-theoretically. In particular, we are interested in the 'symmetric' representation S 2 T * Y , which decomposes as (2.20) Here, the (1, 3, 3) representation S 2 0 T * 4 is spanned by the products of generators of the two su (2). In other words, since the elements of su(2) and su(2) commute, the representation can be written as The Maurer-Cartan equations (2.13) in components now read In this section, we will reduce the ten-dimensional type IIA action to four dimensions. Here, H 3 = dB 2 is the form field strength of B 2 , F p+1 = dC p and The scalar Φ is the ten-dimensional dilaton. We will discuss the truncation ansatz for manifolds of SU(2)-structure that we will use in section 3.1. We next study the reduction of the metric sector and of the form fields in sections 3.2 and 3.3. To obtain the four-dimensional action in standard form, various field dualizations must be performed. We discuss these in section 3.4.

The reduction ansatz
We now discuss the reduction ansatz which is to yield N = 4 gauged supergravity in four dimensions. We will perform the reduction at the level of the action. Any reduction ansatz parametrizes a subset in the space of ten-dimensional fields. A ten-dimensional solution lying in this subset will necessarily be the lift of a solution of the reduced four-dimensional action. By contrast, a field configuration which is the lift of a four-dimensional solution yields a minimum of the action on this subset, but the evaluation of the action might decrease further as we move off of the subset. A reduction ansatz which excludes this possibility is called a consistent truncation. Under such happy circumstances, all fourdimensional solutions lift. If we imagine deriving four-dimensional equations of motion for all modes of the theory, dividing these into Φ keep and Φ discard (and the corresponding internal modes into Ω keep and Ω discard ), the subscript indicating their future fate, the requirement of a consistent truncation translates into the vanishing of all source terms for the fields belonging to Φ discard , once the fields themselves are set to zero. We must hence exclude that linear terms in Φ discard occur in the action. As a first requirement, let us demand that Ω keep be closed under wedge product, and choose Ω discard in an orthogonal complement to Ω keep . Mixed terms between Φ keep and Φ discard in the action that are linear in Φ discard will then be traceable to the action of d and * . 6 In such terms, integration by parts or * being proportional to its adjoint operator will allow us to restrict attention to the action of these operators on Ω keep . Requiring that Ω keep be closed under d and * therefore insures the vanishing of these terms, and the consistency of the truncation. In the following, in contrast to the reduction ansatz in conventional Calabi-Yau compactifications, we will hence choose to reduce in a set of forms that close under the three operations of exterior derivative d, wedge product ∧, and Hodge star * . It has been extensively discussed in [23] how the ten-dimensional fields decompose into representations of the SU(2) structure group and then automatically assemble into fourdimensional N = 4 multiplets over each point of the internal manifold. The components of JHEP04(2013)058 the type IIA fields in ten-dimensions that are singlets under SU(2) assemble into the gravity multiplet and three vector multiplets. Similarly, the SU(2) triplet representation gives exactly one (triplet of) vector multiplet(s). This triplet representation forms a non-trivial bundle over Y from which we will choose a finite number (n−3) of sections in our reduction ansatz. The remaining degrees of freedom all sit in SU(2) doublet representations. These modes assemble into two (doublets of) N = 4 gravitino multiplets. As we do not expect to be able to preserve more than sixteen supercharges in the reduction of the action, all of these gravitino multiplets should correspond to towers of only massive modes in four dimensions. This means that these multiplets cannot contribute on the N = 4 massless level. We will hence exclude SU(2) doublet representations from our ansatz. This restriction has important consequences when considering reductions on Calabi-Yau manifolds with vanishing Euler number. We will discuss these consequences in sections 4 and 5.
The almost product structure (2.7) on Y will play a central role in the choice of our reduction ansatz. T 2 has trivial structure group and is therefore parallelizable. We hence introduce a basis of two global one-forms v i , i = 1, 2, on this subbundle, yielding two one-forms and a two-form (their wedge product) as expansion forms. On T 4 , as discussed above, our ansatz is to only contain SU(2) singlets and triplets. It is easily checked that SU(2) doublets exactly correspond to odd forms on T 4 . Therefore, the ansatz will consist of two-forms ω I , I = 1, . . . , n, that all square to the same volume form vol where η is a metric with signature (3, n − 3), reflecting the number of singlet and triplet representations as discussed above. Furthermore, we include all wedge products of ω I and v i in the reduction ansatz. For instance, we expand the forms J a and K of (2.2) that specify the SU(2) structure in the set of modes ω I , I = 1, . . . , n, and v i , i = 1, 2, i.e.
J a = e ρ 4 /2 ζ a I ω I , where − i k i ijk j = 2 det(k) > 0 with k i = k 1 i + i k 2 I and k = (k j i ). Equivalently, by using the parameterization k = e ρ 2 /2 (Im τ ) −1/2 (1 , τ ) , (3.4) with Im τ > 0 and such that det(k) = e ρ 2 , we obtain Note that the presence of internal one-forms in our ansatz gives rise to Kaluza-Klein vectors G i , i.e. mixed spacetime and internal components of the ten-dimensional metric. The expansion coefficients ζ a I , ρ 4 , ρ 2 and τ depend on the spacetime coordinates and give rise to scalar fields in four dimensions. Furthermore, (2.5) yields the relations
The form fields B 2 , C 1 and C 3 of type IIA supergravity must be expanded in the same set of forms, giving where we have shifted the components of C 3 =C 3 − A ∧ B 2 by some combination of the components of B 2 and C 1 for later convenience.
The Hodge star splits into a purely space-time component and two components * 2 and * 4 , defined with regard to the respective component of the tangent space (2.8). Both are completely determined by the SU(2) structure via 7 * 2 K i = ij K j , and by the requirement that the J a are self-dual under * 4 , which implies for the ansatz (3.3) that (3.10) In the following reduction, we will assume that the internal volume is normalized, To perform the reduction, we must next specify the differentials of the expansion forms {v i , ω I }. As remarked above, we will require that the differential algebra of modes they span closes, i.e. (3.12) Note in particular that we exclude any terms on the right hand side of the above equations involving SU(2) doublets. The t i , t i I and T I iJ specify the torsion classes of Y . We choose them and hence the torsion classes of Y constant. These constants are constrained by the fact that the exterior derivative squares to zero and the integral of d(v i ∧ ω I ∧ ω J ) over Y should vanish. The constraints are encapsulated by algebraic relations, given by (3.13) 7 We choose our conventions such that 12 = 1.
The third condition just states that theT I iJ form a solvable so(3, n − 3) subalgebra S defined byT In particular, S is Abelian if t i = 0. The remaining condition is If t i is zero, the t i J are invariant underT J jI . If t i is non-zero, the t i J form a non-trivial representation under S.
Before we close this section, we want to stress that the main conditions we impose on the reduction ansatz are (3.2) and (3.12). These conditions must be checked case by case for each SU(2)-structure compactification individually. In section 4.2, we will construct a set of modes on the Enriques Calabi-Yau that satisfies all of these conditions.

Reducing gravity to four dimensions
We start with the task of dimensionally reducing the gravitational term in the ten-dimensional supergravity action (3.1), where r 10 is the ten-dimensional Ricci scalar and Φ is the ten-dimensional dilaton with the kinetic term The main task is the computation of the ten-dimensional Ricci scalar in terms of the ansatz of section 3.1. This is performed in detail in appendix A. We first compute the ten-dimensional Levi-Cevita connection in appendix A.2 from (2.22) for the ansatz (3.12), up to the SU(2) connection θ, which cannot be computed explicitly, but also does not

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appear in the four-dimensional expressions. The connection components read where we have defined the covariant derivatives as (3.21) These covariant derivatives will appear in the four-dimensional action and are related to the gaugings of the theory. From the explicit form of the connection in (3.20), we can compute the ten-dimensional Ricci scalar r 10 in a straight-forward way. The computation is performed in the appendix. Its result reads where we have defined With this, the reduction of the ten-dimensional action S grav,Φ = S grav + S Φ = 1 2 10 e −2Φ (( * 10 1)r 10 + 4dΦ ∧ * 10 dΦ) (3.24) JHEP04(2013)058 where we have defined the four-dimensional dilaton φ = Φ − 1 2 (ρ 4 + ρ 2 ). In order to obtain the action in the four-dimensional Einstein frame, we perform the Weyl rescaling e µ → e φ e µ , (3.26) which leads to the final result We see that several fields appear through their covariant derivative, defined in (3.21). These scalars are gauged under the Kaluza-Klein vectors G i . This is already a first indication that the reduced action will include gaugings as a standard feature.

The form fields
Now let us complete the dimensional reduction of the action (3.1) by reducing the terms involving the form fields B 2 , C 1 and C 3 . The ansatz for these fields has been given in (3.8).
Let us start with the NS-NS two-form B 2 . From (3.8), we find where the covariant derivative of G i has been given in (3.21) and we have further defined the covariant derivatives In the derivation of (3.28), we have used (3.12) and in particular the thereby implied identity

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The ten-dimensional kinetic term S H = − 1 4 10 e −2Φ H 3 ∧ * 10 H 3 becomes (3.31) The Weyl rescaling (3.26) of the metric by φ gives (3.32) We can combine S H with S grav,Φ to find the reduced action for the entire NS-NS sector, Let us now turn to the Ramond-Ramond fields C 1 and C 3 . From (3.8), we find

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where we have defined the covariant derivatives We can now insert these results into the ten-dimensional action for the RR fields, consisting of the kinetic term and the Chern-Simons term The kinetic term can be reduced in a straight-forward way. After taking into account the Weyl rescaling (3.26), we find

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Let us now compute the Chern-Simons term (3.38). First, we use partial integration to write it as Then, inserting the expansions (3.8) and using (3.13) yields (3.41) Note that the dimensional reduction of the action for the form fields yields, beyond four-dimensional fields in canonical form, also a three-form C and three two-form fields B and C i , i = 1, 2. In order to compare the action we have obtained to a four-dimensional supergravity in a conventional presentation, we must eliminate these form fields or tranform them into standard four-dimensional fields. In four dimensions, a three-form C has no dynamical degrees of freedom, as its four-form field strength is a top form. We can thus eliminate this field simply by replacing it by its equations of motion. The 2-form fields however are dynamical. They are dual to scalar fields, as a three-form field strength is Hodge-dual to a one-form, the field strength of a scalar.
In the next section, we will integrate out C and perform field dualizations for the tensor fields B and C i .

Field dualizations
In this section, we will follow the strategy of [25] of eliminating the three-form C via its equation of motion and of dualizing all three tensor fields B and C i to dual scalars β and γ i . The latter task involves a subtlety in the generality in which we are performing the reduction which did not arise in the treatment of [25]. We will explain this below.
Let us start with the three-form C. It does not carry any degrees of freedom and can be integrated out. The part of the action involving it reads 8 .

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The corresponding equation of motion is Substituting this back into the above action gives the potential term Next, we want to dualize the two-forms C i and B to scalars γ i and β. However, the C i appear in the action not only through their covariant derivatives, but also in the covariant derivative of the vectors C 12 and C I , cf. (3.35), giving a Stückelberg-like mass term. In [25], this complication was addressed by also dualizing these vectors. At first blush, the more general gaugings (3.35) that arise in our reduction do not allow us to stop here, as the vectors C 12 and C I in turn appear in the covariant derivative of the c iI -the dualizing of which would reintroduce two-form fields into the action. Fortunately, the quadratic constraints (3.13) imply that the combinations of C 12 and C I appearing in the covariant derivative of the c iI are orthogonal to those combinations that need to be dualized due to the two-forms C i appearing in their covariant derivative. To compute the contributions to the action involving γ i , we will for simplicity introduce the magnetic duals to all vectors C 12 and C I as Lagrange multipliers for the respective Bianchi identities. The dualization procedure for C i will automatically pick out the linear combinations of the vectors in whose covariant derivative the C i appear; the action we will obtain for γ i will only depend on these linear combinations.
With regard to the fields C 12 and C I , we will follow a different path than the one pursued in [25]. While we will introduce the magnetic duals of the appropriate linear combinations of these vectors, we will not integrate out the corresponding field strengths. The action will hence depend on both electric and magnetic potentials, in the fashion of the embedding tensor formalism [27], with the magnetic duals remaining non-dynamical. In a final step, we will rewrite our results in terms of the embedding tensor formalism [27] and find that they fit into its N = 4 supergravity version, discussed in [28].
Let us now proceed with the dualization of C i and B. First, we replace these tensor fields by their field strengths F i and H, defined by respectively. Their Bianchi identities will be imposed via Lagrange multipliers γ i ij and β. As discussed above, we will also introduce the field strengths (3.47) -16 -

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For their Bianchi identities, we find (3.48) Now we introduce Lagrange multipliersC I andC 12 together with the before-mentioned γ i ij and β in the action, by adding to the action. We furthermore replace the two-form fields B and C i by their field strengths throughout. The action for the F i then reads where we have used the abbreviations (3.51) The equations of motion for the F i are We can insert this into (3.50) and find where we have defined the covariant derivative Having obtained this action, we can also take a different point of view, generalizing the example of [29]. Starting with the action for the two-form fields C i and the related vectors JHEP04(2013)058 C I and C 12 , we can also directly introduce new scalar fields γ i and auxiliary vector fields C I ,C 12 by replacing the action for the C i by where the covariant derivative of γ i is given by (3.54). Note that by removing the kinetic term, the dynamical two-form fields C i as they descend from string theory are rendered non-dynamical, befitting the two-form fields of the embedding formalism. Given the action in the form (3.55), the equations of motion for the vectorsC J andC 12 give the duality equation (3.52), while the equations of motion for C i imply in turn that the vectorsC J andC 12 are the magnetic duals of C I and C 12 . Inserting these equations of motion back into the action brings one back to the original action for the C i and the vectors C I and C 12 as obtained directly from string theory. This action is reformulated in (3.55) in terms of the embedding tensor formalism of [27,28]. Dualizing B proceeds along the same lines as the dualization procedure for the C i . The starting point is the action where we have defined the covariant derivative As B does not appear in any covariant derivatives, no further fields need to be dualized in its wake. Note that the combinations of C I and C 12 appearing in this covariant derivative are orthogonal to those that required dualization above. Integrating out H in (3.56) finally yields the action (3.60)

N = 4 gauged supergravity
The reduced action that we found above should fit into the constrained framework of N = 4 gauged supergravity. For the case t i I = 0, this was already shown in [25]. In this section, we will read off the embedding tensor components from the action derived above and thus determine the gauge group of the theory. One can subsequently check that the action derived in section 3 falls into the class of N = 4 gauged supergravities.
The vectors and scalars of our description map to the N = 4 vectors and scalars of [28]. The correct identification in the standard N = 4 frame has been worked out in [25]. The electric and magnetic vectors V M + and V M − , given by We can now read off the embedding tensor components as they appear in the formulation of [28]. The N = 4 axiodilaton σ is given by σ = 1 2 (−b 12 + i e −ρ 2 ). From its kinetic term we find the gauging [25] ξ where t αβ are the generators of SL(2) so that t 22 and t (12) generate real shifts and rescalings of σ. The SO(6, n) matrix M M N collecting all other scalar fields has been worked out in [25]. We can read off the covariant derivative of its scalar fields from (3.21), (3.29), (3.35), (3.57) and (3.54). We thereby find the following for the gauged Killing vectors of N = 4: (3.65) The general covariant derivative hence reads The only non-vanishing entries of the totally anti-symmetric embedding tensor component f α[M N P ] are thus (3.67) The embedding tensor components in the last line are those that did not appear in [25]. They correspond to magnetic gaugings in the electric-magnetic duality frame of choice. We find that ξ αM and f α[M N P ] given in (3.63) and (3.67) obey

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using the conditions (3.13). This implies the usual quadratic constraints on the embedding tensor [28]. The algebra of Killing vectors k M can be easily computed from (3.65), using (3.13). The Killing vectors (k i− , k 5− , k 6+ , k I+ , k I− ) commute with each other. Only the Lie brackets with k i are non-vanishing. They are given by (3.69) Therefore, the algebra is solvable. It consists of a semi-direct product of a two-dimensional solvable algebra spanned by k i+ with an Abelian algebra spanned by the other vectors. Note that in fact, t i k i+ commutes with all Killing vectors except the k i+ and k I+ . These facts are also manifest in the covariant derivative of the vector fields in (3.21), (3.29) and (3.35), as all non-Abelian parts of the field strength are proportional to G i . We could have performed a similar reduction of M-theory to five dimensions. The resulting five-dimensional N = 4 gauged supergravity would exhibit the same gaugings as the ones discussed above. However, the global symmetry group would be R + × SO(5, n − 1). The above gaugings must hence necessarily be contained in this subgroup of Sl(2) × SO(6, n).
In appendix B, we find an expression for the four-dimensional gravitino mass matrix in terms of the internal geometry of SU(2) structures. It is block-diagonal if we set the internal field strengths to zero. In this case, each block is proportional to (σ a ) ij P a with (3.70) We furthermore argue there that the theory admits a supersymmetric vacuum if the forms is everywhere linearly independent ofK 1 . They can hence be combined into a complex vector K satisfying the first two equations in (2.6). This already provides the structure needed to define an almost product structure P via (2.7). Since K is a holomorphic vector with respect to I, we can define J a , a = 1, . . . , 3, in terms of the Kähler form J and the holomorphic three-form Ω of the Calabi-Yau manifold via the relations (3.71). These satisfy the third condition in (2.6). Moreover, we can rescale Ω such that (2.5) is fulfilled. This thus completes the definition of an SU(2)-structure on Y .
In general, we cannot expect all moduli of a Calabi-Yau manifold to decompose into SU(2) singlets and triplets; some of them might have an SU(2) doublet component. These moduli will lie outside of the reduction ansatz outlined in section 3.1 and will thus not appear in the effective action that we have derived for compactification on manifolds with SU(2) structure. Instead, the SU(2) doublet components will be part of N = 4 massive gravitino multiplets that must be coupled to the N = 4 gauged supergravity that we have derived in section 3. We will comment on these modes further below.
For a given Calabi-Yau manifold, it is non-trivial to find a reduction ansatz which closes under exterior differentiation, i.e. a set of forms that satisfy (3.12). This set must be constructed on a case by case basis. It is not clear that this is always possible. In section 4.2, we provide such a set of expansion forms in the case of the Enriques Calabi-Yau. Further examples of Calabi-Yau manifolds of vanishing Euler characteristic can be found in [26,32]. It would be interesting to construct analogous forms in these cases as well.
Let us now assume that a reduction ansatz satisfying the requirements of section 3.1 exists and discuss its special form for the case of a Calabi-Yau manifold. A first requirement on the charges that appear in (3.12) comes from the fact that for proper Calabi-Yau spaces, the holonomy group is exactly SU(3) and the first cohomology of Y must therefore be zero. This translates into the fact that the exterior derivative on any linear combination of the nowhere vanishing one-forms v i is non-zero. 10 This implies that either t i ij t j I = 0 or t 1 I and t 2 I are linearly independent. In other words, the rank of the matrix (t i , t i I ) is maximal (i.e. two). The almost product structure of Calabi-Yau manifolds of Euler number zero hence cannot be integrable. As announced in the introduction, they thus lie outside of the ansatz of [21,24,25]. This implies furthermore that the charges of the corresponding N = 4 gauged supergravity will always include some magnetic gaugings, cf. (3.65) and (3.67). Now let us determine the number of harmonic forms included in the reduction ansatz of section 3.1. Since (t i , t i I ) has rank two, two linear combinations of the forms (v 1 ∧ v 2 , ω I ) are exact. Furthermore, the rank of the matrix determines the number of closed forms among the two-forms (v 1 ∧v 2 , ω I ). It is n+1−rk(T ), giving rise to n − 1 − rk(T ) cohomology classes. This is the number of massless fields we expect to find parametrizing the N = 2 Kähler moduli space. Similarly, there are rk(T ) exact three-forms within the 2n three-forms of the truncation ansatz, and 2n−rk(T ) closed

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three-forms. This gives 2(n−rk(T )) third-cohomology classes within the truncation ansatz. From this counting, we see that the number of massless modes parametrizing the complexified Kähler and complex structure moduli spaces agree. In section 5, we will re-encounter this condition in the general analysis of supersymmetry breaking from N = 4 to N = 2.
In the following, we want to discuss the Calabi-Yau condition for an SU(2)-structure geometry of the form (3.3). The Calabi-Yau condition should define the N = 2 vacuum condition inside the N = 4 scalar field space. It says that the holomorphic three-form and the Kähler form of the Calabi-Yau threefold, given in (3.71), should be closed. This implies In terms of four-dimensional fields, the above relations can be rewritten as where we have used (3.13) to simplify the second equation. Using the parametrization (3.4), we find Similarly, we find for the vector fields (4.7) We will discuss this in further detail in section 5.1. In particular, we will find that these equations fix the values of all vector fields that acquire a mass due to the Higgs mechanism, while the modes 'eaten' correspond to the exact forms on Y .

The Enriques Calabi-Yau
An example of a Calabi-Yau threefold of Euler number zero has been given in [33]. It is constructed by quotienting K3 × T 2 by a freely acting involution τ . τ acts as the Enriques involution on K3 and as the standard involution on the torus. 12 The resulting manifold, also referred to as the Enriques Calabi-Yau, has very special properties. It is self-mirror and thereby does not have experience any worldsheet instanton corrections at the twoderivative level [33]. There is however a non-trivial pattern of higher-derivative corrections for this background (graviphoton-curvature couplings), some of which have been computed in [35,36]. We begin by considering the harmonic forms on the Enriques Calabi-Yau Y = (K3 × T 2 )/Z τ 2 . For their construction, let us consider the orbifold limit T 4 /Z σ 2 of K3. σ here is the standard involution on the four-torus. If we introduce coordinates x a , a = 1, . . . , 6, on T 6 with periodicity x a = x a + 1, the involutions σ and τ are given by [37] σ : (4.8) The involution σ has sixteen fixed points. Blowing up the resulting orbifold singularities yields sixteen exceptional divisors E (i,j,k,l) , i, j, k, l = 0, 1 2 , with the subscript denoting the x i -coordinates of the fixed point. By considering the linear combinations we obtain two sets of eight cycles E α ± , with the subscript denoting the transformation behavior under the involution τ . The intersection matrix of both E α + and E α − is minus twice the Cartan matrix of the exceptional Lie group E 8 .
The harmonic forms on Y can be read off from (4.8). They consist of all anti-symmetric combinations of the dx a that are even under both σ and τ . There are no harmonic oneforms on Y , a necessary condition for a proper Calabi-Yau manifold. The harmonic twoforms are given by combinations of dx 1 ∧ dx 2 , dx 3 ∧ dx 4 , dx 5 ∧ dx 6 , which define volume forms of sub-two-tori of the original unquotiented T 6 , and the (1,1) forms E + α dual to the exceptional cycles. The harmonic three-forms are given by those combinations of the oneforms that have one leg on each such two-torus, i.e. dx 1 ∧ dx 3 ∧ dx 5 etc., as well as E − α ∧ dx 5 and E − α ∧ dx 6 . Thus, Y has h 1,1 = 11 and h 2,1 = 11, and its Euler number vanishes, as announced.

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The first two factors together carry a special Kähler structure, the last factor a quaternionic Kähler structure. As Y is obtained as a quotient of K3 × T 2 , M is naturally a submanifold of the N = 4 moduli space associated to this compactification manifold, (22) . (4.11) Now let us describe the construction of expansion forms on Y . The first step is to define two nowhere vanishing one-forms v i , i = 1, 2, on Y that are linearly independent at any point, yielding a nowhere vanishing two-form (4.12) We start by constructing such one-forms on T 6 . If they are well-defined on the quotient and survive the blow-up, they sit in the image of the pullback map T * Y → T * T 6 , hence give nowhere vanishing one-forms on Y . We define so that which is clearly nowhere vanishing. The one-forms v i span the two-dimensional component T * 2 Y of T * Y at each point over the base Y . We need to work a little harder to describe the orthogonal complement T * 4 Y explicitly, as it is non-trivially fibered over Y . We begin therefore by considering the quotientỸ = T 6 /Z τ 2 , where we can specify a global basis for T * 4Ỹ , spanned by and dx 1 and dx 2 . This shows thatỸ is a twisted six-torus, with T * Ỹ spanned by dx i , u i and v i , i = 1, 2. We can define a product structure onỸ corresponding to the split . Now note that PỸ descends to a map T * Y → T * Y after quotienting by σ, thus defining the sought after almost product structure on Y . Since the dx i and u i are odd under σ, the identity structure ofỸ is enlarged to SU(2) after this quotienting (and the subsequent blow-up).

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The torsion ofỸ is specified by the algebra with dx i being closed. The algebra spanned by these one-forms and their wedge products is manifestly closed under the operations d, ∧, and * . The preimage of this algebra on ⊕ i Λ i T * Y inherits this property. It is spanned by the (preimage of the) one-forms v 1 and v 2 , as well as the six (preimages of the) two-forms obtained from all possible wedge products among the 1-forms dx i and u i , i = 1, 2. We have thus succeeded in constructing a set of forms on Y that satisfy the conditions of our reduction ansatz outlined in section 3.1. The ansatz so far does not contain the harmonic two-forms E α + dual to the exceptional divisors on Y . These are all located at x 2 = 0, 1 2 , where v 1 = dx 5 and v 2 = dx 6 . Therefore, they are elements of T * 4 Y . Being in addition closed and anti-self-dual, they can be safely included as generators in our reduction ansatz. The ansatz misses one additional harmonic form, dx 3 ∧ dx 4 − dx 5 ∧ dx 6 . This form lies in the preimage of a linear combination of two-forms onỸ which involves v 1 ∧u 2 −v 2 ∧u 1 , hence does not respect the T * 2 Y ⊕T * 4 Y split of the cotangent space. Under penalty of having to include massive gravitini, as explained in section 3.1, we must hence exclude this harmonic form from our reduction ansatz. In total, the two-forms in our ansatz are hence spanned by We have here organized the ω I in terms of three self-dual and eleven antiself-dual two-forms. They satisfy ω I ∧ ω J = η IJ vol Here, i, j = 1, . . . , 3, α, β = 1, . . . , 8, and I 8 is the negative definite Cartan matrix of the Lie group E 8 . In this basis, the torsion algebra can be computed from (4.18) to be with all other derivatives being zero.

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The scalar field space of a type II compactification on this background is (14) . as well as In section 5.2 we will discuss the spontaneous supersymmetry breaking to N = 2 for this example.

Spontaneous breaking of N = 4 to N = 2
The SU(2)-structure reduction we performed above specialized to any Calabi-Yau background should yield an N = 4 gauged supergravity which exhibits N = 2 Minkowski vacua. The supersymmetry conditions translate into (4.4) and (4.6). Spontaneous partial supersymmetry breaking in N = 4 supergravity has already been discussed in [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Our results give new examples of such a breaking. Before we discuss them in more detail, let us review general facts on spontaneous supersymmetry breaking to N = 2. See [47] for a similar (but independently performed) analysis. When N = 4 supergravity is spontaneously broken to N = 2, the fields in the N = 4 gravity and vector multiplets rearrange non-trivially into N = 2 multiplets. In particular, two of the four gravitini must acquire a mass and form massive gravitino multiplets. There are two kinds of massive gravitino multiplets in N = 2 supergravity, a long multiplet and a short one that transforms as a doublet under a central charge [39]. Let us first focus on

General Calabi-Yau manifolds of vanishing Euler number
We now study N = 4 → N = 2 supersymmetry breaking for general N = 4 gauged supergravities coming from SU(2) structure reductions of Calabi-Yau spaces. We begin by considering the metric sector. There are two isometries acting on the scalars coming from the ten-dimensional metric. These read
To count degrees of freedom, it will be useful to introduce the vectorŝ In terms of these, the isometries act as shifts Similarly, we can defineζ so that the gauged isometries act as

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The closure conditions (4.3) on J and Ω in terms of these variables read The matrixTÎ iI was defined in (4.1). Note that the compatibility of these equation with the gauged isometries (5.6) and (5.8) is guaranteed by (3.13). Next, we want to understand how the constraints (3.6), which can be written as are compatible with the factorization of the N = 2 moduli space. Equation (5.12) apparently couples J and Ω. Notice however that this equation imposes two real constraints, which is the number of isometries acting on ζ a I . The coupling of ζ 3 with ζ + I can thus be absorbed by these isometries; J and Ω are only coupled via exact contributions, which are not physical. The Kähler structure is thus parametrized by n − rk(T ) − 1 real variables: the n + 2 real parametersζ 3 subject to the linear constraint that is the first condition in (5.9), the quadratic constraint (5.10), and the two isometries (5.8) . Let us preform the analogous counting for the complex structure moduli space: one complex direction is fixed by fixing the gauge freedom (5.8). Furthermore, (5.11) together with U(1) rotations ofζ + fix two more complex degrees of freedom. Naively (5.9) would count for rk(T ) complex conditions. However, sinceζ + is defined as the direct product (5.7), there is an additional local U(1) symmetry that reduces the number of independent equations in (5.9) by one. Therefore, we find thatζ + depends on n − rk(T ) − 1 complex degrees of freedom.
ζ + iI forms a holomorphic symplectic vector with respect to the symplectic pairing ij η IJ that is subject to the second condition in (5.9). It coordinatizes a special-Kähler space with the Kähler potential whereζ − iI is the complex conjugate ofζ + iI . The expression for the Kähler potential in terms of the holomorphic three-form Ω is valid in terms of projective coordinatesζ. We consequently disregard the second constraint of (5.11). Note that interpretingζ iI as projective coordinates allows us to scale k i and ζ I independently.
Let us now understand the form of the holomorphic prepotential. We will rescale k 1 1 + i k 2 1 to be a constant, leaving k 1 2 + i k 2 2 as a free complex parameter. Next, we perform a linear coordinate transformation such that, retaining the name of the variables, the first constraint of (5.11) takes the form ζ + 1 ζ + 2 + ζ Mη M N ζ N = 0, with M, N = 1, . . . , n − 2, and η having signature (1, n − 3). Rescaling ζ to fix ζ + 1 = 1 yields ζ + 2 as a quadratic expression in the remaining n − 2 variables. The tensor product (5.7) thus gives rise to a symplectic JHEP04(2013)058 vector with one constant component, n − 1 linear components, n − 1 quadratic components, and one cubic component. This is the hallmark of a cubic prepotential. It reads Before imposing the Calabi-Yau condition (5.9), theζ thus parametrize the special-Kähler space .
Imposing the linear constraint (5.9) onζ + iI leads to a Kähler subspace that we will now argue to be special-Kähler as well. If we consider the linear constraint in the form (4.3), they form a set of linear equations on ζ + I with coefficients that might depend linearly on τ . If the coefficients depend non-trivially on τ , the number of coordinates in ζ + I simply reduces by rk(T ) and the number of components inζ + iI by 2 rk(T ), while the general form of the special-Kähler structure is unaltered. In this case, the N = 2 moduli space takes the form of M SK,0 with n replaced by n − rk(T ), cf. (5.9). In the more generic case that τ does appear non-trivially in (4.3), some coordinates will be eliminated while others will depend linearly on τ . Therefore, the holomorphic prepotential will no longer retain the factorized form (5.14). It will however remain cubic. The scalar field space will in general not correspond to a symmetric space though it will remain a homogeneous space, all of which have been classified in [50,51]. This determines the N = 2 moduli space of complex structures. In particular, we have shown that M SK is special-Kähler with cubic prepotential.
We now turn to the form fields. Their expansion in (3.8) involves three types of internal forms: these internal differential forms split into those that are exact, closed but not exact and those that are not closed. If an expansion form is closed, the corresponding four-dimensional field turns out to be massless, as no potential terms are generated. If the internal form is not closed, then a potential term is generated. In the case of fourdimensional scalars, this is just a scalar potential that gives a mass to exactly these fields. In the case of four-dimensional vectors, they instead show up in the covariant derivative of some massless scalars (which were expanded in the corresponding exact form of one degree higher). The vector acquires a mass during the super-Higgs mechanism and eats up the scalar during this process. By this, all remaining fields of the effective N = 2 theory come from expansion in non-trivial cohomology classes, as it is expected from the standard Calabi-Yau reduction. Let us now discuss this in detail.
We begin with the B field. From (3.65), we read off the action of the two isometries gauged by G i on the internal components of B, Invoking the Calabi-Yau constraints (4.6), this yields

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which combines nicely with the transformation (5.2) of J to Introducing the variable bÎ = (b 12 , b I ), we see that the Calabi-Yau constraint (4.6) can be written asTÎ which has the same form as (5.6). Hence, both the isometries and the constraints are holomorphic in the variableb + iζ 3 .
Analogously to the complex structure moduli space,b + iζ 3 parametrizes the special Kähler space of complexified Kähler moduli, that is the subspace defined by complexification of (5.9) within M SK,0 , given in (5.15).
It remains to discuss the fate of the scalars coming from the Ramond-Ramond fields in the spontaneous N = 4 → N = 2 supersymmetry breaking. The conditions (4.6) and (4.7) eliminate all modes that correspond to non-closed forms on Y . In particular, we find where we have defined CÎ = (C 12 , C I ) ,CÎ = (C 12 ,C I ) ,t iÎ = (t i , t i I ) . (5.21) The scalars corresponding to the shift isometries δÎ c iI =TÎ iI (5.22) are eaten by the vectors CÎ to give them a mass. Furthermore, the scalars γ i are eaten due to the Higgs mechanism that gives a mass to the magnetic vectorst iÎCÎ . Equivalently, one could say that the vectors corresponding to the t iÎ directions are eaten by the two-forms C i to acquire a mass. The remaining vector fields are those CÎ that satisfy (5.20) and that are invariant under the shifts Therefore, there is exactly one vector for each complex scalarbÎ + iζ 3 I that remains in the N = 2 theory. Together, they form N = 2 vector multiplets. Note that the N = 2 vector multiplet moduli space is not necessarily a direct product, in contrast to the case of purely electric gaugings [47].
Similarly, the remaining scalars c jJ that obey (5.20) form a real symplectic vector under the symplectic product ij η IJ . Together with φ and β, they build the classical cmap [48,49] over the special-Kähler space spanned byζ + iI , with the Kähler potential (5.13).

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In total, we find the standard structure of classical N = 2 supergravity, with a cubic prepotential. However, we in general cannot incorporate the full N = 2 massless spectrum of an ordinary Calabi-Yau compactification in our N = 4 description without including couplings to N = 4 massive gravitino multiplets.
In ordinary Calabi-Yau reductions, one obtains an N = 2 supergravity theory with cubic prepotential as well. This prepotential is modified away from cubic form by worldsheet instanton corrections. The N = 4 context of our setup is protected against such quantum effects. We hence need to confront the question of how these corrections arise upon breaking to N = 2. 13 We expect to be able to incorporate them in the couplings of the very modes we excluded from our ansatz by not considering N = 4 massive gravitino multiplets. The couplings of these fields to N = 4 supergravity have not been studied. They are not fully constrained by N = 4 supersymmetry, and can hence experience quantum corrections which should translate into the expected worldsheet instanton contributions to the prepotential of the N = 2 theory. We conjecture that these corrections will only involve the SU(2) doublet directions in scalar field space.

The Enriques Calabi-Yau
For the Enriques Calabi-Yau, the conditions (4.4) read where we have defined ζ a i± = ζ a i ± ζ a i+3 , i = 1, 2, 3, andζ 3 · = e ρ 4 /2 ζ 3 · . We will use the same conventions for the two-forms ω I below. As t i = 0, the two gauged isometries in the metric scalar directions are generated by Plugging in (4.24) and (4.25) for T J iI yields δ i ζ a j+ = 0 , δ i ζ a j− = −2πζ a 3+ δ ij , (5.26) As expected, these isometries hence preserve the Calabi-Yau conditions (5.24). Their action amounts to adding exact forms ω i− and ω 3− ∧ v i , i = 1, 2, to J and Ω respectively. The quadratic constraints (3.6) on ζ a take the form (5.28) 13 An initial guess that Calabi-Yau manifolds with vanishing Euler number experience no worldsheet instanton corrections is correct in the case of the Enriques Calabi-Yau, but not true in general.

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where the intersection matrix η IJ of the two forms is given by (4.20). From the first equation, we see that ζ + 1+ must be non-zero. In the following, we rescale ζ + →ζ + (corresponding to a rescaling of Ω, which does not change the complex structure) such that ζ + 1+ = 1. The first constraint in (5.28) then simplifies tõ Furthermore, we gauge-fix the isometries (5.26) such that ζ + 3− = 0. We thus obtain a nice product representation of Ω on the covering space K3 × T 2 (the resolution of T 6 /Z σ 2 ), We have here used the equality v i ∧E α + = dx 5 ∧E α − , as at the support of the two components of E α + , see (4.9), cos(2πx 2 ) = ±1. Similarly, the conditions onζ 3 read We can write J as where we have definedẼ α + = E α + + 1 2π Im τ I αβ Im(ζ + β (dv 1 −τ dv 2 )) , (5.33) which differ from E α + by an exact piece. 14 From the form (5.30) and (5.32) we see that the moduli space of Ω and J completely decouple, as expected for the complex structure and Kähler moduli space of a Calabi-Yau manifold. However, in the case of both moduli spaces, we do not reproduce the full result of the standard Calabi-Yau reduction. For instance, Ω should span the special-Kähler space (10) .
Though we can guess from (5.30) the required cubic form of the full holomorphic prepotential, one of the massless modes is missing in our expression (5.30) for the holomorphic three-form Ω: both dx 4 and dx 6 exhibit the same complex parameter τ as coefficient. We therefore only reproduce a special Kähler subspace of codimension one. Similarly, one massless mode is missing in our expression (5.32) for the Kähler form J, corresponding to the deformation in the direction of the two-form dx 3 ∧ dx 4 − dx 5 ∧ dx 6 . We already noted in section (4.2) that this harmonic form is excluded from our reduction ansatz. It does

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not respect the T * 2 Y ⊕ T * 4 Y split of the cotangent space, thus giving rise, as mentioned repeatedly above and explained in [23], to N = 4 gravitino multiplets which lie beyond the N = 4 supergravity action considered in this paper.
What remains is the discussion of the degrees of freedom coming from the form fields. Nothing is gained in this sector by restricting to the Enriques Calabi-Yau example. Suffice it to repeat that the form field B 2 pairs with J in the standard way, enhancing the Kähler moduil space to a special-Kähler space with cubic prepotential. Moreover, the Ramond-Ramond fields form a fibration over the complex structure moduli so that we find a quaternion-Kähler space in the image of the c-map [48,49].

Discussion
In this work, we dimensionally reduced the ten-dimensional action of type IIA on SU(2) structure manifolds. We showed that this action is consistent with N = 4 gauged supergravity and derived the embedding tensor components that specify the gaugings. The gauge group of this gauged supergravity is solvable and in general contains a large number of commuting isometries that transform non-trivially under a pair of isometries that are gauged under the Kaluza-Klein vectors. In principle, one should be able to assemble all degrees of freedom of these SU(2) structure backgrounds not captured by our ansatz in massive multiplets of N = 4 supergravity.
Integrating out the fields that acquire a mass upon supersymmetry breaking to N = 2 results in the standard N = 2 supergravity of Calabi-Yau reductions, up to those fields that have a doublet component under the SU(2) structure group. These SU(2) doublets correspond to N = 4 massive gravitino multiplets in four dimensions, which must be included in order to recover the full N = 2 moduli space of Calabi-Yau compactifications. The multiplet structure of the massive gravitino multiplet was worked out long ago [39]. However, its dynamics has not yet been studied, and there is still much to be understood about its role in N = 4 supergravity.
Since N = 4 gauged supergravity does not allow for any quantum corrections to the massless multiplets (at the two-derivative level) and since we find cubic holomorphic prepotentials from the super-Higgs mechanism, the N = 2 effective actions we obtain upon supersymmetry breaking cannot incorporate quantum corrections. This is in accord with the absence of perturbative quantum corrections in Euler number zero Calabi-Yau compactifications. As worldsheet instanton corrections are not absent in such compactifications, we conjecture that these quantum corrections to the N = 2 holomorphic prepotential of the Kähler moduli space can be encoded fully in the couplings of massive gravitino multiplets to N = 4 gauged supergravity. This provides strong motivation to study massive gravitino multiplets in gauged supergravity in the future.

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The discussion of quantum corrections to the holomorphic prepotential of the complex structure moduli space is completely analogous. Our analysis shows that before SU (2) doublets are included, this prepotential is also cubic, consistent with mirror symmetry. 15 The SU(2) doublet deformations will fiber over these modes, giving the full prepotential. Therefore, the Picard-Fuchs equations should drastically simplify in a parametrization of the holomorphic three-form compatible with the SU(2) structure. As in the Kähler sector, all non-perturbative corrections, here g s corrections due to D-brane and NS5 instantons, should come from massive gravitino multiplets that incorporate the SU(2) doublet degrees of freedom.
The enhancement of supersymmetry from N = 2 to N = 4 should also be visible from a different point of view. Even if these additional supercharges are broken by the background, one should still be able to find the related conserved currents in the N = 2 supergravity. Their existence might be related to the absence of the quantum corrections that we discussed above.
In the long run, discussing quantum corrections of Calabi-Yau spaces of vanishing Euler number in terms of their SU(2) structure might also enable one to understand quantum corrections for general G-structure backgrounds better, as some of the techniques could carry over to the case where no supercharges are preserved. One related idea is to find the correct twisted cohomology on the internal space that keeps track of all modes of the N = 4 supergravity. Though first steps into this direction have been undertaken in [26] for orbifold examples, the general definition of such a cohomology still seems to be missing.
We shall conclude with two comments concerning related constructions for theories with higher dimension or less supersymmetry.
If the Calabi-Yau manifold Y is elliptically fibered, the four-dimensional N = 2 theory has an interpretation in six dimensions in terms of a (1, 0) theory. Equivalently, we can think of such a theory as coming from an F-theory compactification on Y [52][53][54]. When the Euler number of Y vanishes, not only the irreducible part of the gravitational anomaly vanishes, as required for anomaly cancellation, but the reducible part, i.e. the coefficient of (trR 2 ) 2 [55] does as well (see [56] for a recent review). It would be interesting to understand this vanishing of gravitational anomalies from the point of view of hidden extra supersymmetry in the framework presented in this work.
Finally, one could hope to derive an N = 2 gauged supergravity with a vacuum preserving N = 1 supersymmetry by considering the heterotic string on a Calabi-Yau manifold of Euler number zero. Though less supersymmetry and the inclusion of the gauge bundle might complicate the analysis, the discussion of quantum corrections to the holomorphic prepotentials should carry over to this case. Moreover, since these Calabi-Yau spaces give non-trivial examples of SU(2) structure manifolds, one could in principle hope that such a study could be useful for understanding heterotic strings on general G-structure backgrounds.

A Computation of ten dimensional Ricci scalar
In this appendix we compute the Ricci scalar r 10 . For this we must first determine the connection from (2.22) for the ansatz (3.12).

A.1 Useful identities
Let us first collect some identities that will be useful in the following computation.
From (3.4), we find that the matrix k satisfies the identities We will need the following expressions for the four-dimensional derivatives of k i j : where σ 1 and σ 3 are the standard Pauli matrices. From (3.6) we find which means that over four-dimensional spacetime, the J a do not rotate into each other and therefore really move in SO(3,n) SO(3)×SO(n) . The decomposition of ω I into representations of SU (2) reads The latter term is invariant under the I a . We hence find

A.2 Connection
From the first equation in (2.22), we see that γ i µ (K j ) and λ α µ (ê β ) must be symmetric in i and j and α and β, respectively. It is straight-forward to solve for the first two equations. For the third, we need to use dJ a = (I a ) α β de α ∧ e β as well as (3.3) and (A.4). We find (A.8) Now let us first solve the second equation in (2.22). For this, we recall that ij γ i µ (K j ) = 0 and (A.3). This gives us where we have defined the covariant derivatives (A.10) The latter two can be merged into the covariant derivative of the complex scalar τ as Next, we make the ansatz where τ i a = τ i a I (δ I J − ζ a I ζ a J )ω J . We have used that λ α µ (ê β ) should be symmetric in α and β as well as the fact that (2.22) implies that λ α µ (ê ν ) is symmetric in µ and ν. We then solve (A.8) with help of (A.6) and find .

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Finally, we solve the first equation in (2.22). This gives us whereω is the connection of the four-dimensional metric. This determines the tendimensional connection up to the SU(2) component θ. We will see that θ drops out of all four-dimensional expressions. All other components are given by where the covariant derivatives are defined as Dζ a I = dζ a I − G iT J iI ζ a J , (A.16)

A.3 Torsion and curvature of the SU(2) connection
In order to compute the Ricci scalar, we derive a relation between the curvature and the torsion tensor of the SU(2) connection. Since η +i are invariant under the su(2) in which θ lives, we have 0 = R θ αβγδ γ γδ η +i . We see that if θ were torsion-free, the Riemann tensor would obey the Bianchi identity and the first term would be zero, thereby imposing that the connection be Ricci-flat. In JHEP04(2013)058 general, the above equation gives a tool to compute the Ricci curvature in terms of torsion classes. We can contract the above equation withη i + γ ρ and find The failure to satisfy the Bianchi identity is measured by R θ ∧ e = ∇T = dT + θT (as can be seen from the definition of the torsion tensor T ), therefore Note that only the component of the SU(2)-covariant derivative of the torsion two-form inside Λ 3 T * 4 appears. Now let us evaluate the SU(2) Ricci scalar by computing the SU(2) torsion tensor and its covariant derivative by use of (A.15). We find (A.21)

A.4 Ricci scalar
Our next aim is to compute the ten-dimensional Ricci scalar r 10 from For the Ricci tensor, we have Ric µν = R µλνλ + R µiνi + R µανα , Ric µα = R µναν + R µiαi + R µβαβ , so that We will now compute the components via

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We can thus relate the four-dimensional to ten-dimensional supersymmetry variations by invoking the relation (B.4). The supersymmetry variations of the ten-dimensional gravitini and dilatini in the Einstein frame read [10,11,38] δΨ ( where the F 2n are the type IIA field strengths in the democratic formulation and the matrix Γ 11 is the chirality operator. In the following, we only consider the scalar contribution that determine the matrix A 1 . From this and (B.4), we compute the four-dimensional gravitino variation to be where the additional factor of e φ comes from the Weyl rescaling (3.26). Note that the components are related by A This gives us an expression for A ij 1 in terms of forms, Inserting (2.4) for the spinors bilinears and writing A ij 1 = 3 4 i(σ a ) ij P a , we find Using (B.16), we can now discuss the amount of supersymmetry the vacuum preserves depending on the internal geometry. We will here focus on the case of vanishing internal field strengths F and H 3 . Then, A 1 is block-diagonal and one can discuss each N = 2 subsector individually. Since the two components of A 1 are identical up to complex conjugation, we can only have N = 4, N = 2 or non-supersymmetric vacua. 16 For an N = 4 Minkowski vacuum, we need both K and the J a to be closed, and we find that the manifold is K3 × T 2 . If we want to have at least an N = 2 supersymmetric vacuum, the discussion is rather similar to N = 2 → N = 1 supersymmetry breaking as discussed in [31]. A requirement for an N = 2 Minkowski vacuum therefore is that A ij 1 , given in (B.16), should be of rank one. Supersymmetry should then impose that the variations of A ij 1 have similar properties. If we restrict ourselves to the supersymmetry related to η 1 , then P − =Ā 11 1 becomes (up to a Kähler prefactor) the holomorphic superpotential of an SU(3) structure defined by η 1 , as first proposed in [9], with the definitions For this supersymmetry to be unbroken, the variations ofĀ 11 1 with respect to the spacetime scalars must hence be set to zero. This is equivalent to the Calabi-Yau conditions dJ = 0 , dΩ = 0 . (B.19) 16 In the presence of Ramond-Ramond fluxes, vacua preserving N = 1 or N = 3 are no longer excluded.

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Spontaneous partial supersymmetry breaking requires furthermore that P 3 and its analogues in the supersymmetry variations of the spin-1/2 particles vanish in the vacuum. From (B.16), we find that This vanishes on a Calabi-Yau manifold. From (B.5), one can deduce that the terms appearing in the other fermion variations are not, as one might expect, variations of P 3 (which do not vanish). They are instead also proportional to (B.19), thus ensuring that we find partial supersymmetry breaking on Calabi-Yau backgrounds.
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