Generalizations of reflected entropy and the holographic dual

We introduce a new class of quantum and classical correlation measures by generalizing the reflected entropy to multipartite states. We define the new measures for quantum systems in one spatial dimension. For quantum systems having gravity duals, we show that the holographic duals of these new measures are various types of minimal surfaces consist of different entanglement wedge cross sections. One special generalized reflected entropy is ∆R, with the holographic dual proportional to the so called multipartite entanglement wedge cross section ∆W defined before. We then perform a large c computation of ∆R and find evidence to support ∆R = 2∆W . This shows another candidate ∆R as the dual of 2∆W and also supports our holographic conjecture of the new class of generalized reflected entropies.

It has been known that the entanglement entropy truly measures quantum entanglement only for pure states |ψ AB . Therefore it is interesting to ask what is the analogy of that and the Ryu-Takayanagi formula when ρ AB is a mixed state. Recently there have been several proposals [1,[25][26][27][28][29] and it turns out that the entanglement wedge cross section wins most of the attentions in the dual gravity side. Another important question is how to find multipartite correlation measures and their geometric dual. It is known that there are much richer correlation structures in quantum systems consisting of three or more subsystems (see e.g. [30]). However the holographic interpretation of multipartite correlations is less known, though it is obviously crucial for the understanding of the emergence of bulk geometry from many-body quantum entanglement on the boundary.
In [31], an analogy of bipartite entanglement wedge cross section for multiple subsystems, ∆ W has been proposed and it shares a lot of common features with the multipartite JHEP03(2020)151 generalization of entanglement of purification ∆ P . This motivates the authors in [31] to propose the conjecture ∆ P = ∆ W . The difficulty to compute ∆ P makes it a bit hard to test ∆ P = ∆ W though this conjecture is the most natural generalization of the E P = E W conjecture proposed in [32,33]. See 59] for recent progress.
In this paper, we introduce a new class of multipartite correlation measures in generic quantum systems. They are defined by generalizing the reflected entropy method for multipartite systems. Among these new measures, there is a special one called multipartite reflected entropy ∆ R invariant under the permutations of subsystems.
We then show that the holographic duals of our new measures are different types of minimal codimension-2 surfaces in the entanglement wedge [60][61][62], motivated by Ryu-Takayanagi proposal for multi-boundaries. In particular the holographic dual of ∆ R is proportional to ∆ W defined in [31]. We perform the large c computation of ∆ R using replica trick and twist operators and find evidence to support ∆ R = 2∆ W in AdS 3 /CFT 2 . This tempts us to propose another candidate dual to multipartite entanglement wedge cross section ∆ R = 2∆ W and also strongly supports our holographic conjectures for the new class of generalized reflected entropies.
This paper is organized as follows: in section 2, we give the definition of a class of generalized reflected entropies and focus on a special one ∆ R invariant under permutations of subsystems. In section 3, we introduce a class of multipartite generalizations of entanglement wedge cross-section in holography and find that there is a one to one correspondence with the generalizations of reflected entropy. In section 4, we perform a large c computation of ∆ R in tripartite case and find evidence to agree with holographic computation. This agreement supports our holographic conjectures between generalized reflected entropies and generalized entanglement wedge cross-sections. We discuss some information theoretic properties of ∆ R in section 5 and conclude in section 6.
Note added. After all the results in this paper were obtained, [57] appeared in which they construct similar generalization of reflected entropy for ∆ W , which is different from ours.

Generalized reflected entropy
Consider a quantum state on a circle, which is made up of six intervals: A, B, C, a, b and c, shown in figure 1. For holographic CFTs, it is known that the holographic entanglement entropy for ρ ABC is given by the Ryu-Takayanagi surface, the sum of 3 bulk geodesics bounded by the ends of A, B, C, as shown in figure 1. Recently the triangle type of 3 other geodesics, with 3 ends located on the bulk Ryu-Takayanagi surfaces, has been defined as the multipartite entanglement wedge cross-sections, ∆ W [31]. This has been understood as a total correlation measure among subsystems A, B and C. In particular, the triangle sum can not be decomposed as (sum of) bipartite entanglement wedge cross-sections. This suggests that the measure ∆ W is an intrinsic 3-body correlation measure. One obvious question is how to understand the triangle from CFT point of view. This is one of our motivations.
In this section, we define a class of correlation measures for 1 + 1 dimensional quantum field theory (QFT) state on a circle. The following definition was motivated by a holographic CFT state on a circle in AdS 3 /CFT 2 . But we stress that the definition itself is JHEP03(2020)151 independent of holography. Recently an interesting measure called reflected entropy has been proposed as a bipartite correlation measure for a mixed state ρ AB [1]. The idea is to introduce a canonical purification for subsystems A, B and then measure the entanglement entropy. Without going into the detail definition of reflected entropy in information theory, let us understand reflected entropy in the following intuitive way. Start from a pure state ψ ABc ∈ H ABc defined on a circle and the mixed state ρ AB can be viewed as the reduced density matrix by tracing out c. There is a simple and canonical purification for a given ρ AB by doubling the Hilbert space: This can be obtained by flipping Bras to Kets for basis of a given density matrix ρ AB . It can be shown that The reflected entropy is defined as The reflected entropy turns out to be a good measure of correlations between A and B for state ρ AB [1]: This should be viewed as a fundamental step to build up another canonical pure state start from one pure state. We stress that the final canonical state is independent of c, because for a given ρ AB one can choose another c which does the same purification as c and the final canonical state would not change. Therefore the reflected entropy is independent of c. This is not surprising because S R is an intrinsic property of the mixed state ρ AB . Later we will see that c is helpful to understand the global structure when we have a big complicated purified state. This is roughly because a nontrivial c in our setup indicates that the initial state ρ AB is a mixed state or in another word AB is entangled with others and we do not know the full information of AB. Related to this, after gluing along c, one can schematically view c representing some entanglement between AB and A * B * . Another convenient way to understand figure 2 is to imagine that there are 2d spacetime surfaces bounded by circles. The possible meaning of the radial direction is Euclidean time. Consider all the states in the formalism of path integral. After gluing two spacetime patches along c we have obtained a pure state associated to two boundaries AA * and BB * . The red curve along two spacetime patches readily separates two boundaries AA * and BB * and plays the role of the entangling surface in spacetime. After all these constructions and interpretations we can define a robust entanglement entropy associated to the red curve, the reflected entropy The easiest way is to pick up two circles and glue a, b, c once and we get a pure state √ ρ ABC . Since the spacetime geometry after gluing is like a pair of pants, one can have 3 options to draw a red curve to separate 3 boundaries AA * , BB * and CC * respectively from other parts. These correspond to measure the reflected entropy for bipartitions (A : BC), JHEP03(2020)151 One can also perform 2 steps of canonical purification to create a pure state using 4 copies of H ABC . For instance, we first perform the canonical purification by gluing c from two copies H ABCabc and H A B C a b c and obtain (2.14) Then we pick up another copy of ψ 1 and do canonical purification again by gluing b and b and obtain Now we are left with a, a , a , a and we can pair them and glue. We can try to draw red curves to bipartition the final pure state in the Hilbert space consisting of 4-copy of H ABC . Entanglement entropy of each curve will measure some correlations among ρ ABC . These will include some biparitite reflected entropy detected in the 2-copy purification mentioned before and also some other new measures.
In this work we are particularly interested in another purification involving 8 copies of H ABC for the reason we will see later. By adding one more step of canonical purification to the 4-copies purification by doubling Hilbert space one can get ψ 3 = | Tr aa a a |ψ 2 ψ 2 | .
(2. 16) In order to make it more transparent we draw our purification process in figure 3. We switch our notations a little bit for labeling different copies. We stress that even though a, b, c (and the copies of them) are involved in the purification process, the final big pure state ψ 3 does not depend on a, b, c and their copies because essentially all of them are traced out. To understand this better, one can view a, b, c as a certain purification for ρ ABC in the beginning and change them to another purification will not affect the final big state constructed here. According to the notation in figure 3 the final state involves 8 copies of A, B, C and it should be denoted specifically as One can now try to draw curves to bipartition the final pure state ψ 3 . There are certain curves running over all bridges among a, b, c. For instance, one such curve separates the big pure state into two and the entanglement entropy associated with that curve is given by We define such entanglement entropy as multipartite reflected entropy. We stress again that for each curve doing the bipartition there is a well defined generalized reflected entropy.
JHEP03(2020)151 Figure 3. The procedure to construct the pure state with three similar steps.
Step i: from the original pure state Tr aa a a ρ 2 , whose density matrix is ρ 3 = |ψ 3 ψ 3 | and this is the boundary state in final 8-copy purification (also seen in figure 5).
Last but not least, for any given pure state constructed by the above procedure, one can trace out some part of it and get a new mixed state. And one can do once more canonical purification for this mixed density matrix and obtain another new pure state. It is not hard to realize that by such kinds of constructions, we can build a pure state in any even number copies of Hilbert spaces.
We can compute these entropies using replica trick. For instance, as the n n n → 1 limit of Rényi entropy ∆ R can be computed by S n n n , S n n n = 1 1 − n n n ln Tr R (Tr L ρ 3 ) n n n (2.19) where L denotes the left side of the bi-partition in (2.18), namely

Holography of generalized reflected entropy
In the previous section, we construct many big pure states by performing canonical purifications for a quantum system on a circle and define different generalized reflected entropies from them. Though some of the newly defined entropies are inspired from holography, all the definitions by themselves are independent of holography. We study their holographic JHEP03(2020)151 B * * Σ Figure 4. Canonical purification of ρ AB together with entanglement wedges: tracing out c corresponds to gluing Ryu-Takayanagi surfaces (blue lines) for two copies of entanglement wedges and the new bulk geometry describes two entangled boundary quantum systems AA * and BB * . We view this process as a fundamental step to obtain a bulk geometry describing a big pure state. The orange line is the minimal surface in the bulk seperating AA * from BB * . duals in this section. Again we will first understand the bipartite case and the multipartite generalization will be understood straightforwardly after that. The bipartite case has been largely developed in [1]. We review the bipartite case for the purpose of generalizations.
Notice that previously we perform canonical purification by solely working with quantum systems on a circle. Now for those quantum systems having bulk gravity dual, we have to extend the previous gluing procedure together with the bulk. For simplicity we will focus on static cases through this section. Let us first recall the case of ρ AB . Start from a global pure state ψ ABc having a classical bulk solution as its gravity dual. Tracing out c corresponds to discard other bulk regions and keep only the entanglement wedge for ρ AB . For a fixed time slice, this was defined as the region bounded by A∪B∪Γ AB where Γ AB is the Ryu-Takayanagi surfaces for ρ AB . Now doubling the Hilbert space for H AB means to pick up another copy of the entanglement wedge. Doing the canonical purification for boundary ρ AB would correspond to gluing the bulk entanglement wedges along Γ AB since this is the most natural way to construct the new bulk geometry to respect the purified boundary constructed in the previous section without creating new boundaries. We draw the constructed bulk geometry in figure 4. Now the question is which minimal surface is the geometrical dual of the reflected entropy S R (A : B) constructed in the previous section, the entanglement entropy between AA * and BB * for the constructed pure state. Intuitively this surface (line in the present example) should count the entanglement flux between AA * and BB * and is naturally given by the so called entanglement wedge cross section on each copy. Because of a Z 2 symmetry under exchanges of A and A * , B and B * , the geometry dual of S R (A : B), the closed minimal curve Σ min is exactly twice of E W . This is one of the main results in [1], where a number of evidences have been provided to support this duality.
Let us now do some comparison with figure 2 since they are closely related. In figure 2, dashed black lines c do not correspond to real physical objects. They just indicate which part we have traced out. And the dashed red curve there does not correspond to any physical object either. They are used to bipartition the quantum system described by the final pure state. Here things are rather different. Both the real blue lines and the orange JHEP03(2020)151 lines have precise physical meanings. The former is the Ryu-Takayanagi surfaces for the entanglement entropy of ρ AB and the latter is the geometric dual of the reflected entropy. Before we generalize the above geometric dual of reflected entropy to multi-partite cases, let us give some general remarks. In previous section, we associated a general reflected entropy to each curve separating the final pure state into two. For theories having classical bulk duals, due to similar geometric structures there will be one to one correspondence between the separating curve in the previous section and the minimal curve in this section. Therefore we expect for any well constructed generalized reflected entropy there will be a minimal surface dual to it. Let us stress that this argument will lead us to find duality between a large class of generalized reflected entropies and new types of minimal surfaces consist of entanglement wedge cross sections, beyond those known before [31][32][33].
Now we are ready to generalize the canonical purification procedure together with the bulk to multipartite cases. Let us first discuss 3-body mixed state ρ ABC defined on a circle. One can essentially repeat what we discussed in last section for 2-copy purification, 4-copy purification, 8-copy purification by adding the bulk. Without further analysis, let us list the dual reflected entropy for different types of minimal surfaces constructed in the bulk below. We particularly draw the final big pure state in 8-copy canonical purification in figure 5 where the orange line denotes a minimal curve which is the bulk geometric dual to multipartite reflected entropy ∆ R (A : B : C) constructed in previous section. It is easy to see that this is twice of the multipartite entanglement wedge cross sections ∆ W (A : B : C) defined in [31].
Similarly, we draw a pure state in 2-copy canonical purification in figure 6 where the left orange line denotes a minimal curve which is dual to reflected entropy S R (A : BC). It can be seen that this is twice of bipartite cross-section E W (A : BC).
Then, we draw a pure state in 4-copy canonical purification in figure 7 where the left orange line denotes a minimal curve which is dual to S(AA A 1 A 1 CC 1 ) | √ ρ 1 . It can be seen that this is twice of Σ min (1) (C : A : B) defined as the minimal curve with the shape shown in right figure of figure 7.
We also draw a pure state in 8-copy canonical purification in figure 8 where the left orange line denotes a minimal curve which is dual to S(BB B B C C C 1 C 1 ) ψ 3 . It can be seen that this is twice of Σ min (2) (A : B : C) defined as the minimal curve with the shape shown in right figure of figure 8.
It can be seen that there are some inequalities between cross sections mentioned above, which are    figure 1, which is also the holographic dual of entanglement entropy  Apart from 2 n -copy purifications, any even-copy pure state can be constructed (not unique). For example, we can construct 12-copy pure state by tracing out two copies from the 8-copy pure state and then performing canonical purification, i.e., Regarding that there are many different purifications in this manner, and for each purification there are many different bipartitions (and therefore different entanglement entropies), we deduce that there exist a lot of dual pairs of generalized reflected entropy and its holographic counterpart. We are not going to list all of them and consider them as direct consequence of our discussion above.

Computation of ∆ R in AdS 3 /CFT 2
Now we consider ∆ R for a simple example in AdS 3 /CFT 2 . We work in Poincaré patch, and a static ground state of CFT 2 on an infinite line is described by a bulk solution with the metric The three subsystems we choose are the intervals , where d 2 > d 1 > 0 and r is relatively small compared to both d 1 and d 2 . We require that the entanglement wedge of ABC is connected, as shown in figure 9. Let us first consider the holographic computation. This involves the computation of multipartite entanglement wedge cross section ∆ W given in [31]. In this example we have to find a triangle type configuration with the minimal length, where 3 ending points of the geodesics are located on 3 Ryu-Takayanagi surfaces (semi-circles) separately, as shown in figure 9. Because of the reflection symmetry x → −x, the problem was further reduced to find a special angle θ such that the length of 3 geodesics is minimal Then we compute ∆ R (A : B : C) in CFT 2 for the same setup in figure 9 with replica trick. We first use replica trick to extend the purification ψ 3 to ψ (m) 3 following the method in [1], where m is an even number. The three steps (2.14) (2.15) (2.16) will be generalized to i : ψ  corresponds to single box in figure 11 with m 3 -replica) n n n times. So there are m 3 n n n replicas in total (shown in figure 11), with which we can work out six twist operators σ i (x i ), located at In the following we will employ the twist operator correlation function to evaluate the path integral on the complicated glued spacetime with m 3 n replicas. It can be counted from replicas that the conformal dimensions h i of operators σ i (x i ) are (see appendix A) It's not surprising that they are equal because ABC are symmetric. The trace of density matrix is related to 6-point correlation function of twist operators block may lose some information such as the angle of two geodesics within ∆ W . 1 Here we only focus on the comparison of the entropy and the area of ∆ W . The Virasoro block F exponentiates [63] where f is determined by the solution of a monodromy problem as follows. Consider the differential equation (4.10) 1 We thank the anonymous referee for pointing this out. A better approach could be studying the twist operators inserted in the path integral of the state | √ ρABC and therefore the conformal block associated to it. We leave the more refined computation to future work. c i are called accessory parameters restricted by three equations which require T (z) to vanish as z −4 at infinity, namely

JHEP03(2020)151
The differential equation (4.9) has two solutions, ψ 1 and ψ 2 . As we take the solutions on a closed contour around one or more singular points, they undergo some monodromy We choose contours around the singular points which correspond to the OPE contractions in the chosen channel as shown in figure 12. That is to say, for each contraction Note that only when r is sufficiently less than d 1 and d 1 is sufficiently less than d 2 our channel figure 12 is valid to give the result. Otherwise, ∆ R will experience phase transitions, as discussed in [55]. Then the derivative of ∆ R with respect to y (y = d 1 , d 2 or r) is We numerically plot the partial derivative of (half of) ∆ R with respect to r and d 1 and compare it with that of ∆ W in figure 13. It can be seen that ∆ R 2 fits well with ∆ W . 2

Some properties of ∆ R
In this section we discuss some information theoretic properties of tripartite reflected entropy ∆ R . Notice that so far we do not have an intrinsic quantum information definition of ∆ R purely from ρ ABC , which makes it difficult to derive information theoretic properties of ∆ R . However in some special cases, we can check their properties. When ρ ABC = |ψ ABC ψ ABC | is pure, |ψ 1 = |ψ ABC ⊗|ψ A B C , and it can be checked that  For some special ρ ABC as shown in figure 14 where a, b → 0, one can easily check some properties of ∆ R (A : B : C). The purification is where |ψ 1 = |ρ 1 2 ABC . Then where S(X) means S(Tr X ρ 1 ). From  but since the right side has much larger UV divergence in holography, this is expected to be true. 3 From strong sub-additivity

Conclusion
In this paper, we defined a class of generalized reflected entropy for multipartite states. We show that the generalizations of reflected entropy can be defined canonically. We particularly show that the generalization of reflected entropy to multipartite case is not JHEP03(2020)151 unique. After n steps of canonical purifications we have obtained a big pure state associated to 2 n copies of the original Hilbert space. Each bipartition of the large Hilbert space will define a generalized reflected entropy. In this sense, the generalization depends on both n and the bipartition. Based on this one can construct pure state in any even copies of Hilbert spaces. We develop a general method using replica trick and twist operators in CFTs to compute generalized reflected entropies.
Based on the holographic conjecture of reflected entropy [1], we defined a class of minimal surfaces Σ min as the holographic counterparts of the generalized reflected entropies, and in particular we show that for holographic theories there is a one to one correspondence between generalized reflected entropy and Σ min . It leads us to propose a new class of entropies in CFT as dual of various combinations of cross-sections in the entanglement wedge and therefore discovered a new class of quantities which can be used to test AdS/CFT. In tripartite case we focus on a particular generalized reflected entropy ∆ R (A : B : C) and show that its holographic dual is twice of the multipartite entanglement wedge cross sections ∆ W . We performed a large c computation of ∆ R and find evidence to support ∆ R = 2∆ W for a simple setup in AdS 3 /CFT 2 .
Several future questions are in order: first, generalize our holographic conjectures to black hole backgrounds and time-dependent background geometry. Second, generalize our new entropy measures systematically to n-partite case and to higher dimensions where we expect that many new types of generalized reflected entropy will appear following our construction. Third, looking for the dictionary between generalized reflected entropy and minimal cross-sections in n-partite case. Understanding holographic n-partite states will be quite useful to understand the emergence of bulk geometry from boundary CFT. We shall report the progress in future publications.

Acknowledgments
We thank Koji Umemoto for a lot of helpful discussions.

A Derivation of conformal weights
Let's first derive the conformal dimensions in m = 2, n n n = 3 case as an appetizer. Replica trick shown in figure 11 is determined by six twist operators σ i (x i ) which are made up of 5 nontrivial operators connecting respectively 5 intervals of replicas, namely Σ A , Σ b , Σ C , Σ a , Σ B from left to right. We mark the 24 replicas by integers from 1 to 24. These operators can be described by representation of cyclic groups. For example, (123) means that the lower edge of cut in replica 1 is glued to the upper edge of cut in replica 2, the lower edge of cut in replica 2 is glued to the upper edge of cut in replica 3, and the lower edge of cut in replica 3 is glued to the upper edge of cut in replica 1. In this way, we can read from JHEP03(2020)151 so that conformal weights are h i = c 24 (2 − 1 2 )12, which can be checked by (4.5). And the leading operators σ f in OPE contractions σ i (x i )σ j (x j ) → σ f (x f ) are so that conformal weights are h f = c 24 (3 − 1 3 )4, which can be checked by (4.6). Now we are ready to generalize our derivation to m, n n n > 2 case. From above we can see that twist operator σ i contain m-cycles and σ f contain n n n-cycles, i.e.,

JHEP03(2020)151
Here we denote copies in order starting from 0 which denotes the original one. For the final pure state ψ n we choose a proper bipartition curve R inspired from the holography shown in figure 15 as we did for n = 3. Then the n-partite reflected entropy is the entanglement entropy associated to R ∆ R (A 1 : · · · : A n ) = EE R [ψ n ]. (B.2) C ∆ R for quantum states and holographic states For a quantum state described by density matrix ρ ABC , our 8-copy definition of ∆ R needs a big pure state with at least 24 bits. And the associated Hilbert space is therefore 2 24 , which is very large. Therefore it is hard to accomplish with PC. We instead consider the simplified definition of ∆ R in special case (5.3) and compute that formula in some quantum states: for example, for the W 4 state |ψ ABCc = 1 2 (|0001 + |0010 + |0100 + |1000 ), ∆ R (A : B : C) = 3.25214. For the GHZ 4 state |ψ ABCc = 1 √ 2 (|0000 + |1111 ), ∆ R (A : B : C) = 4 ln 2.
In particular we are interested in some holographic property of ∆ R which may be violated for generic quantum states. For instance, it has been shown that in holography [31] ∆ However this inequality is violated for GHZ 4 state. This shows that the property may be special for holographic states. Note that the violation of (C.1) comes from thatĨ 3 > 0. In holography, however, the negativity of tripartite informationĨ 3 ≤ 0 makes (C.1) a looser bound than (5.9).
Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.