T-dual Superstring Lagrangian with double zweibeins

We present superstring Lagrangians with manifest T-duality. The Lagrangian version of the section conditions are necessary to make Lagrangians to be general coordinate invariant. We show the general solution of section conditions. The D-dimensional left and right moving currents are the 2D-dimensional chiral current which causes the chiral boson problem. We solve the problem by adding the unphysical 2D-dimensional anti-selfdual current with the selfduality constraints. The Lagrange multipliers of the selfduality constraints play the role of the worldsheet zweibein allowing the Weyl invariant and Lorentz symmetric worldsheet. Doubling the zweibein makes the type II κ-symmetry splitting into two sets of the type I κ-symmetries.


Introduction
T-duality is the characteristic feature of the string theory which leads to a different picture from the Einstein gravity drastically at the short distance. T-duality of string action is made manifest by doubling the spacetime coordinates [1,2]. Since physical string currents are the D-dimensional left and right currents, the physical current in the doubled spacetime is the 2D-dimensional chiral current which gives rise to the chiral boson problem [3]. A Lagrangian only with chiral currents does not allow the conformal gauge which is useful for the quantum computation. The Weyl invariance and the Lorentz covariance of the worldsheet is necessary especially for a superstring since the κ-symmetry involves the gauge transformation of the zweibein. Pasti, Sorokin and Tonin introduced a scalar to resolve the chiral scalar problem [4,5] which has a nonzero vacuum value leading to the spontaneous breaking down of the worldsheet symmetry. It was applied to make manifest T-duality in [6].
Bandos proposed the superstring Lagrangian with manifestly T-duality where the PST scalar field is used resulting double zweibeins [7]. The obtained superstring action has two sets of κ-symmetries leading to simpler structure of the gauge invariance. In our previous paper [8] doubling of the zweibein comes from the Lagrange multipliers of the selfduality constraints for a bosonic string. In this paper we extend it to the supersymmetric case. Our Lagrangian is similar to the one obtained by Bandos [7]. Differences of our treatment in this paper from [7] are the followings: (1) We use both the selfdual and anti-selfdual currents which are extendable to non-abelian cases instead of the Hodge dual of the selfdual current in [7]. (2) Lagrange multipliers of the selfduality constraints are used for double zweibeins, instead of the PST scalar. (3) The Wess-Zumino terms are written in bilinears of the currents as well as the kinetic term in our approach. We also mention about our "chiral" treatment in previous paper [9]. The main differrence from [7] is the dimensional reduction constraint which is linear combination of the anti-selfdual currents. Although we began by only the selfdual currents [10,20], the dimensional reduction constraints involve the antiselfdual currents leading to the Weyl invariant and Lorentz covariant worldsheet Lagrangian. As earlier studies many aspects of superstring Lagrangians with T-duality are examined such as the NS/NS superstring [11], the doubled-yet-gauged spacetime formulation [12][13][14] and the pure spinor [15].
The string background is described by the gravity with the T-duality symmetry. It was shown that the classical gravity theory with manifest T-duality is the same with the low energy 1-loop effective theory of the string [16][17][18] and the one for the chiral string in the α ′ order [19]. It is the gauge theory of gravity. For the Einstein gravity the gauge generator and the gauge field are the momentum P M and the vielbein e A M which make the covariant derivative ∇ A = e A M P M . For the stringy gravity the momentum includes the winding mode (1.1) Throughout this paper the 2D-dimensional index M is raised and lowered by the O(D,D) invariant metric η M N . The tangent vector is transformed as O(D,D) where the section conditions on arbitrary functions Ψ I (X) with I = 1, 2, · · · are used The cotangent vector should be also transformed as O(D,D) so the Lagrangian version of the section conditions are necessary as shown in our previous paper [8] These conditions guarantee the consistency for the cotangent vector dX M and the tangent vector ∂ ∂X N as dX M , ∂ ∂X N = δ M N . The Lagrangian version of the section conditions also guarantee the coordinate invariance of the currents in curved backgrounds where index m runs τ, σ for a string and τ for a particle. Then the Lagrangian is made to be coordinate invariant.
The organization of the paper is the following: In the next section we present solutions of the section conditions in Hamiltonian (1.3) and in Lagrangian (1.5) explicitly. In section 3, the worldsheet gauges are examined where the Lagrange multipliers of the Virasoro constraints and the selfduality constraints in Hamiltonian become double zweibeins. In section 4 the Virasoro constraints and the selfduality constraints in a non-abelian space are obtained. We begin by the Hamiltonian formalism where the covariant derivative commutes with the symmetry generator. The covariant derivative is the selfdual current while the orthogonal transformed symmetry generator becomes the anti-selfdual current. The σ-diffeomorphism Virasoro operator includes the anti-selfdual current, so the σ derivative computed by the canonical commutator coincides with the one computed by the chain rule differential. In section 5, the superstring Lagrangians with manifest T-duality are presented. For two sets of nondegenerate superalgebras the selfdual and anti-selfdual currents are given concretely. The Hamiltonian of the superstring includes the Virasoro constraints, the selfduality constraints and the dimensional reduction constraints for unphysical fermions. The Lagrangian with double zweibeins makes the type II κ-symmetry to be two sets of the type I κ-symmetries leading to simpler computation. We also show how to reduce to the Green-Schwarz superstring action by gauge fixing and sectioning.

Section conditions 2.1 Section conditions in Hamiltonian
The manifestly T-duality space is defined by the string current algebra, where the worldsheet spatial diffeomorphism is suppressed consistently as the section conditions. The Virasoro operators are The Fourier transformation introduces momenta P i;M for each function as The weak section condition gives The strong section condition gives In order to coincide all angles of infinite number of arbitrary vectors,θ ij = θ ij , the positive and negative vectorsP i;M and P i;M must be equal up to an O(D) rotation A M The infinite number of vectorsP i;M and P i;M are recognized as infinite number of points in the momentum coordinate spaceP M and P M . Therefore the reducibility (2.7) eliminates a half space asP It is denoted that the left and the right Lorentz generators satisfy the same Lorentz algebras with the opposite signatures as [S left , S left ] = S left and [S right , S right ] = −S right . The conventional momentum and winding modes, p M and p M , are obtained by linear combination with the left/right momenta as The Fourier functions have the form The half of 2D coordinates are suppressed. Other solutions such as x M = 0, y M = 0, are obtained by regular O(D,D) matrix transformations.

Section conditions in Lagrangian
The Lagrangian version of the section conditions are given in our previous paper [8]. We also showed that the Virasoro operators (2.1) become the line element and the constraint in The second line is the section condition suppressing the degrees of freedom generated by the σ-diffeomorphism which corresponds to the weak section condition. Under an infinitesimal coordinate transformation X M → X ′M = X M − Λ M (X) the additional condition is required [8] corresponding to the strong section condition The Lagrangian version of the section conditions are solved analogously in (2.10) The left and right Lorentz symmetries are fixed analogously to (2.11). The conventional coordinates are introduced as A solution of the Lagrangian version of the weak section condition (2.16) is given by In the manifestly T-duality formulation the D-dimensional left/right coordinates are treated as independent 2D-dimensional coordinates; the coordinates X M = (X M , X M ) and the conjugate momenta P M = (P M , P M ) . On the other hand the 2D-dimensional left-/right moving currents, P M ± ∂ σ X N η N M , include not only the D-dimensional left/right We review our chiral approach [9]. The Hamiltonian includes only physical currents, and the selfduality constraint is imposed by the linear combination of the left/right anti-selfdual currents in such a way that the stringy anomaly is cancelled. The chiral Hamiltonian with the linear selfduality constraint is given by where the zweibein e a m is given in (3.1). After integrating out the Lagrangian multiplier µ M and rewriting in terms of the usual coordinates x M and y M in (2.17), the worldsheet covariant Lagrangian is obtained The first term is both D-dimensional and worldsheet covariant kinetic term. The second term is total derivative in the bosonic case, but it contributes to the supersymmetric case.
Next let us include the anti-selfdual currents. The Hamiltonian for a string in the 2Ddimensional flat space gives the Lagrangian in the Weyl-Lorentz gauge with two zweibeins: Two zweibeins and two worldsheet coordinates allow two independent worldsheets, so L 1 is sum of the left and the right sectors. It will be convenient to calculate the κ-symmetry invariance as shown in the next section.
The Lagrangian L 1 is rewritten in such a way that the kinetic term becomes 2D-dimensional covariant, where the zweibein e a m is the same one in (3.1). In the conformal gauge g ± = 1 L 2 becomes The D-dimensional dual coordinate dy M is solved in terms of dx M , if the selfduality constraint is solved. But squares of the selfduality constraints are weaker, and it contributes to make the worldsheet covariance manifest. The Lagrangian L 2 is rewritten in terms of x M , y M in (2.17) as in the gauge 1 e + 1 e = 2 e which is λ − = eλ + e+2λ + . The Lagrangian L 1 is further rewritten in such a way that both the kinetic term and the constraints become 2D-dimensional covariant: The conformal gauge in the first term is given by In this gauge the second term does not allow the conformal gauge,λ ± = 1, since they are originally selfduality constraints,       λ This is in contrast to L 2 in (3.5) where the conformal gauge in the zweibein e a m is allowed for both the kinetic term and the selfduality constraints. The solutions of the selfduality constraints and the section condition lead to the same physical degrees of freedom. The second term should be imposed as the section condition which is the 2D-dimensional covariant orthogonal condition, A solution of the section condition is given in (2.17).

Non-abelian space currents 4.1 Algebra and currents
A nondegenerate graded Lie algebra G I has the nondegenerate group metric η IJ and the totally graded antisymmetric structure constant The left-and the right-invariant currents are related by the orthogonal matrix M I J as [9] J Symmetry generator : We consider cases where B IJ is constant and determined by the dilatation operator as [9] where the dilatation operatorN gives the canonical dimension of the generator G I with the following normalization They satisfy the following affine Lie algebra where the worldsheet σ coordinates σ 1 , σ 2 are denoted as 1, 2 and ∂ σ δ(2 − 1) = ∂ ∂σ 2 δ(σ 2 − σ 1 ).
In general the Hamiltonian is written as bilinears of the covariant derivatives ⊲ I , while the global symmetry charge is given by the integral of the symmetry generator⊲ I so that the Hamiltonian is invariant under the global symmetry. The 2-dimensional operators ⊲ I and⊲ I , which is O(D,D) transformed⊲ I in (4.5), in manifestly T-duality formulation are seldfual and anti-selfdual respectively. Some of the symmetry generators are set to be zero as the dimensional reduction constraints.

Virasoro and selfduality constraints
We double the algebra (4.1) as the direct product of two copies of the algebra with the opposite sign of the structure constant: where two kinds of metrics are written in matrix notarion as The bilinears of currents (4.5) contracted with these metrics are the Virasoro generators where ⊲ I = M I J⊲ J in (4.5) is used in the fourth line. The Virasoro algebras are given by [h m (1),h n (2)] = 0 , m, n = (τ, σ) (4.14) Derivative operators act on fields Φ(Z) as Z M derivatives The σ derivative is defined by the commutator with the sum of both selfdual and anti-selfdual Virasoro operators, so that the σ derivative in canonical formalism coincides with the usual chain rule derivative Therefore we take a set of constraints for a string system in the doubled space; the Virasoro constraints and the selfduality constraints as Virasoro constraints H σ and H τ satisfy the same Virasoro algebra in (4.12).

Superalgebras and currents
In the manifestly T-duality formulation a superstring in a flat space is governed by the The nondegenerate metric η M N and B M N are given as where blank spaces are zeros.
For a group element g the left-invariant and the right-invariant currents are denoted by The Maurer-Cartan equations for the left/right one form currents are given as

Left-invariant currents
Left :

Right-invariant currents
Left : The left/right-invariant currents are given as

Left-invariant currents
Left : Right : The left/right-invariant derivatives are given as

Left-invariant currents
Left :

Superstring Lagrangians
We propose the superstring Lagrangian with manifestly T-duality in Hamilton form where the set of first class constraints are the Virasoro constraints, the selfduality constraints and the dimensional reduction constraints of auxiliary fermions Hamiltonian becomes The Legendre tranfsormation brings to the following Lagrangian Doubling zweibein makes computation of the κ-symmetry transformation easier, since each left and right sector Lagrangians are κ-symmetry invariant separately. The κ-symmetry transformation δ κ g is denoted by ∆ M and the vector components ∆ M vanish as Since the left and right sectors are completely independent, we just use e a m as the zweibeins instead ofē a m and e a m to perform the κ-invariance computation only in this paragraph. The κ-symmetry transformation of zwiebein e m a is denoted as (5.20) The worldsheet currents with the zwiebein is denoted as J a M = e a m J m M . Under the κsymmetry transformation the currents are transformed as It is convenient to write down the κ-symmetry transformation of the left and right currents Left : Right : Then it becomes Therefore the κ-symmetry invariance requires transformation of the zweibein as The Lagrangian L 1 is rewritten in a 2D-dimensional covariant way as L 2 in (3.5). Then the manifestly T-duality covariant superstring Lagrangian is given by The kinetic term has both the 2D-target space covariance and the worldsheet covariance.
Next let us examine how the Lagrangian reduces into the Green-Schwarz superstring Lagrangian. The left and right Lorentz symmetries can be fixed in such a way that two gamma matrices are identified to the D-dimensional gamma matrix as γ Mμν = −γ M µν = γ M µν . The left and right spinors θμ and θ µ can be chosen to be the opposite chirality for the type IIA and the same chirality for the type IIB theories. In terms of x M , y M coordinates in (2.17), the currents are written as Then the Lagrangian L 2 is rewritten as with λ = λ + e+λ + . The selfduality constraint L 2;SD in the conformal gauge g ± = 1 is given by where the selfduality condition for a superstring is The zweibein squared is the worldsheet metric g mn = e a m e b n ρ ab with −ρ 00 = 1 = ρ 11 and g = det g mn . Then kinetic term L 2:kin is given as The auxiliary fermions ϕ µ 's appear only in the surface terms which are absent in the usual Green-Schwarz superstring action, so ϕ µ 's are gauged away. It is interesting that the bosonic Wess-Zumino term ǫ mn J m M J nM does not show up contrasting to the chiral approach [9].

Conclusions
In this paper we have presented Lagrangians with manifest T-duality for the type II superstring. The chiral scalar problem is solved by adding the anti-selfdual currents. While only the selfdual currents are physical, the unphysical anti-selfdual currents are also included for the worldsheet covariance of both the Weyl and Lorentz symmetries. The selfduality constraints are imposed to suppress the degrees of freedom of the anti-selfdual currents whose Lagrange multipliers become the worldsheet zweibeins. Then the Lagrangian has double zweibeins and so double worldsheets. Double zweibeins in the superstring Lagraigian make the type II κ-symmetry splitting into two sets of the type I κ-symmetries leading to simpler computation of κ-symmetry. Resulted superstring Lagrangian with manifest T-duality including double zweibeins is (5.18), the one with single zweibein is (5.29) and the one in terms of the usual x M , y M coordinates with single zweibein is (5.31). The superstring Lagrangians are simple structure; all terms are given in bilinears of symmetry invariant currents manifesting the global supersymmetry, the T-duality symmetry, coordinate invariance and the κ-symmetry. We give the gauge condition and the section condition which lead to the Green-Schwarz superstring Lagrangian.
Including the Ramond-Ramond field based on the central extended superalgebra [20] and constructing D-brane Lagrangians are future problems. Superstrings and D-branes with background fields will be also interesting.

A Indices
Indices are summarized.