Open minimal strings and open Gelfand-Dickey hierarchies

We study the connection between minimal Liouville string theory and generalized open KdV hierarchies. We are interested in generalizing Douglas string equation formalism to the open topology case. We show that combining the results of the closed topology, based on the Frobenius manifold structure and resonance transformations, with the appropriate open case modification, which requires the insertion of macroscopic loop operators, we reproduce the well-known result for the expectation value of a bulk operator for the FZZT brane coupled to the general (q, p) minimal model. The matching of the results of the two setups gives new evidence of the connection between minimal Liouville gravity and the theory of Topological Gravity.


Introduction
Minimal string theory is a self-consistent solvable model, which represents a valuable source of insight for investigating string dynamics. It is based on (q, p) minimal CFT models, appropriately coupled to 2D Liouville gravity. There are two approaches to minimal strings, or equivalently to minimal Liouville gravity (MLG): the direct approach, based on the worldsheet treatment [1] and the dual approach, originating from the matrix models, and leading ultimately to the Douglas string equation formalism [2].
During last few years there has been a new progress in the dual approach, which arose due to the connection [3] between the Douglas string equation formalism and the structure of a certain class of Frobenius manifolds (FM). 1 The new development [3,[5][6][7][8] allowed to relate the generating function of MLG correlation numbers (or minimal string scattering amplitudes) in the spherical topology 2 with the dispersionless tau-function of the corresponding hierarchy, for which a simple closed representation has been found, using the underlying FM structure. A crucial role in this construction is played by a so-called resonance transformation [13,14] from KdV times to Liouville coupling constants, which 1 The role of Frobenius manifolds has been initially established [4] in the context of topological field theories. 2 For some further progress in MLG on a sphere, see [9][10][11][12].

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was found explicitly in the general (q, p) case in [6] up to a certain order. We note that the resonance transformation is a characteristic property of the concrete realization of 2D (minimal) gravity models, which will be explicitly formulated below, other possible realizations of 2D gravity, which do not involve resonance transformations (see, e.g., [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]), will not be considered in this paper.
In this paper we continue our study [23] (see also [24][25][26], focused on (2, 2k + 1) Lee-Yang series) of the boundary version of minimal Liouville gravity (BMLG). In the worldsheet approach, constructing correlation numbers, apart from the moduli integration problems [27], needs a set of new ingredients [28][29][30][31][32][33], connected with the boundary, and represents quite a non-trivial problem. In the case of Lee-Yang series, the boundary version of the dual partition function [13] can be rather easily translated [34] to the Liouville frame, taking into account the resonance transformation. From the Frobenius manifolds perspective, the reason for this simplification is that the FM, related to Lee-Yang series, is trivial, i.e., one-dimensional, and the way to define a matrix model, corresponding to (2, 2k + 1) BMLG model, is unique. In general (q, p) case [3,6], multi-dimensional Frobenius manifolds arise and higher Gelfand-Dickey hierarchies appear, which makes the correspondence less straightforward.
In this work we study the bulk correlations on a disk. The goal is to clarify how to combine the open topology treatment (e.g. macroscopic loops [13]) with the formalism, based on the Frobenius manifold structure. Important ingredients of topological gravity are Virasoro constraints [35], which are equivalent to the KdV equations [2] in (2, 2p + 1) series, complemented by the string equation. For the boundary partition function one can write so-called open Virasoro constraints [36] which generalize classical ones and fix the partition function. We describe the consequences of these constraints for the minimal Liouville gravity.
In the general (q, p) case, the Virasoro constraints are particular case of W-constraints, which can be realized using bosonization in terms of a set of twisted free boson fields. This allows to define an open string partition function as a vertex exponential operator, constructed form the bosons, and gives simple expression for the generating function on a disk, clarifying the connection with the open W-constraints. We check the expression for one-point bulk correlators, and reproduce the results of the worldsheet treatment for FZZT brane [32,37]. The matching of the results confirms the universality of the resonance transformation and its explicit form found on a sphere in [8]. We also compare this approach to the formula for bulk one point functions on a disk used in [23]. It turns out that the formula in [23] is a particular case of the macroscopic loop described in the present paper. Moreover, the equality of two formulas is a version of mirror symmetry formula for q−spin intersection numbers and A q−1 Landau-Ginzburg models.
The paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we briefly remind the definition of MLG, describe the physical fields, and introduce the boundary one point correlation numbers. In section 3 we consider one matrix model and minimal gravity of type (2, 2k +1). In section 4 we consider the general (q, p) case. In section 5 we articulate the new points, with respect to our previous consideration [23], which at that time was essentially limited by the unitary series (q, q+1). In section 6 we conclude. Some technical details are collected in appendix A.

JHEP02(2019)043 2 Minimal Liouville Gravity
In this section we briefly recall the worldsheet formulation of (bosonic) MLG (for more details, see, e.g., [38]), in order to introduce the bulk correlators, that we are interested in this paper.

Worldsheet formulation
MLG definition. Minimal Liouville gravity is non-critical string theory model [1,39], obtained by combining bosonic (q, p) minimal model [40] (with p > q ≥ 2 being relatively prime integers), with ghosts and Liouville field theory [41], described by scalar boson field φ(z), arising due to the conformal anomaly effect. The MLG partition function splits into three parts where all three sectors obey conformal symmetry and the zero total central charge condition, c MM + c Liouville − 26 = 0, which follows from the Weyl invariance of the string action and ensures BRST invariance of MLG theory. This condition constraints the Liouville coupling constant to be b = q/p. In this paper we are interested in the physical operators, or BRST cohomologies O m,n , constructed by dressing the minimal model primaries Φ m,n (z) (where 1 ≤ m ≤ q − 1 and 1 ≤ n ≤ p − 1, modulo Kac symmetry, implemented below by restricting pm − qn > 0) with the Liouville non-degenerate primary exponential fields V a (z) ≡: e 2aφ(z) : where a m,−n is the solution of the dimensional constraint ∆ MM m,n + ∆ Liouville (a) = 1, in the standard Liouville parametrization [41]. We note that apart from these tachyon physical operators (2.2), there exist an important class of ground ring operators, constructed from degenerate Liouville primaries, which is relevant in particular for constructing multi-point tachyon correlation numbers in the worldsheet approach [42,43], and which will not be considered in this paper.
Generating function. One can pack multi-point bulk correlators O m 1 ,n 1 . . . O m N ,n N g in a generating function Z g (λ), where g is a genus and λ = {λ m,n } is a set of (MLG) Liouville coupling constants, 3 Our discussion here is limited to a sphere, g = 0, or a disk worldsheet topology, relevant for the planar limit, so that in what follows we omit the subscript g, meaning either spherical or disk topology. The coupling λ 1,−1 = µ is the Liouville bulk cosmological constant, which corresponds to the operator e 2bφ(x) , measuring the area of the worldsheet Riemann surface. The generating function (2.3) has simple scaling properties, being quasi-homogeneous function of the cosmological constant µ, which allows to assign [39] the gravitational dimensions JHEP02(2019)043 δ m,n to the physical fields O m,n , and to Z(λ). This quasi-homogeneity property together with the conformal selection rules for admissible correlation functions are important constraints for constructing the dual representation of the generating function via the resonance transformation [6], which will be described in section 4.

Bulk correlators on a disk
In the open case one needs to appropriately define the boundary conditions both in the matter minimal model and in the Liouville sector. The former are conformally invariant Cardy states, labeled by two integers (r, s) ∈ Kac(q, p), that is 1 ≤ r ≤ q, 1 ≤ s ≤ p with identification t r,s ∼ t q−r,p−s , and the later can be either FZZT brane [32,37] or ZZ brane [44]. We will focus here on the FZZT brane, which is specified by the value of the boundary Liouville cosmolgical constant µ B . We recall that the boundary Liouville interaction has the form µ B ∂Γ e bφ(x) dξ, where ∂Γ is the boundary of the disk and the integral can be interpreted as the length l of the boundary, so that the Laplace transform of the boundary partition function with respect to µ B gives the dependence on the boundary length l.
Denoting by |B r,s (µ B ) the open minimal string boundary states, which is obtained by tensoring together the Cardi matter states and the Liouville FZZT sates, we write the generating function of the bulk multi-point correlators on a disk Our goal is to study this generating function from the perspective of the dual approach. Note that in the boundary case the correlators depend on the scale invariant ratio µ/µ 2 B , so that where Q = b + 1/b. Since the Cardy states with (k, l) = (1, 1) form a basis in the space of FZZT branes (see [38]), we will focus on µ B (or l) dependence of the correlators. One of the simplest amplitude to compute in such a theory is a bulk insertion one-point function on a disk. Formula for such an amplitude was computed in [32] with the result (as a function of boundary length instead of µ B ): O m,n D κ νm,n K νm,n (κl) (2.7) and κ 2 = µ/ sin(πb 2 ). We do not specify the constants, because in this paper we compute just the functional dependence on µ and l.
In the rest of the paper we will focus on matrix models/integrable systems approach and comparison with the Liouville approach. Namely, we will show how the FZZ formula (2.7) appears from another formulation of the loops in (q,p) model and thus, how the integrable systems equation enter the MLG picture.

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3 Virasoro constraints and (2, 2k + 1) minimal gravity In this section, we recall the matrix model approach to the Lee-Yang series of MLG, we describe the Virasoro constraints in the closed and then in the boundary case. We follow mostly the recent review of the subject in [45].
Two basic observables in the matrix models are the trace operators TrM n and the resolvent Tr(x − M ) −1 , the goal of this section is to show that a modified version of the resolvent can be interpreted as a chiral free boson field φ(x), defined in terms of creation and annihilation operators acting on the space of functions of the matrix model parameters. The free boson φ(x) naturally obeys the (half-)Virasoro symmetry with the central charge c = 1. This fact leads to the Virasoro constraints in the closed topology case and gives a clear CFT interpretation of the boundary insertion as an insertion of a primary vertex constructed from the boson. One of the conceptual points here is that while for finite size matrix M we are dealing with the standard chiral boson, defined on the x-plane, in the double scaling limit relevant for MLG we are lead to consider a boson on a hyperelliptic spectral curve, which is double cover of the x-plane. This consideration will be used further in order to consider the general (q, p) case, where instead of one boson q − 1 twisted bosons arise.

One-matrix model and Virasoro constraints
The perturbative expansion of matrix models (MM) in terms of ribbon Feynman diagrams gives an interpretation of MM as a discrete version of 2D quantum gravity [2,46,47].
The (2, 2p+1) MLG model is described by the double scaling limit N → ∞ around the (p + 1)th critical point of a one-matrix model, which consists of a random N × N hermitian matrix M , with the partition function where t = {t n }, the potential W (M ) = n t n M n , and g is the string coupling constant. The model obeys U(N ) gauge invariance, M → U M U −1 , and the r.h.s. expression in (3.1) is the result of taking this symmetry into account, with λ being the vector of eigenvalues of M , and ∆(λ) being the Vandermonde determinant. The correlators are given by the derivatives of log Z(t) with respect to the coupling parameters t n . For any N the matrix model enjoys (half-)Virasoro symmetry. In order to derive the Virasoro constraints, we define where the second term is the matrix resolvent Tr( where the angle brackets denote averaging with the measure defined in (3.1), and the expression on the right hand side is easily seen to be regular at x = 0.

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Inside the matrix integral, J(x) can be written as a differential operator, which up to normalization is the current of the chiral free boson φ(x), Hence, one can consider an energy momentum tensor of this boson, T (x) =: ∂φ(x) 2 :, where dots stand for the normal ordering, and the equation (3.3) takes the form where in the second equality we consider T (x) as a differential operator acting on functions of t. If we expand T (x) = n L n x −n−2 , then the latter equation can be written in terms of Virasoro constraints: where L n are found from the definition of T (x): and by construction satisfy Virasoro algebra with c = 1.
In the double scaling limit the Virasoro structure also persists with the deference that the boson becomes twisted, that is it acquires half-integer modes in the expansion Here now t n stand for new (re-scaled) KdV couplings, which are some functions of the "bare" couplings of the underlying matrix model (3.1). The derivatives ∂/∂ t k are interpreted as insertions of operators O k in the correlation function. In order to motivate this change we note that in the semiclassical limit the eq. (3.3) becomes where y := lim N →∞ J(x) , and P (x) is a polynomial, which arises from the r.h.s. of (3.3). This can be interpreted as an equation for a so-called spectral curve. The boson φ(x) is then defined on this curve rather then on the x-plane (for more details, see e.g. [45]).

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In the double scaling limit the Virasoro constraints, which arise for the twisted free boson (3.9), become: Finally we note, that any function of KdV parameters, which is annihilated by all these operators, is uniquely defined and represents in fact a (square root of a) tau-function of a KdV hierarchy [48].

Open Liouvulle problem
It is well-known that the correlations on a surfaces with boundaries can be considered by adding loops to the Feynman diagram expansion of the matrix integral (3.1). One way to add loops is using additional vector degrees of freedom, contributing to the matrix integral as dΨdΨ · e −zΨΨ+Ψ T ·M ·Ψ , (3.12) where the parameter z couples to the boundary length. The only modification of the partition function, after integrating out these variables, is the insertion of an additional determinant in the closed matrix integral In the integral above we also introduced the the number-of-boundaries counting parameter 4 N b . Looking at the insertion det(z −M ) N b from the free boson perspective, it is not difficult to see, that the boson φ(x) can be defined now according to (3.5), and , (3.14) which obeys the Virasoro symmetry, with the stress tensor T (x) = J(x) 2 /g 2 . It is convenient to introduce an extra factor e −N b W (z)/(2g) in the matrix integral, which is trivial because it does not depend on the matrix variables, In this setting J(x) as a differential operator is given by the same formula (3.4) as in the closed string case due to the factor e −N b W (z)/(2g) .

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The new point is that the refined boundary partition function (3.15) is equivalent to Repeating computation of the closed case we get: where P (x, z) is regular at x = 0. We can now expand all the quantities in series in powers of x and consider the terms at negative powers: Here L c n come from the expansion of T (x) and are the same as in the closed case (3.11) and L o n come from the right hand side of (3.17): Now we turn to the loop operator, which corresponds to a surface with one boundary component. To this end we take the first coefficient in the series expansion in N b , (3.20) In order to compare with the result of the direct minimal Liouville gravity approach we introduce the inverse Laplace transform w(l) of w(z), according to w(z) = l −1 ∞ 0 dz e −lz w(l). The singular part of this operator is given by (3.9), and the loop (3.20) takes the form of the following differential operator

From twisted bosons to loop operator
General (q, p) models have several matrix model descriptions, some of which like conventional multi-matrix model are appropriate for orthogonal polynomials method and for the double scaling limit consideration. It turns out, however, that the W-symmetry which is present in the general (q, p) case is not manifest in this setup. What we use here is the JHEP02(2019)043 integrable systems approach, which can be also obtained from the conformal matrix models approach [49]. In this setting various quantities of the theory are expressed by analogy with the one-matrix case. The results of this approach can be briefly formulated as follows (see, e.g., [50]). We consider q twisted bosons φ l (x), with l = 1, . . . , q: where the modes α k+l/q = g ∂ ∂t l,k and α −k−l/q = 1 The energy-momentum tensor of a system of twisted bosons is The system obeys an extended W q−1 symmetry, and the other W-currents, W (n) (x), may be constructed explicitly using the standard bosonization methods. The closed string partition function Z(t) of the q-th model is uniquely defined by the condition that it is annihilated by all the W (n) -currents [51]. More precisely, where W (2) k is L k . The correlation numbers are given as usual as derivatives of connected partition function with respect to deformation parameters: where the derivatives are computed at the corresponding critical point. For later purposes, we write explicitly the string and the dilation equations, L −1 Z(t) = 0 and L 0 Z(t) = 0, with the generators: Another equivalent description of the system is based on the statement that its partition function is the (q-th root of the) tau-function of the q-th Gelfand-Dickey hierarchy, which satisfies the string equation, i.e. the L −1 Virasoro constraint.
Similarly to the KdV case, the boundary partition functions are obtained as the exponential vertex operators constructed from the bosons φ l (x), where N b is a boundary component number counting parameter. 5 5 In principle, there can be independent boundary parameters for each of the bosons.

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To define open correlation numbers we subtract all purely closed surfaces and contributions and take the connected part. The open correlation numbers are then given by log(Z open (t, z)/Z(t)) .

(4.8)
From this expression one gets [50] the open W-constraints as the Ward identities for the vertex operator Let us take a formal Laplace transform of this operator in the variable z: (4.12) After some renormalization these equations coincide with the equations obtained recently in [52] for the generating function F 1/q,o of the open correlation numbers in the topological gravity of q-spin curves. 6 Loop operator. The analogue of the formula for the loop operator is easily obtained from the bosonic representation [50] together with the Laplace transform: (4.13) The loop insertion is the one-boundary part of the open partition function (4.7). In this case there are in general q −1 linearly independent loop operators. They can be interpreted as corresponding to different boundary conditions. However, the precise identification with the FZZT branes is yet to be clarified. The general loop operator can be written as (4.14) Below we omit the coefficients c α as it will be trivial to restore them in the final answer.

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The analogs of open-Virasoro and W-constraints are then obtained from the Ward identities for the fields φ r (z), for instance: where L n are the closed Gelfand-Dickey Virasoro constraints. Let us denote byÔ α,k the bulk insertion operator ∂/∂λ α,k in the MLG frame. Then using the resonance transformations, that is change of the couplings t α,k → λ α,k from KdV to MLG frame, we obtain which is precisely the singular part of the Liouville one-point boundary (FZZ) function found in [32]. This is the main result of the present paper. Moreover, if we include the regular part of bosons in the definition of the loop, we correctly restore also the regular part of FZZ formula. The important point is that the resonance transformations have been computed from the condition of diagonality of two-point functions in the MLG frame, corresponding to the Liouville couplings λ α,k , in the spherical topology. Let us sketch the derivation of the formula (4.17). The detailed computation is given in appendix A. First, we expand the sum r w r (l) as Then we express the left hand side of (4.17) in terms of the two point functions (4.19) and compute this expression using the results of [3] and [5], namely the formula for the generating function of the correlators and the explicit expression for the resonance transformation.
We shall now briefly describe the computation method of the correlation numbers, based on the Frobenius manifold structure, leading to the results (4.17).

Dual approach and Frobenius manifolds
Here we formulate the result for the spherical partition function, corresponding to the tau-function of the q−th Gelfand-Dickey integrable hierarchy. The L −1 constraint (which JHEP02(2019)043 uniquely fixes the tau-function) is written in the form of Douglas string equation, conveniently formulated as the action principle [53], ∂S(u)/∂u i = 0, and S(u, t) = Res y=∞ (4.20) Here Q = Q(y, u) is the symbol of the Lax operator of the corresponding q−th Gelfand-Dickey hierarchy, Q(y, u) = y q + u 1 y q−2 + u 2 y q−3 + . . . + u q−1 . (4.21) The parameters u α , (α = 1, . . . , q − 1), can be regarded as coordinates on the Frobenius manifold A q−1 . Its tangent space at a point u is a Frobenius algebra C[y] mod ∂Q(y,u) ∂y (for more details, see, e.g., [6]). We note that for the (q, p)−model the time parameter in (4.20) in front of Q p/q is equal to 1 and the time parameter in front of Q p/q−1 is equal to the Liouville cosmological constant µ.
In order to consider the general MLG(q, p) case it is convenient [6] to use another parametrization, s and p 0 , such that p = sq + p 0 and 0 < p 0 < q. As described in section 2, the physical fields O m,n are labeled by pairs (m, n), where 1 ≥ m ≥ q −1 and 1 ≥ m ≥ q −1. Equivalently, in the "KdV frame", we use the parameters (α, k): The KdV times t (m,n) and the Liouville couplings λ mn are related through the resonance transformation, t (m,n) = λ m,n + A (m,n) (m 1 ,n 1 ),(m 2 ,n 2 ) λ m 1 ,n 1 λ m 2 ,n 2 + · · · , (4.24) with the coefficients A (m,n) (m 1 ,n 1 ),(m 2 ,n 2 ) constraint by the scaling properties and fixed by the underlying CFT selection rules [6].

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Then the action takes the form where t(λ) stands for the resonance transformation (4.24). The generating function of the spherical correlators is where v α and C βγ σ are correspondingly flat coordinates and structure constants of the Frobenius manifold A q−1 , and v * ∈ A q−1 is the special solution of the string action.

Resolvent expectation value, heat kernel problem and mirror symmetry
In this section we compare the loop formulae (4.13), (4.14) with the results in [23], where a different way to compute open MLG correlators was chosen. Namely, the following expression for the loop operator in the (q, p) model has been proposed there: Here Q(y, v) is defined in (4.21) and v(x) is the solution of the string equation, corresponding to the closed string partition function. Let us compare the formula (5.1) with the formula (4.13), and recall the difficulties encountered in [23]. First of all it is more convenient to write the derivative of the normalized loop where Z(t) is the spherical partition function. It is known, see, e.g., [3], that the second derivative ∂ t 1,0 ∂ t β,m log Z(t) = Res y=∞ Q(y) α/q+k . 7 To analyze the difference with the earlier approach [23], we compare (5.2) with the derivative of (5.1): We note, that if satisfied the relation (5.3) would reflect the classical genus zero mirror symmetry. Indeed, according to the extended Witten's conjecture, the r.h.s. is an analytic continuation of a certain power series, counting the intersection numbers on the moduli space of curves with q−spin structure, namely an A-model expression. Whereas the left hand side is a period integral for the dual B-model, which is an oscillating integral of a

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Landau-Ginzburg model W (y) = Q(y), or an A q−1 singularity. In our case we can simply establish the explicit connection. From this point of view, the genus zero loop is a period of the mirror model with the deformation parameters v i , as functions of couplings t governed by the string equation.
We note, that for q = 2, that is in the KdV case, the equality above is known as an asymptotic expansion of the heat kernel operator, where the residues in the r.h.s. are dispersionless analogues of the Seeley coefficients [54]. A very similar phenomenon occurs in the arbitrary q case.
Let us first expand the left hand side of the equation (5.3). We introduce a notation Q(y) = y q + Q 0 (y), where Q 0 (y) is of degree q − 2 in y. Then Now it is clear, that the formulae (5.4) and (5.9) differ by some constants and coefficients c β and c γ α . Basically, c γ α in the expression (5.1) is defined by the cycle γ, whereas in the approach of the present paper it is a matter of choice of a particular linear combination w(l) := β c β w β (l). It is tempting to interpret c β as a boundary condition of the minimal JHEP02(2019)043 model, however it requires further investigation. From this point of view the vanishing of one-point correlators of the form Ô 2α,m disk for even q, encountered in [23], is just related to the fact that the corresponding cycle γ does not contain some of Γ α in the expansion over this basis. Another problem encountered in [23] was the problem in the computation of one-point functions in the non-unitary (q, p) models (i.e. p > q + 1), which was due to inappropriate solution of the string equation in dx integration.

Concluding remarks
This paper is another step to make correspondence between Minimal Liouville Gravity and integrable hierarchies and topological string. Here we make manifest the correspondence between integrable systems/topological gravity and CFT approach to Minimal Gravity on the level of disk correlation numbers. Compared to the previous paper [23] the method proposed here is more transparent and easily connected to the integrable systems. It is formulated most easily in the language of twisted free bosons. The approach used here also solves problems, which remained unclear in the previous approach, motivated by multimatrix models [23]. The connection of the two formulas for the loop operators is given by a mirror symmetry type formula. We performed checks for arbitrary (q, p)-models using resonance transformations, which was not yet done before. Instead of the matrix model approach we use Gelfand-Dickey integrable systems to compare with the Liouville Gravity because it highlights the symmetries and seems closer to the enumerative geometry and topological gravity. This approach also shows how differential constraints appear in the minimal Liouville Gravity after resonance transformations.
The computations are similar for any (q, p) and use already known results on spherical correlators and resonance transformations. The latter ones give correspondence with FZZ formulae for disk one point correlation numbers. Different choices of the loop operator as linear combination of different twisted bosons give different boundary conditions, which explains some problems encountered in [23], however the exact identification of FZZT branes requires further investigation.

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is obtained from the generating function (4.29) as follows Ô α,k w(l) sphere = β,j l β/q+j Γ(β/q + j + 1) Note that the second derivative is taken with respect to λ α,k , since we are interested in the correlation functions in the Liouville frame. Here comes non-trivial dependence on the resonance transformations (4.24).
It is convenient to take the integration contour 8 along v 1 -axis and to use the properties of the derivatives ∂S (m,n) ∂v γ and of the structure constants on the line v 1 , obtained in [5]. Namely, using expressions for structure constants, one gets Because the expressions ofŜ α,k and θ β,j differ for odd and even k, j we consider four computations separately.
First case. Here we compute the correlation function for a field with even k.
We notice, that this expression is analytic in µ and therefore should be disregarded in the expression as non-universal. However we proceed with computation of this non-universal part because it gives interesting results. Computing the integral above with same formula we obtain: Ô α,2k · O β,2m+1 = − Γ(1 − α/q + 2m + 2) x m+k+1  The situation is analogous to the even case: pairings with fields O β,2m+1 are non-analytic and the ones with O β,2m+1 are analytic. First we compute the non-analytic part.

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Similarly to the even case we see that up to a small mismatch in first k + 1 terms this coincides with the Bessel function. If we add regular terms to the loop definition, we get Ô α,2k+1 disk = 2 sin(απ) π (x 1/2 0 ) α/q+2k+1 K α/q+2k+1 (2lx Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.