Cluster integrable systems, q-Painlevé equations and their quantization

We discuss the relation between the cluster integrable systems and q-difference Painlevé equations. The Newton polygons corresponding to these integrable systems are all 16 convex polygons with a single interior point. The Painlevé dynamics is interpreted as deautonomization of the discrete flows, generated by a sequence of the cluster quiver mutations, supplemented by permutations of quiver vertices. We also define quantum q-Painlevé systems by quantization of the corresponding cluster variety. We present formal solution of these equations for the case of pure gauge theory using q-deformed conformal blocks or 5-dimensional Nekrasov functions. We propose, that quantum cluster structure of the Painlevé system provides generalization of the isomonodromy/CFT correspondence for arbitrary central charge.


Introduction
This paper is devoted to certain extension of the relations between four a priori different topics in modern mathematical physics: supersymmetric gauge theories, integrable systems, two-dimensional conformal field theories (CFT), and isomonodromic deformations of differential equations. In fact there are many such relations, but let us distinguish three, mostly important for this work. Remember first that the light (Seiberg-Witten) sector of N = 2 supersymmetric 4d gauge theories [53] can be reformulated in terms of integrable systems [29]. Second, the Nekrasov partition functions for these theories are equal to the conformal blocks in 2d CFT [1]. Finally, the isomonodromic tau-functions are expressed as the series of conformal blocks (or Nekrasov functions) with special, integer central charge, see [25,27,35].
These objects and relations among them exist also when have been raised from original setup to "5d -relativistic -q-deformed" framework, moreover the objects and relations acquire some new and nice properties. On the CFT side the conformal symmetry becomes q-deformed, and the q-deformed W-algebras do have unified description by generators and relations as a quotient of certain quantum group -the Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra (quantum JHEP02(2018)077 toroidal gl(1)) [16]. This algebra has additional properties like SL(2, Z) action, which are hidden in conformal limit.
On the gauge theory side, the 5d (more precisely 4 plus 1 compact dimension) Nekrasov partition functions are more closely related to the topological strings partition functions, see [14,34]. Integrable systems, corresponding to 5d gauge theories becomes "relativistic", see [48]. This relativization can be understood as passing to a Lie group from its Lie algebra, and it can be more generally formulated in terms of cluster integrable systems [21,28]. On the side of isomonodromic deformations (at least in the first nontrivial example actually used throughout this paper) one has more difference Painlevé equations than differential ones, see classification in [39,51], and similar phenomenon takes place at the level of supersymmetric gauge theories.
As a combination of these relations one gets a link from integrable systems to isomonodromic deformations (or its special case -the Painlevé equations) through gauge theories and CFT. In addition here we propose another, more direct relation. We consider all cluster integrable systems with two-dimensional phase space, and show that their deautonomizations are q-difference Painlevé equations (all except two), see Theorem 3.1. The Poisson structure on the phase space of a cluster integrable system is encoded by certain quiver. Deautonomization of this system is done by switching off one of the basic constraints in their construction, and after that mutations of the quiver (supplemented by permutations of its vertices) start to generate the q-Painlevé dynamics, as well as the automorphisms of the system. We have constructed explicitly these groups in section 3. In the simplest nontrivial example the cluster integrable system is two-particle affine relativistic Toda chain, its deautonomization leads to the q-Painlevé equation with the surface type A (1) 7 . Recall the meaning of other relations in this case: the spectral curve of relativistic Toda is the Seiberg-Witten curve of pure SU(2) 5d theory, the corresponding Nekrasov partition function equals to the Whittaker limit of conformal block for q-deformed Virasoro algebra. Finally, it has been proposed in [7], that certain sum of these Nekrasov 5d partition functions for pure theory in case q 1 q 2 = 1 (c = 1 in CFT terms) is equal to the tau-function of the q-Painlevé equation A (1) 7 , the same equation which we get by deautonomization. This is our main example, some of the statements in sections 3, 4 were checked explicitly only in this case.
The fact that the Painlevé equations can be obtained by deautonomization and their relation to integrable systems is not new, see [38] and other references below, but the cluster nature of the integrable systems corresponding to the q-deformed situation has not yet been discussed. In the cluster language the deautonomization arises naturally and unambiguously, and this is one of the advantages of the cluster interpretation.
However, the main advantage of the cluster approach is quantization. There is a straightforward way to quantize a classical cluster integrable system, just since it can be formulated on a Poisson variety with almost canonical (logarithmically constant) bracket. In section 4 we consider the simplest example it detail. We obtain the quantum Painlevé equation just as deautonomization of quantum relativistic affine Toda chain. Then we present a formal solution for the tau-functions of these quantum equations -as a linear combination of Nekrasov partition functions with generic -background parameters (q 1 , q 2 ) JHEP02(2018)077 (arbitrary central charge in CFT terms or the case of refined topological string theory), see Conjecture 4.1. The product p = q 1 q 2 plays the role of multiplicative quantization parameter. We certainly expect a similar picture for the other q-Painlevé equations (and probably more generic q-Schlesinger systems) -their quantum version should have formal solutions in terms of Nekrasov partition functions with generic (q 1 , q 2 ).
For the calculations with quivers we used Sage package [46] and Mathematica code from [10].
2 Newton polygons and cluster integrable systems

Integrable systems on cluster varieties
A lattice polygon ∆ is a polygon in the plane R 2 with all vertices in Z 2 ⊂ R 2 . There is an action of the group SA(2, Z) = SL(2, Z) Z 2 on the set of such polygons, which preserves the area, the number of interior points, and the discrete lengths of sides (number of points on side including vertices minus 1).
Any convex polygon ∆ can be considered as a Newton polygon of polynomial f ∆ (λ, µ), and equation defines a plane (noncompact) spectral curve in C × × C × . The genus g of this curve is equal in general position to the number of integral points strictly inside the polygon ∆. According to [21,28] a convex Newton polygon ∆ defines a cluster integrable system. First ingredient is an X-cluster Poisson variety X , of dimension dim X = 2S, where S is an area of the polygon ∆. The Poisson structure in cluster variables is logarithmically constant, and can be encoded by the quiver Q with 2S vertices. Let ij be the number of arrows from i-th to j-th vertex ( ji = − ij ) of Q, then Poisson bracket has the form The product of all cluster variables i y i is a Casimir for the Poisson bracket (2.2). 1 The phase space of the cluster integrable system is a subvariety of X of dimension 2S − 1 given by the equation Integrals of motion for this system are constructed from the coefficients of the spectral curve equation ( where g is the number of internal points (or genus of the curve (2.1)), or the number of independent integrals of motion. There are two a priori different, but equivalent procedures of deriving equation (2.1), playing the role of a spectral curve for an integrable system.
• A combinatorial way due to [28] assigns to a Newton polygon a bipartite graph Γ on a torus, which can be constructed from a Thurston diagram in the fundamental domain R 2 /(Z × Z). The cluster variables {y i } are then assigned to the faces of Γ, being monodromies of connection around faces of Γ (which can be naturally oriented since the graph Γ is bipartite).
Equation (2.1) is then vanishing of the dimer partition function on Γ, computed with some extra sign factors. The weight of any dimer configuration is given by product of Abelian gauge connections (C × -valued function) over the marked edges, so that for difference of any two configurations (considered on a bipartite graph Γ as elements of 1-chains) this gives an element of H 1 (Γ). Any such element can be further decomposed into the product λ a µ b f a,b (y) from (2.1), where spectral parameters λ, µ are monodromies of the gauge connection or elements of the first cohomology group of the torus H 1 (T 2 ) ⊂ H 1 (Γ). The Poisson structure (2.2) is induced by the intersection form in H 1 (Σ), where Σ is a surface, determined by the bipartite graph Γ with dual fat-graph structure (obtained by twisting of original one at the vertices of one fixed color). The intersection form on torus itself defines the "dual two-form" δλ λ ∧ δµ µ , which can be thought of as variation of the Seiberg-Witten differential and gives rise to the same symplectic form of the integrable system along the lines of [41].
• An equivalent way due to [21] says that Thurston diagram also defines a word u ∈ (W × W ) in the coextended double affine Weyl group of the affine group P GL(N ). For such cyclically irreducible word one can further construct a group element g(λ; y) ∈ X u on a Poisson submanifold X u ⊂ P GL(N )/AdH, so that the characteristic polynomial det gives the spectral curve equation (2.1). The Poisson structure on submanifold X u is given by restriction of the r-matrix bracket, and the integrals of motion, computed from (2.6) are just AdH-invariant functions [20,21,43]. Formula (2.6) provides the most technically effective way for writing the spectral curve equation (2.1), and provides expression for the integrals of motion in terms of cluster variables [40,43], which can be even sometimes generalized to other series beyond P GL(N ). 3  4a  4b  4c  5a  5b  6a  6b   6c  6d  7a  7b  8a  8b 8c 9

Polygons with single interior point
It is well-known that any convex lattice polygon with the only lattice point in the interior is equivalent by SA(2, Z) to one of the 16 polygons from figure 1. We label them Bx, where B is a number of the boundary points, and letter x distinguished their types, if there are several for given B. Since there is only one interior point, the genus of the corresponding spectral curve (2.1) is just g = 1, and one finds from (2.5) for the area S = B/2.
Using the methods of [21,28] briefly described above, one can reconstruct the Thurston diagrams, bipartite graphs, and quivers, corresponding to the polygons from the figure 1, which are collected together with the bipartite graphs in appendix A. On the other side, by [28,Theorem 3.12], one can reconstruct Newton polygon from dimer partition function of the bipartite graph. This correspondence between polygons with single interior point, bipartite graphs, and quivers is not new, see [23,32] and references therein.
Notice, that from 16 polygons we get only 8 different quivers, presented together at figure 2. We label them by affine root systems for the future relation to q-Painlevé equations in Sakai's classification.
The correspondence between figure 1 and figure 2 is easily established just by counting the number of the vertices. Generally, a polygon with B boundary points corresponds to the quiver with B vertices, labeled as A Remark 2.1. The action of SL(2, Z) on polygons ∆ is equivalent to the multiplicative transformation of variables λ =λ aμb , µ =λ cμd in the Laurent polynomial f ∆ (λ, µ) for integer {a, b, c, d} ∈ Z, satisfying ad − bc = 1. One can consider more general rational transformations λ = λ(λ,μ), µ = µ(λ,μ), and one can check that if Newton polygons ∆ 1 , ∆ 2 from figure 1 correspond to the same quiver, then there exist a rational transformation which maps equation f ∆ 1 (λ, µ) = 0 to f ∆ 2 (λ, µ) = 0.

Poisson maps and discrete flows
There are several classes of the Poisson maps between X-cluster varieties. The simplest example is just permutation of the vertices of a quiver, together with the cluster variables {y i } assigned to the vertices, complemented with corresponding permutations of the edges.
Another type of Poisson maps is given by cluster mutations. A mutation can be performed at any vertex. Denote by µ j the mutation at j-th vertex. It acts as supplemented by transformation of the quiver Q itself, so that (2.10)

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Denote by G Q the stabilizer of the quiver Q -the group consisting of compositions of mutations and permutations of vertices which map quiver Q to itself. Such transformations nevertheless generate nontrivial maps for the cluster variables {y i }. This group is sometimes called mapping class group of X-cluster variety. There is another (but related) group G ∆ introduced in [21,28]. It was shown in [28] that there are certain transformations of bipartite graph, which preserve the dimer partition function. These transformations include elimination of a two-valent vertices and spider moves. The group G ∆ consists of compositions of such transformations which map bipartite graph to itself (also with certain permutations, see below). In terms of transformations of the quivers the spider moves correspond to certain mutations (but not all mutations can be obtained as spider moves), therefore the group G Q is generally larger than G ∆ .
Under the condition (2.3) the group G ∆ can be considered as a group of the discrete flows of cluster integrable system: the integrals of motion are preserved by these discrete flows. For all our systems, generated by the Newton polygons from figure 1, integrability (2.4) is almost a trivial statement, since here is a single integral of motion f a,b (y) = H, for (a, b) ∈ ∆\∆. However, this Hamiltonian is invariant with respect to the discrete flows. Moreover, the (properly normalized) Hamiltonian remains invariant under the action of full G Q , which generally acts nontrivially on the Casimir functions.
Let us now list few examples of the Hamiltonians and discrete flows from G ∆ for certain quivers from figure 2. The group G Q will be discussed in the next section, where we also forget about the restriction (2.3), or deautonomize the cluster integrable system, and the list of the Hamiltonians, invariant under the action of G Q will be also completed there. Notice, that exact expressions for these Hamiltonians, which are in the Poisson involution (2.4) (in the nontrivial case with several internal points) or are singled our being invariant under the action of discrete flow, generally contain fractional powers of the cluster variables (2.2) (see also discussion of this point in [21,40,43]).

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A (1) 7 . The group G ∆ contains element T = (1324) • µ 3 , it has infinite order and generates subgroup Z ⊂ G ∆ . Denote x = y 3 , y = y 4 , Z = y 2 y 4 y 3 , then {x, y} = 2xy and Z is the Casimir function. The transformation T acts as (x, y) → ( 1 invariant under such transformation, has the form This Hamiltonian is different from the previous one, though it has the same limit at Z → 0, so one can think of this system as of different affinization of two-particle relativistic Toda.
3 Cluster mutations and q-difference Painlevé equations

Poisson cluster varieties and q-Painlevé equations
Let us now start from any of the quivers Q from figure 2 and act by elements of the group G Q to the cluster y-variables, for generic q = 1, i.e. forgetting the condition (2.3), necessary for construction of a cluster integrable system. In this way we obtain q-difference Painlevé equations as deautonomization of a cluster integrable system, corresponding to the Newton polygons from figure 1 and quivers from figure 2. Deautonomization is a standard method to obtain difference Painlevé equations, see [30] for review and [11] for recent geometric interpretation. However, here we get q-Painlevé dynamics from deautonomization of the discrete flows in cluster integrable systems, and describe symmetries of the q-difference Painlevé equations in terms of the group, generated by cluster mutations and permutations. It will be convenient also to consider inversion ς, the transformation which reverses orientations of all edges and maps all ς : {y i } → {y −1 i }. Note, that ς changes the sign of the Poisson structure, this is natural since it reverses the "time direction". We denote the corresponding extended group byG Q . Theorem 3.1. For each quiver from figure 2 the groupG Q contains subgroup isomorphic to the symmetry group of the corresponding q-Painlevé equation and its action on variables y i is equivalent to q-Painlevé dynamics.
Note that the symmetry group of q-Painlevé equation is the extended affine Weyl group, therefore the Theorem 3.1 says thatG Q contains such subgroup. We believe that actuallyG Q coincides with this subgroup, see Remark 3.1 below. This theorem is proven by a case-by-case analysis below. Note that this relation between q-Painlevé equations and cluster mutations (but without relation to cluster integrable systems) was already noticed in [49] for A   [7]. See also [33], where relations to cluster integrable systems were also mentioned.
At figure 3 we represent all q-Painlevé equations following [51], the arrows stand for degenerations of the equations. Remark 3.1. In the geometric approach to difference Painlevé equations the main object of interest is special surface, constructed as blowup of CP 2 in nine points [51], and commonly called as generalized Halphen or half-K3 surface. It is natural to ask therefore, how it comes out in our approach.
Each seed (quiver with the set of variables y i ) corresponds to a chart in Poisson cluster X-variety. For quivers from figure 2 the rank of the Poisson bracket is always equal to two, or in other words if the values of the Casimir functions are fixed, one gets a surface. We conjecture, that after gluing such surfaces for all charts (or seeds) one obtains the half-K3 surface, corresponding to the Painlevé equation (perhaps up to submanifold of codimension two -a finite set of points).
Note also, that it follows from the results of [51], that if one takes not all charts (or seeds), but only those -obtained by the action of the subgroup from Theorem 3.1, one gets the corresponding Painlevé surface. The above conjecture is stronger, it deals with all charts, which, in principle, could correspond to further blowups. If this conjecture holds, the groupG Q coincides with the symmetry group of the q-Painlevé equation, since there is no other isomorphisms between such surfaces.
If we introduce s 0 = π 2 T and s 1 = T π 2 then these elements satisfy s 2 0 = s 2 1 = e and generate subgroup isomorphic to Weyl group of the affine roots system A Then the formulas (3.4) lead to the equation .
Now we substitute and get This dynamics is equivalent to q-difference Painlevé equation with surface type A 7 as written in [51, appendix C]. One may also rewrite it as an equation for single function G(Z): 6 . The groupG Q contains elements The σ is just a composition of inversion and permutation and other transformations look like , y 4 y 2 y 5 T : (y 1 , y 2 , y 3 , y 4 , y 5 ) → y 4 (1 + y 5 ),

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The elements s 0 , s 1 generate affine Weyl group W (A (1) 1 ). Let π = σ • T , then the elements r 0 = πσπ, r 1 = σ generate affine Weyl group W (A (1) 1 ), these two Weyl groups commute. The conjugation by π preserves these subgroups, the full group generated by T, σ, s 0 , s 1 is an extended affine Weyl groupW ((A 1 + A 1 ) (1) ). This group is the symmetry group of this Painlevé equation, the formulas coincide with ones in [37, section 4] after replacement The invariant under the action ofG Q is In the autonomous case, a 0 , a 1 , b are Casimirs functions, such that a 0 a 1 = 1. Variables Notice that, as usual, it is a Laurent polynomial of generally fractional powers of the dynamical variables, and this is a general phenomenon -see also other cases below.

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The elements s 0 , s 1 , s 2 generate affine Weyl group W (A 2 ), elements r 0 , r 1 generate affine Weyl group W (A (1) 1 ), these two Weyl groups commute. The conjugation by π, σ preserves these subgroups, the full group generated by π, σ, s 0 , s 1 , s 2 , r 0 , r 1 is an extended affine Weyl groupW ((A 2 + A 1 ) (1) ). This group is the symmetry group of this Painlevé equation, the formulas coincide with ones in [54] after replacement In the autonomous case, a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , b 1 , b 0 are Casimirs functions, such that a 0 a 1 a 2 = b 0 b 1 = 1. Variables f, g are coordinates on the phase space with bracket {f, g} = f g. The invariant under the groupG Q Hamiltonian has the form The transformations s 1 , s 3 are just permutations, σ is a composition of permutation and inversion, the other transformations look like , s 3 : (y 1 , y 2 , y 3 , y 4 , y 5 , y 6 , y 7 ) → y 1 1 + y 3 1 + y −1

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The transformations s 0 , . . . , s 4 generate group isomorphic to Weyl group of the affine roots system E (1) 4 . And if we add π we get an extended Weyl group. This group is the symmetry group of this Painlevé equation, the formulas coincide with ones in [54, appendix A] after replacement a 0 = y 1 y 3 y 6 , a 1 = y −1 1 y 2 , a 2 = y 1 y 5 , a 3 = y 3 y 7 , a 4 = y −1 3 y 4 , f = y 3 y 6 In the autonomous case, a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 are Casimirs functions, such that a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 = 1.
In the autonomous case, a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4 , a 5 , a 6 are Casimirs functions, such that a 0 a 1 a

q-Painlevé equations and cluster algebras
There is an alternative, or dual to the Poisson X-cluster varieties language, called A-cluster varieties or just cluster algebras, see e.g. [22]. We call the corresponding A-cluster variables as {τ I } due to their relation to the tau-functions for q-difference Painlevé equations. Under mutation at j-th vertex these variables are transformed as it is easy to verify that mutation of y j defined in such way coincides with (2.9). The elements b IJ of the exchange matrix B, with I, J ∈Γ \ Γ do not enter in the formulas for mutation of τ j . So usually the matrix B is assumed to be rectangular B = {b Ij }, I = 1, . . . , |Γ|, j = 1, . . . , |Γ|, where its square part B| Γ = { ij } is the exchange matrix of the X-cluster Poisson variety.
Remark 3.2. One can get rid of the frozen vertices by introducing into (3.29) "coefficients" {ỹ i } (in terminology of [22], where {τ i } are called just "cluster variables") where the coefficients {ỹ i } are direct analogs of the coordinates {y i } on X-cluster variety, but belong to certain semifield [22], the sign ⊕ means addition in this semifield (one should also use it in the corresponding transformation of {ỹ i }, according to the formula (2.9)). There are two main cases of the semifield: universal semifield, in this case one can think that {ỹ i } are just numbers, and tropical semifield, this case can be modeled using the frozen cluster variables {τ I |I ∈Γ \ Γ}.
It will be convenient to take another matrix Its upper 4 × 4 part B| Γ = { ij } is the same, but the "frozen" is a bit different. Denote frozen variables in this case by τ 5 = q 1/4 , τ 6 = Z 1/4 . Denote the action of T as overline, and action of T −1 as underline. Then we have These leads to bilinear equations

following (3.3) and (3.30) we get that G satisfies (3.5).
In the paper [7] the formal solution of these equations was proposed, namely τ 1 = T (u, s; q|Z), τ 3 = is 1/2 T (uq, s; q|Z), where T (u, s; q|Z) = m∈Z s m F(uq 2m ; q, q −1 |Z). (3.37) Here F(u; q, q −1 ; Z) is a properly normalized q-deformed conformal block, see appendix B for the definition, u, s parameterize solutions of second order q-difference equation (3.5) (integration constants), see also Remark 3.3 below. The formula (3.37) is a q-analogue of the proposed in [25,26] "Kiev-formulas" for the tau-function of differential Painlevé equations in terms of c = 1 conformal blocks. Other q-Painlevé equations. For the q-Painlevé equations A (1) 2 we believe that similar construction with frozen variables can reproduce dynamics of tau-functions. This is easier to check in the coefficient free case, where all parameters of q-Painlevé equation are set to be unit. In terms of the cluster algebra it means, that we have no nontrivial frozen variables, just the quiver from the figure 2. One can also say, that {ỹ i = 1} in tropical semifield, or this is the integrable q = 1 case, moreover restricted to a special case, when all Casimir functions are put to unities. In this case action of the subgroup of G Q presented above is equivalent to the action on tau-functions, see [37] for the case of A (1) 6 surface, [54] for the case of A   3 surface was proposed in [36], see also [44] and [9] (see Discussion).

Quantization of the X-cluster variety
Consider now quantization of the X-cluster varieties, following [18]. For the logarithmically constant Poisson bracket (2.2) this is an obvious canonical procedure of quantum mechanics, JHEP02(2018)077 and we will not even distinguish notations for the coordinates on X-cluster variety and their quantum analogs. We denote the multiplicative quantization parameter as p in order to distinguish it from the parameter q in difference equations. We do not impose any relation on p, q, at the end of this section it will be convenient to express them p = q 2 1 q 2 2 , q = q 2 2 in terms of Nekrasov background parameters q 1 , q 2 (see also appendix B for notations).
The quantization of the quadratic Poisson bracket (2.2) has the form of the quadratic relations for the generators of the quantum algebra of functions F un p (X ). Quantum mutations µ j for these generators are given by (compare to (2.9)) while the mutation of the quiver itself is still given by formula (2.10) for the exchange matrix . One can check that mutations of {y i } and preserve the relations (4.1).
Remark 4.1. These formulas are actually equivalent to those of [18,Lemma 3.5]: up to replacement ij ↔ − ij , but have more compact form.
Below in this section we restrict ourselves again to the case of the quiver A (1) 7 from the figure 2. As was already mentioned many times (see section 2.3) in the autonomous case q = 1 this quiver corresponds to classical relativistic Toda chain with two particles.

Quantum Toda and quantum Painlevé
Notice first, that there are two central or Casimir elements Z = y 1 y 3 , q = y 1 y 3 y 2 y 4 (4.4) in the quantum function algebra F un p (X ), with relations (4.1) with the exchange matrix of the quiver A (4.5) where the ratios in the r.h.s. are well-defined, since y 1 and y 3 commute with each other due to (4.1) (and certainly commute with the quantization parameter p). This action on Casimirs has the form T : (q, Z) → (q, qZ) (4.6) This is a Hamiltonian of quantum relativistic two-particle affine Toda chain. 2 Now let q = 1, in other words consider deautonomization of quantum Toda. Denote G = y 1 , F = y 2 , then due to (4.1) one gets F G = p 4 GF . Denote also the action (4.5) of T as overline, and action of T −1 as underline. Then from (4.5) one gets

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(4.10) It also follows from these equation, that We propose to call this relation as quantum q-Painlevé equation, its classical analogue is (3.5).

Quantum Painlevé and bilinear relations
Now we are almost ready to formulate the main result of this section. We claim that there is a formal solution of the quantum q-Painlevé equation, i.e. of the equations (4.10) and (4.11). Our main result consists of two following statements: • There are quantum analogs of the A-cluster τ -variables, which have been discussed in section 3.2, and we call them T -functions of quantum q-Painlevé. Quantization of A-cluster algebra was proposed in [5], here we actually follow their approach. We define the action of discrete flow on the quantum T -functions and show, that they satisfy bilinear relations, leading to (4.10) and (4.11).
• These bilinear equations for the quantum q-difference Painlevé T -functions by quantum analog of the formula (3.37) turn into bilinear relations for Nekrasov functions in arbitrary Ω-background, or for conformal blocks with arbitrary central charge. Hence, it is proposed quantization of the q-Painlevé system, which leads to the analog of the "Kiev formula" for generic non-integer central charge.

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Hence, let us first turn to the tau-form of the quantum q-difference Painlevé equation. Following [5] we quantize {τ I }-variables and consider them as elements of the quantum cluster algebra with relations τ I τ J = p Λ IJ /2 τ J τ I , (4.12) where I, J = 1, . . . , 6 and the matrix Λ is For matrix B defined in (3.34) we have b iJ Λ JI = −4δ iI , in other words (−Λ, B) form a compatible pair in sense of [5].
For quantum {τ I }-variables we now fix the notations τ 1 = T 1 , τ 2 = T 2 , τ 3 = T 3 , τ 4 = T 4 , so that first four will be quantum T -functions. Two last are τ 5 = q 1/4 , τ 6 = Z 1/4 , they are still generally noncommutative with T i , as follows from (4.12)). We now define the discrete dynamics of the quantum T -functions by (4.14) It is straightforward to check that this dynamics preserves commutation relations (4.12).
Note that elements Z, T 1 , T 3 commute, so the order of factors in the definition of G can be arbitrary.
The proof is straightforward. Due to (4.12) the element G commutes with Z, q. We have From the second formula we get the commutation relation GG = p 4 GG which is equivalent to the second formula of (4.10).
Since the factors in G commute one calculate square root and get (4.17)

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Therefore So we get the first formula of (4.10) up to replacement Z → p −2 Z. Now we want to present explicit formula for the T i . Denote q 2 = q 1/2 , q 1 = q −1 2 p 2 . The solution will be the function depending on variables q 1 , q 2 , u, s, Z, a, b where the full set of nontrivial commutation relations for these variables is The variables u, s are quantum analogs of the u, s used in section 3.2, their commutation relation is the quantization of the Poisson bracket, see Remark 3.3. The variables a, b not commuting with q 2 , Z are necessary, since T i do not commute with them. The discrete flow of this set of quantum variables is (q 1 , q 2 , u, s, Z, a, b) = (q 1 , q 2 , u, s, q 2 2 Z, ab, b) (4.20) It is easy to check, that this discrete flow preserves the commutation relations (4.19).
where the function F is defined in the appendix B, see (B.5).
This conjecture means that T i defined by (4.21) satisfy the commutation relations (4.12), and the bilinear relations (4.15). Due to obvious symmetry it is sufficient to check commutations relations between T 1 , T 2 ; T 1 , T 3 ; T 1 , T 4 and the first relation in (4.15).
By direct calculation, using necessary definitions collected in the appendix B, one can show that these relations turn into bilinear equations in the Conjecture 4.2.
Conjecture 4.2. The following bilinear relations hold for 5d Nekrasov functions We have checked these relations in first orders in Z. The relation (4.25) was proposed in [7], the conformal q → 1 limit of the relations (4.22), (4.24), (4.25) should follow from the results of [8]. Note that appearance of operator a leads to the fact that bilinear relations contain conformal blocks with different parameters q 1 , q 2 (or different central charges).
Remark 4.2. The formulas (4.15) give the T i in terms of the variables a, b, u, s, Z, q. In the formula for G the variables a, b disappear, and Z, q become central. Therefore, one can consider Z, q as numbers and G = G(Z, q) as an operator valued function on them. This operator can act, for example, on the space of functions on u, then s becomes the shift operator.
In such approach one can write G = G(qZ, q) and consider (4.10) as a operator valued difference equation.

Discussion
In this paper we proposed to consider the q-Painlevé equations as deautonomization of the cluster integrable systems. One of the messages is that quantization of these systems allow to understand better the intriguing relations between certain Newton polygons, quivers and their mutations, q-difference Painlevé equations, and 5d supersymmetric gauge theories. Let us finally make few outcoming remarks.
• For a 5d supersymmetric gauge theory one can assign the SW integrable system, for the gauge group SU(2) always of genus one, see for example [13, appendix A]. The Newton polygons for these curves, embedded in C × × C × with natural coordinates, arising from the SW differential, are exactly 4a, 5b, 6b, 7b, 8c from figure 1 -for the theories with N f = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 correspondingly. On the other hand, we have assigned to these polygons q-Painlevé equations A 3 , whose tau-functions are expressed in terms of Nekrasov functions for these theories, see section 3.2. The polygon 9 (from figure 1) is the Newton polygon of the 5d T 3 theory, see [4,Sec 3.], which corresponds to 5d uplift of the Minahan-Nemeschanski conformal points.
These 5d gauge theories have extended global symmetry, E r for where r = N f + 1 for 5d SU (2) theories with N f = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (see [52]), and r = 6 for T 3 theory. The q-Painlevé equations we have constructed from corresponding Newton polygons in section 3, all have the symmetry groupsW (E (1) r ). It looks not like just an accidental coincidence, and it would be interesting to explain appearance of the affinization in this context.

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• It is already well-known, that quivers arise as effective tool for description of the BPS spectra of 4d N = 2 supersymmetric gauge theories, see for example [12] and references therein. The quivers for SU (2) theories with N f fundamentals can be found in eq. (2.6) of [12]. As was explained above, our quivers A (1) correspond to the 5d SU(2) gauge theories with N f = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. We would like to point out that quivers from [12] are obtained from ours by removing of two vertices (for A 5 after mutation µ 1 , for A 4 after mutation µ 7 and for A 3 after composition of mutations µ 1 • µ 2 ).
The quiver corresponding to 5d Minahan-Nemeschanski theory was found in [2, section 6.3]. It is obtained from our quiver A (1) 2 after removing one vertex. We do not know any deep explanation of this fact, but again it does not seem to be just a coincidence.
• One can ask about generalization of the results of the of the paper to more generic cluster integrable systems (corresponding to polygons different from figure 1). It is natural to expect, that deautonomization of these integrable systems leads to the q-difference Schlesinger systems.
• The relation between autonomous limit of Painlevé and the SW hamiltonians is known [38,45,58]. The fact of appearance of the Newton polygons from figure 1 in the Painlevé theory was also noticed in [58].
• In the section 4 we study quantization of the q-Painlevé dynamics through their realiziation as compositions of mutations (and permuations). There are different approaches to the quantization, see e.g. [31,42,47] but in common cases them should be equivalent to our. For example, the formulas for quantum Weyl group actions in [31] are given by conjugation of product of quantum dilogarithms as well as the definition of quantum mutations in [18].
• The relation between q-Painlevé and integrable systems was discussed [9] in the framework of topological string/spectral theory duality. The main proposal is that the taufunction -analogue of the (3.37) -is equal to the Fredholm determinant det(1+κρ).
Here analogue means that tau-function in [9] is defined for |q| = 1 (and not just for A (1) 7 surface but for any surface A 3 , . . . , A 8 ), κ is an analogue of u in (3.37) and in [9] s = 1 in terms of (3.37). The ρ is inverse of the Hamiltonian of the quantum cluster integrable system, in the simplest example corresponding to (3.37) the Hamiltonian of quantum relativistic chain with two particles.
In our terms construction from [9] establishes the relation between quantum autonomous system on one side with the classical non-autonomous system on the other side, corresponding to the same Newton polygon. It would be very interesting to understand this relation better. Another natural question if there is a generalization of this "duality" to our quantum non-autonomus equation.
• One more type of Poisson maps between X-cluster varieties is given by gluing any two vertices of a quiver (or gluing certain subsets of vertices of two different quivers) and multiplying variables at these vertices, with adding corresponding edges taking into account their orientations or directions of the arrows -e.g. two opposite arrows should be annihilated. It is easy to see, for example, that all quivers from figure 2 can be obtained consequently by gluing a pair of vertices according to the figure 3 (more precisely for A
• The remaining two q-Painlevé equations with the symmetry types A 1 can be also obtained from mutations of the X-cluster varieties. Corresponding quivers are presented in figure 4.
The generators of the groupG Q are constructed here similarly to the case A (1) 2 , the resulting formulas can be identified with those of [55]. We do not know yet how to obtain these quivers from (a version of?) approach of [21,28].
• In this paper we restrict ourselves to the q-Painlevé case, but there should exist an analogue of the story in the case of quantum differential Painlevé. It seems that these formulas for quantum tau-functions could be obtained as a limit q → 1 of (4.21), since the corresponding bilinear relations on conformal blocks were obtained in [6].
• Quivers A 6 are called 4-Somos and 5-Somos quivers correspondingly due to their relation to the Somos sequences [50].

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We would like to thank the KdV Institute of the University of Amsterdam, where this work has been started within the framework of Student workshop "Representation Theory and Integrable Systems" in May 2017, and especially E. Opdam and G. Helminck, who organized this meeting. MB and PG are also indebted to the University of Tours, and especially to O. Lisovyy, for the hospitality during their visit, where some preliminary ideas of this work have been first discussed. MB is grateful to SISSA, and especially to A. Tanzini and G. Bonelli for the hospitality during his visit to Trieste, where a part of this work has been done. We are also grateful to the organizers of the workshop Topological Field Theories, String theory and Matrix Models in August 2017 for the opportunity to present and discuss our preliminary results. This work has been funded by the Russian Academic Excellence Project '5-100'. The main results of section 3.1 and section 4.3 have been obtained using support of Russian Science Foundation under the grant No. 16-11-10160. The work of AM has been also partially supported by RFBR grant 17-01-00585. MB and PG are the Young Russian Mathematics award winners and would like to thank its sponsors and jury.    Polygon 7b: By F (u, q 2 1 , q −1 1 q 2 |Z) we denote (the Whittaker limit) of conformal block of q-deformed Virasoro algebra. The standard definition uses just a norm of the Whittaker vector. Due to AGT relation (proposed in this case in [3] and proven in [59]) this function is equal to the Nekrasov instanton partition function for pure SU(2) 5d gauge theory, and we use the latter as a definition F (u 1 , u 2 ; q 1 , q 2 |Z) = The function F depends on u 1 , u 2 through their ratio u = u 1 /u 2 , so we use just uvariable. Parameterizing u = e 2Ra , q 1 = e R 1 , q 2 = e R 2 , in terms of conformal field theory one gets a as momentum of the Virasoro representation, while 1 , 2 parameterize the central charge. In terms of gauge theory a is vacuum expectation value of the scalar field, 1 , 2 are parameters of Ω-deformation, and R is a radius of the 5th compact dimension.

A Newton polygons, bipartite graphs and quivers
The convergence of the series (B.3) was proven in several cases, in [7] for q 1 q 2 = 1 and infinite radius of convergence, in [17] for q 1 , q 2 > 1 or q 2 =q 1 , |q 1 | > 1 and nonzero radius of convergence.
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