Yukawa Sector of Minimal SO(10) Unification

We show that in SO(10) models, a Yukawa sector consisting of a real $10_H$, a real $120_H$ and a complex $126_H$ of Higgs fields can provide a realistic fit to all fermion masses and mixings, including the neutrino sector. Although the group theory of SO(10) demands that the $10_H$ and $120_H$ be real, most constructions complexify these fields and impose symmetries exterior to SO(10) to achieve predictivity. The proposed new framework with real $10_H$ and real $120_H$ relies only on SO(10) gauge symmetry, and yet has a limited number of Yukawa parameters. Our analysis shows that while there are restrictions on the observables, a good fit to the entire fermion spectrum can be realized. Unification of gauge couplings is achieved with an intermediate scale Pati-Salam gauge symmetry. Proton decay branching ratios are calculable, with the leading decay modes being $p \rightarrow \overline{\nu} \pi^+$ and $p \rightarrow e^+ \pi^0$.


Introduction
Grand unified theories (GUTs) [1][2][3] based on the gauge group SO(10) [4] are very attractive candidates to unify the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces into a single force, as well as to shed light on some of the open questions of the Standard Model (SM). Quarks and leptons of each family are unified into a single irreducible representations of SO(10) group, the 16-dimensional spinor, which also contains the right-handed neutrino. The presence of the right-handed neutrino makes the seesaw mechanism [5,6] for generating small neutrino masses very compelling in these theories. Since SO(10) gauge symmetry is automatically anomaly-free [4], it provides a nice explanation for the miraculous cancelation of anomalies that occurs within each fermion family. The observed quantization of electric charges is also understood in these theories owing to their non-Abelian nature. Unifying all fermions into a single multiplet gives us the hope of understanding some aspects of the flavor puzzle in these theories. Unification of gauge couplings occurs naturally at an energy scale of ∼ 10 15−16 GeV [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], as SO(10) admits an intermediate symmetry group -unlike theories based on SU (5) which must break directly to the SM. It is of course well known that if supersymmetry is assumed to be present in its minimal version at the TeV scale, one-step breaking of SO(10) directly down to the SM can be realized at an energy scale of 2 × 10 16 GeV [19]. The focus of this paper is, however, SO(10) theories without the assumption of supersymmetry.
We wish to inquire what an economic Yukawa sector would look like in renormalizable SO (10) theories. This may appear to be a well understood issue, but as we suggest here, this question has not been properly resolved. Economy may be viewed as having the least number of Higgs fields as well as Yukawa parameters while being realistic. Assuming that there are no new fermions beyond the three families of chiral 16s 1 the answer to this question may be found in the group theory of fermion bilinears: 16 × 16 = 10 s + 120 a + 126 s . (1.1) Here the subscripts s and a stand for symmetric and antisymmetric components (in family space). The 10 and the 120 are real representations in SO (10), while the 126 is complex. The most general renormalizable Yukawa couplings in SO(10) theories then would take the form Here the index i takes values i = 1, 2, ..n 10 where n 10 is the number of 10 H fields employed, and similarly the index j = 1, 2, ..n 120 and k = 1, 2, ..n 126 with n 120 and n 126 being the number of 120 H and 126 H present in the theory. The Yukawa coupling matrices Y i 10 and Y k 126 are 3 × 3 complex symmetric matrices in family space, while Y j 120 are complex antisymmetric matrices. We wish to identify the smallest possible set of {n 10 , n 120 , n 126 } that would lead to a realistic spectrum of quark and lepton masses as well as mixing angles. This set will turn out to be the choice n 10 = n 120 = n 126 = 1, as we shall see. This result is satisfying, as it suggests that nature has utilized each possible Higgs field for fermion mass generation exactly once, without any replication.
Before establishing this assertion, which will be done in the next section, let us note that a complex 10 can be constructed from two real 10s in SO(10): 10 c = (10 1 + i10 2 )/ √ 2. Similarly, a complex 120 c may be constructed from two real 120s. In these cases, the Yukawa couplings will involve terms of the type 16 F 10 c 16 F as well as 16 F 10 * c 16 F with completely independent Yukawa coupling matrices, and similarly for the 120 c field. It is possible to assign a charge exterior to SO (10) to these fields -such as the Peccei-Quinn U (1) motivated on other grounds -so that the Yukawa couplings contain only the 16 F 10 c 16 F term, and not the 16 F 10 * c 16 F term. These restricted class of Yukawa couplings in SO (10) have been studied extensively [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. While interesting, the predictions of such models are those of SO(10) × G where G is a symmetry exterior to SO(10), and not of the true grand unified symmetry SO(10) itself. Our inquiry relates to the minimal Yukawa sector in theories where only the SO(10) gauge symmetry plays a role.
It should be noted that in theories which assume supersymmetry (SUSY), which is not the focus of the present work, chiral superfields are necessarily complex, thus requiring the complexification of 10 and 120 Higgs fields. Holomorphy of the superpotential would imply that the coupling 16 F 10 * c 16 F is not present simultaneously with the superpotential term 16 F 10 c 16 F . These models share some of the features of non-SUSY models based on SO(10) × U (1) P Q , although the renormalization group evolution of the fermion mass parameters between the weak scale and the GUT scale would be different in the two classes of theories. Supersymmetric SO(10) models have been studied extensively, and it has been shown that economic models where only a (complex) 10 H and a 126 H couple to fermions can be predictive and consistent with all fermion masses and mixings [25,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] [28,30]. If the additional Higgs fields needed for symmetry breaking are restricted to a 126 H and a 210 H , split supersymmetry may be required for consistency [38]. Alternatively, a (complex) 120 H may be introduced to relax some of the restrictions imposed by the symmetry breaking sector [40][41][42][43]. 2 Our goal in this paper is to identify the analog of the minimal SUSY SO(10) Yukawa sector, but for SO(10) theories without supersymmetry.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Sec. 2 we present our proof that the economic Higgs sector will have n 10 = n 120 = n 126 = 1. In Sec. 3 we analyze the predictions of this model for quark and lepton masses and mixings. Here we present our numerical study which shows full consistency with experimental data. In Sec. 4 we present the constraints on these models from the unification of gauge couplings; in Sec. 5 we calculate the proton decay branching ratios. In Sec. 6 we conclude. Four Appendices contain a discussion on how the fine-tuning is achieved, technical details on the proof of economic Yukawa sector as well as the best fit parameters for the minimal model.

Economic Yukawa Sector in SO(10)
In this section we establish the assertion that n 10 = n 120 = n 126 = 1 is the economic choice of Yukawa sector in non-supersymmetric SO(10) theories. This corresponds to choosing one real 10 H , one real 120 H and a complex 126 H of Higgs bosons that have Yukawa couplings with the three chiral families of 16 F . An additional Higgs filed belonging to 45 H , 54 H or 210 H would be needed for completing the symmetry breaking. These fields, however, do not have Yukawa couplings with the 16 F , and the precise choice is not so important for now. A proof of our assertion would require that the choice n 10 = n 120 = n 126 = 1 leads to a realistic fermion spectrum, and no other simpler choice exists consistent with realism. The former part of the proof is delegated to Sec. 3 where we perform a numerical analysis of this economic Yukawa sector; here we address the latter part.
If only one Higgs field among 10 H , 120 H and 126 H is present in a theory, there would be no flavor mixing -as the Yukawa coupling matrix of this single Higgs field can be diagonalized using an SO(10) rotation. Thus at least two Higgs fields are needed for realistic fermion spectrum. One of the fields used must be a 126 H , since it gives large Majorana masses to the righ-handed neutrinos directly. This field also plays a role in the symmetry breaking sector, as it breaks SO(10) down to SU (5), reducing the rank. One could consider replacing the 126 H with a 16 H which can play a similar role in rank reduction. In such a case the righthanded neutrino can acquire a large Majorana mass via the two-loop Witten diagram [49] involving gauge boson and scalar loops. The induced Majorana mass can be estimated [50] to be of order where α 10 is the SO(10) gauge coupling, Y 10 is the Yukawa coupling of 10 H , and v R is the B− L breaking vacuum expectation value (VEV) of the 16 H . In a nonsupersymmetric SO (10) theory v R is well below the GUT scale for consistency with gauge coupling unification, with its range being v R ≈ (10 11 − 10 14 ) GeV depending on the surviving intermediate symmetry.
M ν c is then of order 10 8 GeV or less, which is too small to reproduce the correct order of magnitude for the light neutrino masses. 3 Keeping one 126 H field in the theory, we seek if a realistic fermion spectrum can be generated with the addition of a second Higgs field. This turns out to be not possible. If the second Higgs field is a 126 H , the mass relations m τ = −3m b , m µ = −3m s and m e = −3m d will result at the GUT scale, which are inconsistent with observations. The ratio m τ /m b is found to be about 1.7 at the GUT scale (with small input errors) when the low energy mass 3 This issue with the Witten mechanism may be resolved in split supersymmetry, where v R = M GUT [50].
The SUSY particle masses should be of order the GUT scale to prevent additional suppression factor of M SUSY /M GUT in Eq. (2.3), which may cause a problem with generating a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV [51].
parameters are evolved up to the GUT scale using SM renormalization group equations. We found that this ratio is more realistically in the range (1.4 − 1.7), when intermediate scale threshold effects arising from the right-handed neutrino sector and the gauge bosons of SU (4) c are included. Each of the two threshold effects causes a decrease in the ratio m τ /m b at the GUT scale. We conclude that the relation m τ = 3m b is clearly excluded. The relation m µ = 3m s is not too far off (our RGE evolution shows the ratio m µ /m s to be about 4 at the GUT scale), while m e = 3m d is off by an order of magnitude. Thus a minimal Yukawa sector consisting of two copies of 126 H is not realistic.
If the second Higgs field is a real 10 H , two complex symmetric Yukawa matrices can be written down, one with the 10 H , and one with the 126 H . However, the Higgs doublet in the 10 H is self-conjugate, and is contained in the (2, 2, 1) representation of the Pati-Salam subgroup SU (2) L × SU (2) R × SU (4) c . This field can be written as In general, if the (1,1) element of Φ is independent from the (2,2) element, we can denote their respective vacuum expectation values to be v u and v d with v u giving mass to the upquarks and Dirac neutrinos, while v d generates down-quark and charged lepton masses. The reality of 10 H implies that v u = v * d ≡ v 10 , and thus the ratio r = |v u /v d | = 1. With r = 1, the needed splitting between the top and bottom quark masses cannot be achieved. Note that r = 1 is a special case of the general SO(10) × U (1) P Q models with v u = v * d . Such models have been studied, which find the phenomenological requirement r ∼ m t /m b . A three generation analysis of fermion masses and mixings with a complex 10 H in Ref. [28] shows that a realistic fit requires r ∼ 70, which is well outside of the prediction of r = 1 in the case of real 10 H . Thus we conclude that one 126 H and one real 10 H is not realistic [27].
What about using one 126 H and one 120 H ? As shown in Ref. [27], this case also cannot reproduce fermion masses correctly. The ratio m t /m b comes out to be of order one, rather than the phenomenological value of ∼ 70. In addition, as we shall show, this model predicts the GUT scale mass ratio m τ /m b 3, with any deviation of order m s /m b ∼ 5%. As already noted, the ratio m τ /m b = (1.4 − 1.7) at the GUT scale in SO(10) models under discussion. Thus we conclude that only two Higgs fields being responsible for Yukawa couplings cannot be realistic.
When three Higgs fields are introduced, the choice of one 10 H , one 120 H and one 126 H appears attractive, as there in no replication here. This choice can indeed lead to a realistic fermion mass spectrum, as we elaborate in the next section. There would be two complex symmetric Yukawa coupling matrices in this case, along with one complex antisymmetric matrix. If an alternative choice of one 126 H and two copies of 120 H can lead to a realistic spectrum, that would have less parameters with one symmetric and two antisymmetric Yukawa matrices. However, as we show in Appendix B, this choice would lead to the relation m τ = 3m b with corrections of order 5%, even when one allows for large off-diagonal contributions to the mass matrices from the 120 H . Models with one 126 H and two copies of 10 H would be realistic; however, these models would have three complex symmetric Yukawa matrices which have more parameters compared to the case of one 10 H , one 120 H and one 126 H . This completes the first part of the proof that n 10 = n 120 = n 126 = 1 is the economic choice for the Yukawa sector. To complete the proof we establish in the next section that this choice is indeed realistic.
3 Realistic Fermion Spectrum with Minimal Yukawa Sector As argued in the previous section, the minimal Yukawa sector of SO(10) makes use of one real 10 H , one real 120 H and one complex 126 H of Higgs bosons that couple to the three families of fermions in the 16 F representation. Here we proceed to establish the consistency of such a theory with observed fermion masses and mixings.
With no symmetry other than the gauge symmetry of SO(10) imposed, the most general Yukawa interactions of the model can be written down as Here Y 10 and Y 126 are complex symmetric Yukawa matrices, while Y 120 is a complex antisymmetric matrix. Under the Pati-Salam subgroup G P S ≡ SU (2) L × SU (2) R × SU (4) c , these fields decompose as The 10 H has one SM doublet Higgs field contained in the bidoublet (2,2,1), while the 120 H has two SM Higgs doublets, one each belonging to (2,2,1) and (2,2,15). The reality condition for the (2,2,1) from 10 H is listed in Eq. (2.4), while those from the 120 H would imply v 120 and v 120 with the superscripts (1) and (15) denoting the (2,2,1) and the (2,2,15) fragments. The 126 H contains two SM Higgs fields contained in the complex bidoublet (2,2,15) fragment, which is not subject to the reality condition. We denote the up-type and down-type electroweak VEVs of the 126 H as v u 126 and v d 126 respectively. Note also that the (1, 3, 10) fragment of 126 H contains a SM singlet field which generates large Majorana masses for the right-handed neutrinos once it acquires a VEV.
The up-quark, down-quark, charged leptons, Dirac neutrino and Majorana neutrino mass matrices derived from Eq. (3.5)can be now written down: (3.14) Now defining and going into a phase convention where v 10 is real (this can be done by an SU (2) L rotation), we get These matrices are written in a basis f i M ij f c j . The light neutrino mass matrix, obtained from the see-saw formula, is given by Without loss of generality one can choose a basis where S is real, positive and diagonal. In this basis, S would have 3 real parameters while D has 6 complex parameters. Since the matrix A is antisymmetric, it has 3 complex parameters. There are 4 additional complex parameters in r 1,2 , c R,L and one phase φ. An overall phase either from c L or c R will be irrelevant in the matrix M N . Altogether there are then 16 real parameters and 13 phases. With these parameters one should fit 18 observables: 6 quark masses, 3 quark mixing angles, 1 CKM phase, 3 charged lepton masses, 2 neutrino mass squared differences, and 3 mixing angles in the neutrino sector. If we assume dominance of either type-I or type-II seesaw, then the parameter set is reduced by 1 magnitude and 1 phase. Although the number of model parameters is larger than the number of observables, it is nontrivial to find an acceptable fit owing to the fact that 12 or 13 parameters are phases which cannot be manipulated much.
The type-II contribution to the light neutrino mass matrix originates in the model from terms such as 10 2 H 126 2 H in the scalar potential. When decomposed into the the Pati-Salam symmetry group, this term would contain terms of the type (3, 1, 10)(2, 2, 1) 2 (1, 3, 10). When the singlet VEV of (1, 3, 10) and the doublet VEV of (2, 2, 1) are inserted in this term, a linear term in (3, 1, 10) would result, which leads to an induced VEV for its neutral component: We note that with the right-handed neutrino mass given as in (3.14), the mass of the (X , Y ) gauge bosons which are outside of SU (5) but mediate proton decay is given as M X ,Y = √ 2gv R , where g is the SO(10) gauge coupling.

Numerical analysis of the fermion masses and mixings
In this section we discuss the procedure we follow for the numerical analysis to the fermion masses and mixings and present our fit results. For optimization purpose we do a χ 2 -analysis. The pull and χ 2 -function are defined as:  Table-1 of Ref. [52].
With this input we do the renormalization group equation (RGE) running of the Yukawa couplings [53] and the CKM parameters [54] within the SM up to the GUT scale. For the associated one sigma uncertainties of the observables at the GUT scale, we keep the same percentage uncertainty with respect to the central value of each quantity as that at the M Z scale. For the charged lepton masses, a relative uncertainty of 0.1% is assumed in order to take into account the theoretical uncertainties arising for example from threshold effects. All these inputs are presented in Table 1 The low scale inputs as shown in Table 2 in the neutrino sector are taken from Ref. [55]. For neutrino observables, we run the RGE for the dimension five operator from low scale to the v R scale [56] and use these new values during the fitting produce. For this running purpose, we have assumed hierarchical structure of the neutrinos and used the approximations m 2 = ∆m 2 sol and m 3 = ∆m 2 atm . The running values of the observables at the high scale depend on the scale v R , this is why we present the neutrino mass squared For the charged lepton Yukawa couplings at the GUT scale, a relative uncertainty of 0.1% is assumed in order to take into account the theoretical uncertainties arising for example from threshold effects.
differences resulting from running in Table 3 at the relevant scale v R corresponding to two different fits (type-I dominance and type-I+II case), while all the other inputs are at M GUT = 2 × 10 16 GeV.
In SO(10) GUT models such as the one we are considering, the (3,3) entry of the Dirac neutrino Yukawa coupling matrix Y νD is expected to be of the order of unity, and thus RGE corrections proportional to Y νD can be important in the momentum range M ν c ≤ µ ≤ M GUT . This effect could have a sizeable contribution to the tau lepton mass only, since for the first and second generation Dirac Yukawa couplings turn out to be small. Including this effect of the heavy right-handed neutrinos thresholds, the Dirac neutrino mass matrix gets modified at the GUT scale as while the modified charged lepton mass matrix becomes  (3.29). Notice that M E and Y νD = M νD /v in Eqs. (3.30) and (3.29) are defined in Eqs. (3.19) and (3.20). We investigate three different scenarios, type-I dominance, type-II dominance and the general scenario where both contributions are present, type-I+II. The fit results corresponding to our numerical analysis is presented in Table 3. We found good solutions for both type-I and type-I+II with total χ 2 = 0.45 and 0.004 respectively, but not for type-II scenario (the total χ 2 ∼ 1000 in this case). For the type-II case, our numerical analysis shows that, for the best fit, the worst fitted quantity corresponds to ∆m 2 sol that comes out to be ∼ 10 3 times smaller (with pull ∼ -32) than the experimental data. The other discrepancy is of the quantity θ P M N S 23 that is ∼1.5 times smaller compared to the experimental central value. With these fit results the predictions of the model for these two scenarios are listed in Table  4. The parameter set corresponding to these best fit results are presented in Appendices C and D for type-I and type-I+II cases respectively. We conclude that the model gives an excellent fit to all observables in the fermion sector. This completes our proof of the minimality of the Yukawa sector in SO(10) models.

Quantity
Central Value ∆m 2 sol /10 −5 eV 2 7.56±0.24 ∆m 2 atm /10 −3 eV 2 2.41±0.08 sin 2 θ PMNS   Table 3: Best fit values of the observables correspond to χ 2 = 0.45 and 0.004 for type-I and type-I+II scenarios respectively for 18 observables. For the charged lepton masses, a relative uncertainty of 0.1% is assumed in order to take into account the theoretical uncertainties arising for example from threshold effects. The neutrino mass squared differences are fitted at the v R scale, which for our solutions are ∼ 1 × 10 15 GeV and ∼ 7.3 × 10 12 GeV for type-I and type-I+II respectively. Here the v R scale is determined by using the relation v R = c R v u 126 given in Eq. (3.16), we have taken v u 126 = 174.104 GeV. One should note that due to the right-handed neutrino threshold corrections the charged lepton mass matrix gets modified and is given in Eq. (3.30). The fitted masses for the charged leptons presented in this table are the eigenvalues of this modified matrix, M E . The effect of the right-handed neutrinos is to decrease the tau lepton mass in going from ν R scale to the GUT scale. For the fits presented in the table, the actual fitted mass of the tau lepton is m τ = 1.617 GeV (1.573 GeV) at the GUT scale for the type-I (type-I+II) scenario, which matches correctly with the input value when the right-handed neutrino threshold correction is taken into account. For type-II scenario, we have not found any acceptable solution as mentioned in the text. {1.04 · 10 5 , 1.23 · 10 12 , 4.34 · 10 14 } {6.14 · 10 6 , 1.12 · 10 10 , 3.14 · 10 12 }

Gauge Coupling Unification
As is well known, the three gauge couplings of the SM do not unify at a common scale. SO(10) models provide a way to achieve coupling unification by virtue of an intermediate scale. In our proposed framework, the first stage of symmetry breaking can be achieved by employing a real 45 H , or a real 54 H or a real 210 H , along with a complex 126 H . Employing 45 H Higgs would require relying on the quantum corrections in the Higgs potential [15,16,18], while there is no such problem with the use of 210 H . In both cases the discrete D Parity symmetry would be broken at the GUT scale [9]. μ GeV   Fig. 1 (left plot). From this Fig. 1 one sees that the GUT scale is ∼ 2 × 10 15 GeV, which is about a factor of 2.5 smaller compared to what is needed to save the theory from the experimental proton decay limit τ p 1.29 × 10 34 yrs [61]. Certainly the assumption made that all scalar particles have a common mass at the assumed scale is too restrictive: the Higgs multiplets are likely to have non-degenerate mass spectrum with masses scattered around each scale under consideration. If one includes this threshold correction arising from the Higgses, the unification scale can be raised as shown in an explicit calculation in Ref. [17]. There is no strict guideline, however, on how much the mass spectrum may be scattered; this would lead to significant uncertainty in proton lifetime estimate. As we show in the next section, the branching ratios for proton decay are much more stable and can be used to test these theories.
If instead of a 54 H a 210 H is used to break the GUT symmetry, then the unification scale is naturally raised to about 2 × 10 16 GeV. This is because D parity is broken by the VEV of 210 H , and as a result, with the assumption of survival hypothesis, the intermediate scale scalar spectrum is left-right asymmetric. Although 210 H allows for other intermediate symmetries, here we focus on the Pati-Salam symmetry. The gauge coupling evolution with the PS intermediate symmetry is presented in Fig. 1 (right plot). Following survival hypothesis, we consider the multiplets (2, 2, 1) ⊂ 10 H and (2, 2, 15) + (1, 3, 10) ⊂ 126 H at the intermediate scale with the rest of the multiplets lying at the GUT scale. With these multiplets, the one-loop RGE coefficients are b i = {2, 26/3, −7/3} for the group G 224 . This plot clearly shows that the GUT scale can be raised by about an order of magnitude compared to the 54 H scenario and one does not need to rely on the threshold correction to save the theory from rapid proton decay. It should be noted that the scenario with 210 H has a drawback that the intermediate scale is relatively low ∼ 10 11 GeV, which does not fit the right-handed neutrino mass spectrum as well as the 54 H model where this scale is around (10 13 − 10 14 ) GeV. A look at the heaviest right-handed neutrino mass from Table 4 suggests that the case of type-I seesaw prefers symmetry breaking by a 54 H , while the type I + type II scenario can accommodate breaking by a 210 H .

Proton Decay Branching Ratios
In non-SUSY SO(10) models, proton decay mediated by the gauge bosons are the most important. The lifetime of the proton is extremely sensitive to the superheavy gauge bosons masses (M (X,Y ) ) since the lifetime goes as τ p ∼ M 4 (X,Y ) /(g 4 m 5 p ), where m p is the proton mass and g is the unified gauge coupling. As noted in the previous section, there is a large uncertainty in the determination of M X from low energy data, owing to unknown high scale threshold effects. On the other hand, proton decay branching ratios are less sensitive to these threshold effects, and so we focus on the predictions of the model for branching ratios.
The gauge bosons of SO(10) belong to the adjoint 45. The decomposition of this field under the SM gauge symmetry is given by: The gauge interaction Lagrangian of these bosons with the fermions in the current eigenstate basis is given by [62]: where i, j, k are color indices and we have suppressed the family indices and SU (2) L indices. The resulting d = 6 effective operators of the form QQQL responsible for proton decay can be constructed from this Lagrangian [63]: Here, k 1 = g u /( √ 2M (X,Y ) ) and k 2 = g u /( √ 2M (X ,Y ) , Q L = (u L , d L ) and L L = (ν L , e L ). The indices i, j, k are color indices, a, b are family indices and α, β are SU (2) L indices. In the physical basis these operators will be modified as: In the above V 1 , V 2 etc are mixing matrices defined so that where U, D, E define the diagonalizing matrices given by Then the partial decay width of the decay N → P + l (N = p, n, P = (π, K, η) and l is anti-lepton) is given by: where the coefficients C I are given in Eqs. (5.41)-(5.44) and the relevant form factors W 0 are obtained by using lattice QCD computations [64]: In Table 5 we present the d = 6 proton decay branching ratios calculated for our best fit parameter sets. We find that the two dominant modes are p → νπ + and p → e + π 0 . A comparison of these modes with those of more general d = 6 proton decay studies [63] shows similarity. The near dominance of the νπ + mode may be taken as a test of the Yukawa sector presented here.

Conclusion
In this work, we have presented an economic Yukawa sector for SO(10) models. The main feature of this construction is that only the SO(10) symmetry is used to constrain the Yukawa parameters. The Higgs system consists of a real 10 H , a real 120 H and a complex 126 H that have Yukawa couplings. In most nonsupersymmetric SO(10) models in the literature symmetries outside of SO(10) -such as a Peccei-Quinn U (1) -are used to constrain the Yukawa sector. That would require the complexification of the real 10 H and real 120 H . The model presented here deviates from this, and yet is quite constraining. We showed that, with a limited number of Yukawa parameters, a good fit to all fermion masses and mixings, including the neutrino sector is possible. Once the flavor sector is fixed, we are able to calculate the proton decay branching ratios. The dominant decays of the proton are found to be p → νπ + and p → e + π 0 , which may provide partial tests of the model.

Appendices
A A comment on doublet-triplet splitting As is well known, any grand unified theory has to address the question of making one Higgs doublet light, while its color triplet GUT partner remains superheavy so as to not cause rapid proton decay. This doublet-triplet splitting problem is present in both SUSY and non-SUSY minimal GUTs. If the Higgs doublet mass is not split from the color triplet mass, either the electroweak symmetry would break at the GUT scale, or not break at all, or the light color-triplet would lead to far too fast proton decay. A fine-tuning is necessary to bring the Higgs doublet mass down to the weak scale. In supersymmetric versions, this fine-tuning is done at the tree level, SUSY would guarantee its stability against quantum corrections. In non-supersymmetric SO(10) theories, the tuning must be done after taking account of loop corrections to a very high order. The induced Higgs mass from quantum loops would be at the n-loop level of order ∆m (n) H ∼ M GUT (α/4π) n/2 . For m H ∼ 125 GeV, the tuning must be done after n = 12 loop corrections are included. We note that this is nevertheless only one fine-tuning, albeit not easily enforceable by actual calculations. The Hermitian Higgs doublet mass matrix is tuned to have near-zero determinant. In contrast, in minimal SUSY GUTs, the needed tree level tuning requires the determinant of the complex doublet Higgsino mass matrix to be near zero. Recall that in SUSY all mass parameters in the superpotential are complex in general. Such a tuning amounts to two conditions, unlike the non-supersymmetric tuning, which requires only one such condition. Although the Higgs mass can be ensured only after including very high order corrections in non-SUSY SO(10), we find it intriguing that the fine-tuning condition is more minimal here compared to minimal SUSY SO(10). The undetermined parameter c is bounded by Eq. (B.51), and no matter how we vary c, the deviation from 3 in the ratio m τ /m b is of order m s /m b ∼ 5%. The inclusion of the first family is not expected to change considerably this result. This proves that a Higgs sector consisting of one 126 H and two or any number of copies of real 120 H cannot lead to realistic fermion masses.

C Best fit parameters for type-I dominance scenario
In this appendix we present the parameter set corresponding to the χ 2 best fit for the type-I scenario. 4 . To reproduce the observables presented in Table. 3 for both the type-I and type-I+II scenarios, one must keep all the significant digits of the parameters presented in these appendices. This high level of accuracy is needed to reproduce the neutrino observables; it is due to the fact that the right-handed neutrino mass spectrum in both cases shows extreme hierarchy among the generations, see Table. 4. Since this hierarchy between the first and the second generations is extreme, chopping-off digits effects mainly the quantity

D Best fit parameters for type-I+II scenario
In this appendix we present the parameter set corresponding to the χ 2 best fit for the type-I+II scenario.