Using an intense laser beam in interaction with muon/electron beam to probe the noncommutative QED

It is known that the linearly polarized photons can partly transform to circularly polarized ones via forward Compton scattering in a background such as the external magnetic field or noncommutative space time. Based on this fact we explore the effects of the NC-background on the scattering of a linearly polarized laser beam from an intense beam of charged leptons. We show that for a muon/electron beam flux ε¯μ,e∼1012/1010\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{\varepsilon}}_{\mu, e}\sim 1{0}^{12}/{10}^{10} $$\end{document} TeV cm−2 sec−1 and a linearly polarized laser beam with energy k0 ∼1 eV and average power P¯laser≃103\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\overline{P}}_{\mathrm{laser}}\simeq 1{0}^3 $$\end{document} KW, the generation rate of circularly polarized photons is about RV ∼ 104/sec for noncommutative energy scale ΛNC ∼ 10 TeV. This is fairly large and can grow for more intense beams in near future.


Introduction
The Compton scattering is one of the most important scattering in physics particularly in the cosmology, astrophysics and astro-particle physics. Although this scattering can be the main source to generate a linear polarized wave, it cannot generate circular polarized wave. In general, the Stokes parameter V which shows the amount of circular polarization of radiation is a pseudo-scalar quantity. Meanwhile, the Compton scattering of photons from unpolarized electrons is a parity invariant interaction. Consequently, for the primary photons without any circular polarization such a process can not lead to a nonzero circular polarization for the scattered photons because V as a pseudo-scalar quantity cannot be formed from a combination of vectors and scalars [1] [also see [2][3][4][5][6][7]]. In fact, there is no many ways to generate circular polarization in a scattering process in the QED. Therefore, any experiment including the measurement of circular polarization can provide a way to understand more accurately the physics of scattering. Moreover, the linear polarization of a radiation may be converted to the circular polarization under the formalism of generalized Faraday rotation so-called Faraday conversion [8,9]. The evolution of the Stokes parameter V in this mechanism can be obtained as [10] where ∆φ FC is the Faraday conversion phase shift and Stokes parameter U indicates linear polarization. It is shown that in the presence of a background field such as Noncommutativity (NC) in space-time or external magnetic field, the generation of circular JHEP02(2017)003 polarization by the Compton scattering is possible [11]. Meanwhile, it is recently shown that the photons of a linearly polarized laser beam can acquire circular or B-mode linear polarization by scattering off active neutrinos via a parity violation process. This phenomenon can possibly be used to understand the nature of neutrinos (Dirac or Majorana), to detect the fluxes of Cosmic Neutrino Background [12][13][14] and to gain some insight into the physics of active and light sterile neutrino oscillations [15]. Here we would like to consider NC-space as a nontrivial background to explore the polarization of photons in the Compton scattering. The NC field theory and its phenomenological aspects have been considered for many years without any sign in nature [17-26, 28, 29] [27]. The bound from Lamb shift in the hydrogen atom is in the range of Λ NC ≥ 0.1-1.5 TeV [16,17]. Besides, by comparing the Lorentz violating terms in the Higgs sector with the standard model extension the lower bound on noncommutative scale is obtained Λ NC ≥ 10 6 TeV [22]. To this end we consider those experiments which are based on the laser technologies. As in the Compton scattering in the NC-space the photons with the linear polarization transform partly to circularly polarized photons with a rate proportional to the NC-parameter, number of photons per pulse and the flux of fermions, one expects the enhancement of the rate of generation of the circular polarization with the intensities. Usually pulsed intense laser beams are designed for a wide-ranging experimental program in fundamental physics and advanced applications.
During the last 40 years, intensities of laser facilities have been increased from a few KW cm −2 to upper than 10 22 W cm −2 such as the European Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) [30], the French Apollon laser [31], the Russian XCELS [32], the U.K. VULCAN laser [33] and the Astra-Gemini at RAL-CLF [34]. Besides the intensity, the average power of a laser is an important parameter. In recent years the leaser average powers are about a few watts which are higher than the range of tens of milliwatts to watts for the average powers of ruby lasers in the early 1960s. However, recently some progress has been made to improved the average power of ultrafast lasers [35], for instance see [36][37][38][39]. Furthermore, the Compton back scattering has been also considered since 1980s to produce photon beams. In this framework the Compton scattering of laser photons in the eV energy range with the high energy electrons in the range E ∼ O(100 GeV), can produce a tight bunch of back scattered high energy photons [40][41][42]. Currently, there are gamma ray sources in the MeV range including machines at the LAL, the LUCX [43], ThomX [44] and the Compton backscattering at ATF [45].
In this work, we consider the forward Compton scattering through the collision of photons in a laser beam with an intense and high energy muon/electron beam in the noncommutative space to examine the generation of circular polarization. Consequently, we calculate the generation rate of the circularly polarized photons R V to explore the possibility of discovering the NC effects in different energy scales. It is clear to obtain a JHEP02(2017)003 large value for R V to be measurable in lab, one needs intense muon/electron and laser beams. Therefore, an accelerator that can produce ultra-intense beams of muons and even electrons provides opportunities to discover the NC effect.
It should be noted that such intense lasers considering in this study can have nonlinear effects on the Compton scattering in the QED framework [3,4] and consequently in the NCQED [5]. As it is already mentioned the unpolarized nonlinear Compton scattering in the ordinary QED cannot convert the linear polarization to the circular one due to its parity invariance. Nevertheless, the NCQED doesn't respect the parity symmetry therefore both the unpolarized linear and nonlinear Compton scattering through the NCQED can generate circular polarization from a linear one. But such intensities considered in this study for photon and fermion beams are low, so that nonlinear effects of NCQED can be safely neglected [5].
In section 2 we review the Stokes parameters and Boltzmann equation formalism. In section 3 the noncommutative standard model (NCSM) is briefly explained and the time evolution of the Stokes parameters related to the Compton scattering in NCSM is discussed. In section 4 we study the effect of space-time Noncommutativity on the collision of a laser beam with an ultra-intense beam of muon/electron. In section 5 we give an estimation on the generation rate of the circular polarization in such interactions. In section 6 some concluding remarks are given.

Stokes parameters and Boltzmann equation
Laser beam polarization can be characterized by four known Stokes parameters which are I the total intensity of the beam, Q and U the linear polarization of the radiation and V the difference between positive and negative circular polarization. Moreover, the density operator of an ensemble of photons in terms of the Stokes parameters is defined as followŝ and a j (k) are photon creation and annihilation operators. The expectation value of the number operator is defined as The time evolution of the operator D 0 ij (k), considered in the Heisenberg picture, is

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here H is the full Hamiltonian. Meanwhile, the time evolution equation for the density matrix up to the first order of the interacting Hamiltonian H 0 I (t) for photons can be written as where the first term on the right-hand side is a forward scattering term, and the second one is a higher order collision term, usual scattering cross section. The leading-order interacting Hamiltonian for photon-charged fermion is generally given by [46] H 0 where M is the amplitude of scattering matrix, b † r (k) and b r (k) are charged fermion creation and annihilation operators and dq ≡ d 3 q (2π) 3 m f q 0 and dp ≡ d 3 p (2π) 3 2p 0 , with the same relations for dq and dp , respectively.
The operator expectation values are given as a function of number density of fermions per unit volume, n f (q), where q denotes the momentum of fermions [46]. Then the energy density and pressure of fermions are defined as 10) with g f shows the number of spin states or degrees of freedom.

Time evolution of Stokes parameters vs. NC forward photon-fermion scattering
In this section we explore the time evolution of the Stokes parameters via the forward photon-fermion scattering in the NC standard model. The noncommutative version of standard model is introduced by two different approaches. In the first approach which is based on the "Seiberg-Witten" maps, the symmetry group, number of gauge fields and particles are the same as the ordinary standard model [47]. Meanwhile, in the second approach the gauge group is U(3) × U(2) × U(1) which can be reduced to the standard model gauge group through appropriate symmetry breaking [48,49]. Here we follow the first approach to do our calculations.
In the both versions of the noncommutative standard model, the ordinary coordinates convert to the noncommutative operators with a canonical form as where θ µν is the parameter of noncommutativity and Λ NC = 1 √ |θ µν | is the noncommutative scale of energy. Also in the both version, Moyal-star product realization of the algebra are considered. The noncommutative parameter, θ µν , can be usually divided into two parts: The NC scale for the space-space and the time-space parts can be defined as [50]: whereŵ i andv i refer to fixed direction in space. Although the time-space component of the NC parameter has some problems with the unitarity, the quantum mechanics can become unitary in some cases for the time-like part of NC-parameter too [51,52].
In the both approaches besides the corrections on the usual vertices new couplings also appear in comparison with the ordinary standard model.
Using the NCSM based on the "Seiberg-Witten" maps (first approach) [53], photon and charged fermion scattering can be described, up to the lowest order of NC-parameter, by the Feynman diagrams given in figure 1. In the QED part of the NCSM, the photonfermion vertex f f γ up to the first order of θ is obtained as [53] f note that we define A · θ · B ≡ A µ θ µν B ν , and also two photons can directly couple to two JHEP02(2017)003 fermions in the NC space-time as follows [53] f f A ν (p) where photons momenta are taken to be incoming and θ µνρ is a totally antisymmetric quantity which is defined as Now we are ready to examine the time evolution of the Stokes parameters for photonfermion scattering in NCQED. It can be shown that the last diagram has not any contribution to the time derivative of circular polarization [54]. For the remaining diagrams given in figure 1 and using (2.9) one can find: and consequently one has − q · θ · 2 q · 1 + q · θ · 1 q · 2 Q(k) .
Using the matrix elements of the density operator and assuming θ 0i = 0, the time variation of V in NC space can be cast into:

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and √ 2 Λ SS ∼ Λ NC ,q = q |q| is the direction of fermion beam, m e is the mass of electron, σ T is Thomson cross section, α = e 2 /4π andε f is the energy density of fermion beam. One should note that the usual cross section for the Compton scattering in the NC-space σ NC ∼ π 2 α 2 s/Λ 4 [55] is too small in comparison with the order of magnitude of the forward scattering term which is obtained in (3.8) . In fact for s = (E 2 l + k 0 ) 2 ∼ 1 TeV 2 where E l is the energy of leptons and for Λ NC ∼ 1 TeV one can easily find which shows σ NC can be ignored in calculation for the Faraday conversion phase shift.
In the laboratory frame, we set the laser-photon momentum k in theẑ-direction (the direction of incident laser beam), then the polarization vectors are defined as: We may also consider the direction of muon beam,q in the x−z plane,q = sin θ sî +cos θ sk , then for the space-like component of noncommutative parameter one has ∆φ = ∆V 2Q where ∆t is the time interval of the laser beam interacting with the charged lepton beam.

Charged lepton beams
In the previous section we found how the circular polarization of photons depend on the beam parameters in the NC-space. Before calculating the Faraday conversion in fermionphoton scattering we briefly introduce the present available charged lepton beams. The charged particles suffering energy lost as the synchrotron radiation during the acceleration. However, for a particle with mass m and beam energy E in circular motion with radius R, the energy loss per revolution is given by ∆E ∝ 1 R E m 4 which is smaller for a larger radius or for a more massive particle. Therefore, accelerating the electron as the lightest charged particle to very high energy is a difficult task in the circular collider. In the LEP experiment, electrons were accelerated up to E = 100 GeV [56]. Meanwhile, in a linear collider such as an International Linear Collider(ILC) one can reach to higher energies about E = 1 TeV or even more. Furthermore, in laser-plasma accelerators, electron can be accelerated to energies from hundreds of MeV [57][58][59] to multi-GeV energies [60,61].
Muon as the 2nd lightest charged particle in nature but not stable, is almost 200 times more massive than the electron. In fact, the muon mean lifetime is very short about ∼ 2.2 µs, but enough to provide an intense beam which can be accelerated to high energy. However, pion decay can be usually used as a source for the muon production via π + → JHEP02(2017)003 µ + + ν µ and π − → µ − +ν µ . Meanwhile, colliding high energy protons with nuclei produce pions through interactions such as: p+p → p+n+π + and p+n → n+n+π + for the proton energies more than 400 MeV and the double pion production in p + p → p + p + π + + π − at the larger energies. According to the momentum of the generated muon beam they are called "decay muon beam" or "surface muon beam". The first type of muon beam is about 80 percent polarized and have momentum from 40 to several hundreds of MeV/c. Such muon beams are available at PSI, TRIUMF, J-PARC 1 and RIKEN-RAL. The second one is often known as surface or Arizona beam [62,63] that is 100 percent polarized and monochromatic and has kinetic energy 4.1 MeV. Such muon beams are available at PSI, 2 TRIUMF, J-PARC, ISIS and RIKEN-RAL.
Besides, very low energy muon beams (ultra slow muons with energy at eV-KeV range) can be generated by reducing the energy of an Arizona beam [64] which is available in the PSI while the High-intensity low-energy muon beam is developing in J-PARC. Recently a multi-TeV Muon Collider, so called "Muon accelerator program" (MAP), has been planed. The purpose of this program is to develop the concepts and technologies required for the Muon Collider and Neutrino Factories [65,66].

Faraday conversion in Photon-Fermion beam interaction on N space-time
For a typical muon beam with the number of muon per bunch ∼ 10 12 , the energy rangē E µ ≈ |q| ∼ 1 GeV-1 TeV, the size of beam in the interaction region ∼ 1 cm and the bunch length about ∼ 1 cm, one can estimate an average energy of flux per bunch as ε µ (x,q) ≈ |q| n µ (x,q)c ∼ 10 12 TeV/(cm 2 s).
This type of muon beam has an angle divergence about θ div ∼ m µ /E µ which is negligible in the high energy muon beam accelerator which is the case for example in the MAP experiment [65,66]. To find the Faraday conversion for instance in Photon-Muon beams interaction we have for the interacting spot a spatial interval ∆d ∼ 2R 0 + dθ div ∼ 1 cm where d is the distance between muon beam and interaction spot with laser beam and a temporal interval of the order of ∆t ≈ ∆d/c ∼ 10 −10 section Therefore, for a laser beam with energy of photons about k 0 ∼ 1 eV the eq.  for each reflection. If we assume each laser pulse in its path can interact N -times with the muon beams, the maximum value of N can be estimate as n=0 (1 − C a ) n ≈ 1 Ca [12]. Therefore, eq. The Faraday conversion phase shift of a linearly polarized laser beam due to its interaction with the muon beam for different values of Λ NC is given in table 1. Meanwhile, one can use eq. (5.3) with appropriate changes for the other charged fermions. For instance, for the electron one can consider the appropriate parameters from the LEP experiment [56] in which the number of electrons per bunch is about ∼ 10 11 locating at energies E e ≈ |q| ∼ 100 GeV, where the size of beam in interaction region and bunch length are both about ∼ 1 cm. Therefore, the mean energy of flux of the electron beam can be estimated asε e ∼ 10 10 TeV cm −2 s −1 which cast eq.

Generation rate of circular polarization
In the previous section the Faraday conversion has been found to be at most 10 −17 in the case of muons. Although this value seems to be small we show that can be large enough for the rate of generating circular polarization for the laser beam interacting with the muon/electron beam. To this end, we use eq. (3.12) in which ∆V (k) represents the number of generated circularly polarized photons with energy |k| = k 0 ∼ 1 eV per unit area (cm 2 ) per unit time (s) for each laser pulse. The rate of the circular polarization generation for photons in the laser beam can be estimated as follows  where σ laser is the laser-beam size which is smaller than the charged lepton beam size ∆d and represents the effective area of photon-charged lepton interaction, τ pulse is the time duration of a laser pulse and f pulse the laser repetition rate is the number of laser pulses per second. To have more efficiency, we assume that the laser and charged lepton beams are synchronized and the f pulse is equal to f bunch the repetition rate of beam which is the number of charged lepton bunches per second. Therefore, one can easily find the value of R V as follows where N γ is the number of photons per pulse which can be obtained as and the total energy of a laser pulse ε pulse = Q(k)σ laser τ pulse . Furthermore, the averaged power of a linearly polarized laser beam is approximately given byP laser = f pulse ε pulse which cast eq. (6.2) for muon into In eq. (6.4) we have only considered the forward scattering term. As is already mentioned the generation rate of the circular polarization R V | NC µB due to the usual Compton scattering in NC-space σ NC ∼ π 2 α 2 s/Λ 4 [55] is very small and can be found as follows which shows its smallness and R V | NC µB is negligible. Therefore, the main contribution on the generation rate from the NC-space comes from (6.4). In fact, for a muon beam with ε µ ∼ 10 12 TeV cm −2 s −1 , Λ NC = 1 TeV and a linearly polarized laser beam of energy k 0 ∼ JHEP02(2017)003  Table 3. The generation rate of circular polarization due to muon and laser beams interaction for Λ NC = 1 TeV from atomic hydrogen [16,17], Λ NC = 20 TeV obtained from Planck data for CMB [27] and Λ NC = 100 TeV.  Table 4. The generation rates of the circular polarization due to electron and laser beams interaction for Λ NC = 1 TeV from atomic hydrogen [16,17], Λ NC = 20 TeV obtained from Planck data for CMB [27] and Λ NC = 100 TeV.
1 eV and the average powerP laser 10 W , the generation rate of the circularly polarized photons is about R V | µB ∼ 10 4 /s (∼ 3 × 10 11 /year). This rate seems to be large enough to be measured experimentally. The generation rates of the circular polarized photons R V | µB for different values of noncommutative scale are given in table 3. We can also give an estimation on the generation rate of the circular polarization due to the electron and laser beam interaction R V | eB as follows To obtain the rate R V | eB 10 4 /sec for an electron beam withε e 10 10 TeV cm −2 s −1 and Λ NC = 1 TeV, a laser beam with averageP ∼ 1 KW is needed which seems to be available in the near future with the present laser technologies [36,38,39]. Nevertheless, the generation rate of circular polarized photons due to the electron and laser beams interaction for different values of noncommutative scale and the laser average power is given in table 4.

Conclusion
We have considered the interaction of photons in an intense linearly polarized laser beam with ultra intense beams of muon and electron in the NC space time in the NCQED framework. Consequently, we have obtained the Faraday conversion phase shift ∆φ and the generation rate R V of the circularly polarized photons in the interaction with muon/electron beam which are given in eqs. (5.3), (5.4) and eqs. (6.4), (6.6), respectively. We have discussed the possibility of using advanced laser and muon/electron beams to probe the noncommutative effects in such processes even for the NC scale as large as 10 TeV with the JHEP02(2017)003 available present technologies. In fact, for a muon/electron beam with a flux intensity of ε µ,e ∼ 10 12 /10 10 TeV cm −2 sec −1 and a linearly polarized laser beam of energy k 0 ∼ 1 eV and an average powerP laser 10 3 KW, the rate of generating of circularly polarized photons is about R V ∼ 10 4 /sec for a noncommutative energy scale about Λ NC ∼ 10 TeV [see tables 1, 2 for ∆φ and tables 3, 4 for R V ]. This rate seems to be large enough to be measured experimentally in near future.
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