Bremsstrahlung function, leading Lüscher correction at weak coupling and localization

We discuss the near BPS expansion of the generalized cusp anomalous dimension with L units of R-charge. Integrability provides an exact solution, obtained by solving a general TBA equation in the appropriate limit: we propose here an alternative method based on supersymmetric localization. The basic idea is to relate the computation to the vacuum expectation value of certain 1/8 BPS Wilson loops with local operator insertions along the contour. These observables localize on a two-dimensional gauge theory on S2, opening the possibility of exact calculations. As a test of our proposal, we reproduce the leading Lüscher correction at weak coupling to the generalized cusp anomalous dimension. This result is also checked against a genuine Feynman diagram approach in N=4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$\end{document} Super Yang-Mills theory.


Introduction
In the last few years we have observed surprising applications of powerful quantum field theoretical techniques to N = 4 Super Yang-Mills (SYM) theory. In particular the investigation of integrable structures [1] and the use of supersymmetric localization [2] have produced a huge number of results that are beyond perturbation theory and can be successfully compared with AdS/CFT expectations. For example the exact spectrum of single trace operator scaling dimensions can be obtained through TBA/Y-system equations [3][4][5][6] or, more efficiently, using the approach of the Quantum Spectral Curve (QSC) [7]. Supersymmetric Wilson loops and classes of correlation functions can be instead computed exactly via supersymmetric localization, that exploit the BPS nature of the related observables [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. It is certainly interesting to understand the relation between these two approaches, when the same quantities can be computed in both ways.
An important object, appearing in gauge theories is the cusp anomalous dimension Γ(ϕ), that was originally introduced in [16,17] as the ultraviolet divergence of a Wilson loop with Euclidean cusp angle ϕ. In supersymmetric theories Γ(ϕ) is not BPS, due to the presence of the cusp, and defines in the light-like limit ϕ → i∞ an universal observable: exact results have been derived in N = 4 SYM through integrability [18] that match both weak coupling expansions [19] and string computations describing the strong coupling behavior [20]. A related TBA approach, that goes beyond the light-like limit, was later proposed [21,22]: the cusp anomalous dimension can be generalized including an R-symmetry JHEP02(2016)172 angle θ that controls the coupling of the scalars to the two halves of the cusp [23]. The system interpolates between BPS configurations (describing supersymmetric Wilson loops) and generalized quark-antiquark potential: exact equations can be written applying integrability, and have been checked successfully at three loops [21]. For a recent approach using the QSC see [24]. Moreover one can use localization in a suitable limit to obtain the exact form of the infamous Bremsstrahlung function [25], that controls the near-BPS behavior of the cusp anomalous dimension (see also [26] for a different derivation). The same result has been later directly recovered from the TBA equations [27,28] and QSC method [24,29]. It is clear that the generalized cusp anomalous dimension Γ(θ, ϕ) represents, in N = 4 SYM, a favorable playground in which the relative domains of techniques as integrability and localization overlap.
The fundamental step that allowed to derive exact equations for Γ(θ, ϕ) from integrability was to consider the cusped Wilson loop with the insertion of L scalars Z = Φ 1 + iΦ 2 on the tip. Importantly the scalars appearing in Z should be orthogonal to the combinations that couple to the Wilson lines forming the cusp. The anomalous dimension Γ L (θ, ϕ) of the corresponding Wilson loop depends on L-unit of R-charge and a set of exact TBA equations can be written by for any value of L, θ and ϕ: setting L = 0 one of course recovers Γ(θ, ϕ). When ϕ = ±θ the operator becomes BPS and its near-BPS expansion in (ϕ − θ) can be studied directly from the integrability equations. The leading coefficient in this expansion is called the Bremsstrahlung function when L = 0 and its expression has been derived to all loops from localization [25]. For θ = 0 it was reproduced at any coupling in [27] by the analytic solution of the TBA, which also produced a new prediction for arbitrary L. The extension to the case with arbitrary (θ − ϕ) and any L is presented in [28]. The near-BPS results for L ≥ 1 can be rewritten as a matrix model partition function whose classical limit was investigated in [29] giving the corresponding classical spectral curve. A related approach based on a QSC has been proposed in [24], reproducing the above results.
In this paper we generalize the localization techniques of [25] to the case of Γ L (θ, ϕ), checking the prediction from integrability. Having an alternative derivation of the results may shed some light on the relations between these two very different methods. We consider here the same 1/4 wedge BPS Wilson loop used in [25], with contour lying on an S 2 subspace of R 4 or S 4 , inserting at the north and south poles, where the BPS cusp ends, L "untraced" chiral primaries of the type introduced in [15,30]. The analysis of the supersymmetries presented in [13] shows 1 that the system is BPS. Following exactly the same strategy of [25] we can relate the near BPS limit of Γ L (θ, ϕ) to a derivative of the wedge Wilson loop with local insertions and define a generalized Bremsstrahlung function B L (λ, ϕ) as in [27]. Our central observation is that the combined system of our Wilson loop and the appropriate local operator insertions still preserves the relevant supercharges to apply the localization procedure of [13] and the computation of B L (λ, ϕ) should be therefore possible in this framework. As usual supersymmetric localization reduces the computation of BPS observables on a lower dimensional theory (sometimes a zero-dimensional theory JHEP02(2016)172 i.e a matrix model) where the fixed points of the relevant BRST action live. For general correlation functions of certain 1/8 BPS Wilson loops and local operators inserted on a S 2 in space-time, localization reduces N = 4 SYM to a 2d Hitchin/Higgs-Yang-Mills theory, that turns out to be equivalent to the two-dimensional pure Yang-Mills theory (YM 2 ) on S 2 in its zero-instanton sector. 2 In particular the four-dimensional correlation functions are captured by a perturbative calculation in YM 2 on S 2 . In two dimensions, the preferred gauge choice is the light-cone gauge, since then there are no interactions: the actual computations are drastically simplified thanks to the quadratic nature of the effective two-dimensional theory. This sort of dimensional reduction has passed many nontrivial checks [31][32][33][34][35][36], comparing the YM 2 results both at weak coupling (via perturbation theory in N = 4 SYM) and strong coupling (using AdS/CFT correspondence).
Here we investigate the near-BPS limit of Γ L (θ, ϕ) using perturbative YM 2 on the sphere: more precisely we attempt the computation of B L (λ, ϕ). The problem of resumming in this case the perturbative series in YM 2 is still formidable (we will come back on this point in the conclusions) and we limit ourselves here to the first non-trivial perturbative order. In so doing we recover, in closed form, the leading Lüscher correction to the ground state energy of the open spin chain, describing the system in the integrability approach (λ = g 2 N ) where B n (x) are the Bernoulli polynomials. This correction was computed in [21,22], following directly from the TBA equations, and checked from the general formulae in [27,28].
Interestingly it was also reproduced in [37] by a direct perturbative calculation in the amplitude context. In that paper it is also proposed an explanation of this agreement (see appendix A.2 of [37]). We think that our result not only represents a strong check that our system computes the generalized Bremsstrahlung function but also suggests some relations between two-dimensional diagrams and four-dimensional amplitudes. The plan of the paper is the following: in section 2 we present the construction of the wedge Wilson loop in N = 4 SYM with the relevant operator insertions. We discuss the BPS nature of these observables and their mapping to two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory on S 2 in the zero-instanton sector. The relation with the generalized Bremsstrahlung function is also established. In section 3 we set up the perturbative calculation of the first non-trivial contribution to the near-BPS limit of Γ L (θ, ϕ), first considering the case L = 1 and then presenting the computation for general L. We recover the weak coupling contribution to the Lüscher term as expected. In section 4 we perform the L = 1 computation using Feynman diagrams in N = 4 SYM: this is a check of our construction and also exemplifies the extreme complexity of the conventional perturbative calculations. In section 5 we present our conclusions and perspectives, in particular discussing how the full result for B L (λ, ϕ) could be recovered and its matrix model formulation should arise from YM 2 on the sphere. Appendix A is instead devoted to some technical aspects of YM 2 computation. For the N = 4 SYM theory an interesting and infinite family of loop operators which share, independently of the contour, 1 8 of the original supersymmetries of the theory were constructed in [11,12]. They compute the holonomy of a generalized connection combining the gauge field (A µ ), the scalars (Φ I ) and the invariant forms ( µνρ dx ν x ρ ) on S 2 as follows (we follow the conventions of [14]) Above we have parameterized the sphere in terms of three spatial cartesian coordinates obeying the constraint x 2 1 + x 2 2 + x 2 3 = 1. The normalization N is the rank of the unitary gauge group U(N ).
In [11,12] it was also argued that the expectation value of this class of observables was captured by the matrix model governing the zero-instanton sector of two dimensional Yang-Mills on the sphere: where A 1 , A 2 are the areas singled out by the Wilson loop and A = A 1 + A 2 = 4π is the total area of the sphere. The result in N = 4 SYM is then obtained with the following map Above g 2d and g are respectively the two and four dimensional Yang-Mills coupling constants. This intriguing connection between YM 2 and N = 4 SYM was put on solid ground by Pestun in [2,13]. By means of localization techniques, he was able to argue that the four-dimensional N = 4 Super Yang-Mills theory on S 4 for this class of observables reduces to the two-dimensional constrained Hitchin/Higgs-Yang-Mills (cHYM) theory on S 2 . The Wilson loops in the cHYM theory are then shown to be given by those of YM 2 in the zero instanton sector. These results were extended to the case of correlators of Wilson loops in [15,32] and to the case of correlators of Wilson loop with chiral primary operators in [14,15].
The knowledge of the exact expectation value for this family of Wilson loops has been a powerful tool to test the AdS/CFT correspondence in different regimes. In particular, here, we want to investigate the connection, originally discussed in [25], between these observables and the so-called Bremsstrahlung function.
Consider, in fact, the generalized cusp Γ(θ, ϕ) defined in [23], namely the coefficient of the logarithmic divergence for a Wilson line that makes a turn by an angle ϕ in actual JHEP02(2016)172 space-time and by an angle θ in the R−symmetry space of the theory. When θ = ±ϕ the Wilson line becomes supersymmetric and Γ(θ, ϕ) identically vanishes. In this limit the operator is, in fact, a particular case of the 1 4 BPS loops discussed by Zarembo in [38]. In [25] a simple and compact expression for the first order deviation away from the BPS value was derived. When |θ − ϕ| 1, we can write In (2.5) B(λ) is given by the Bremsstrahlung function of N = 4 SYM theory.
The expansion (2.4) was obtained in [25] by considering a small deformation of the so-called 1 4 BPS wedge. It is a loop in the class (2.1) which consists of two meridians separated by an angle π − ϕ. The analysis in [25] in particular shows that H(λ, ϕ) can be computed as the logarithmic derivative of the expectation value of the BPS wedge with respect to the angle ϕ The quantity W wedge (ϕ) is given by the matrix model The results (2.5) and (2.6) were also recovered in [27,28] by solving the TBA equations, obtained in [21], for the cusp anomalous dimension in the BPS limit. This second approach based on integrability naturally led to consider a generalization Γ L (θ, ϕ) for the cusp anomalous dimension, where one has inserted the scalar operator Z L on the tip of the cusp. 3 In [28] it was shown that the whole family Γ L (θ, ϕ) admits an expansion of the type (2.4) when |θ − ϕ| 1 : The function B L (λ, ϕ) is a generalization of the usual Bremsstrahlung function and its value for any L in the large N limit was derived in [28]. Below, we want to show that expansion (2.7) and in particular the function B L (λ, ϕ) can be evaluated exploiting the relation between the Wilson loops (2.1) and YM 2 as done in [25] for the case L = 0.

BPS wedge on S 2 with scalar insertions in N = 4 SYM
The first step is to construct a generalization of the 1 4 BPS wedge in N = 4 SYM, whose vacuum expectation value is still determined by a suitable observable in YM 2 . We start by JHEP02(2016)172 considering the contour depicted in figure 1, namely the wedge composed by two meridians C l and C r , the first in the (x 1 , x 3 ) plane and the second in a plane with longitude angle δ: On the two meridians the Wilson loop couples to two different combinations of scalars. Indeed the effective gauge connections on the two sides are given by We now consider the insertion of local operators in the loop and focus our attention on those introduced in [30] and studied in detail in [14]. They are given by: where x µ are the cartesian coordinate of a point on S 2 and the index µ runs from 1 to 3. Any system of these operators preserves at least four supercharges. When the Wilson loops (2.1) are also present, the combined system is generically invariant under two supercharges 1 16 BPS [15]. Here we choose to insert two of these operators: one in the north pole [x µ N = (0, 0, 1)] and the other in the south pole [x µ S = (0, 0, −1)]. In these special positions they reduce to the holomorphic and the anti-holomorphic combination of two of the scalar fields which do not couple to the loop Then the generalization of the 1 4 BPS wedge which is supposed to capture the generalized Bremsstrahlung function B L (λ, ϕ) is simply given by The operators (2.13) preserve 1 8 of the supercharges. Applying the same argument given in [25], one can argue (since the relevant deformation never involves the poles) that (2.14)

The wedge on S 2 with field strength insertions in YM 2
Next we shall construct a putative observable in YM 2 , which computes the vacuum expectation of W L (δ). Following [12], we map the Wilson loop of N = 4 SYM into a loop operator of YM 2 defined along the same contour C on S 2 . Since we use the complex stereographic coordinates z = x + iy to parametrize the sphere, the wedge will appear as an infinite cusp on the plane where the origin represents the north pole, while the infinity is identified with the south pole (see figure 2). The two straight-lines C 1 and C 2 are then given by In these coordinates the metric on S 2 takes the usual conformally flat form (2.16) The wedge Wilson loop is mapped into where C = C 1 ∪ C 2 (see figure 2). In (2.17) we have used the notationÃ, to distinguish gauge field in d = 2 from its counterpart A in d = 4. The two dimensional companion of the operator (2.11) was found in [14] through a localization argument. These local operators are mapped into powers of the field strength F of the two-dimensional gauge fieldÃ: (2.18) -7 -

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Here the * denotes the usual hodge dual on the sphere. Combining the above ingredients the observable in YM 2 which computes the vacuum expectation value of (2.13) is Constructing a matrix model for the observable (2.19) in the zero instanton sector is neither easy nor immediate. In fact the usual topological Feynman rules for computing quantities in YM 2 are tailored for the case of correlators of Wilson loops. The insertion of local operators along the contour was not considered previously and the rules for this case are still missing. Therefore, in the next section, to test the relation between the function H L (λ, ϕ) and the vacuum expectation value of (2.19) implied by (2.14), i.e.
we shall resort to standard perturbative techniques.
3 Perturbative computation of the Lüscher term from YM 2 on the sphere In this section we compute the first non-trivial perturbative contribution to the generalized Bremsstrahlung function B L (λ, ϕ), in the planar limit, using perturbation theory in YM 2 . It coincides with the weak coupling limit of the Lüscher term, describing wrapping corrections in the integrability framework. We believe it is instructive to present first the computation for L = 1, where few diagrams enter into the calculation and every step can be followed explicitly. Then we turn to general L, exploiting some more sophisticated techniques to account for the combinatorics.

General setting for perturbative computations on S 2
For perturbative calculations on the two dimensional sphere, it is convenient to use the holomorphic gaugeÃz = 0. In this gauge the interactions vanish and the relevant propagators are: (3.1) When computing the above propagators for points lying on the edge C 1 (z = t) and on the edge C 2 (w = e iδ s), they reduce to These Feynman rules can be checked by computing the first two non trivial orders for the standard wedge in YM 2 , i.e. L = 0. One quickly finds: Using (2.20) one gets which is exactly the result of [25].

Operator insertions of length L = 1
The first non-trivial contribution in this case appears at order λ 2 : we need at least one propagator connecting the two halves of the wedge, to carry the dependence on the opening angle δ. Then we have to consider the effect of the operator insertions, which should be connected to the contour, respecting planarity, in all possible ways. The relevant choices are represented in figure 3. We remark that every diagram has the same weight: in fact the operator we study is single-trace and every diagram arises from an unique set of Wick contractions. Furthermore there are some obvious symmetries between the different diagrams, that imply the following representation:

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where we have introduced the function F δ (a, b; c, d) Using the identity 1 (s 2 +1)(t 2 +1) s t = 1 4 ∂ s ∂ t [log s 2 + 1 log t 2 /(t 2 + 1) ] and integrating by parts, we obtain where is a regulator that cuts the contour in a neighborhood of the operator insertions and it will be send to zero at the end of the computation. Now using that where we have defined M

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We remark that the dependence on the cutoff disappears: as expected we end up with a finite result. We further observe that turning δ → −δ is the same as taking complex conjugation, then we can rewrite (3.10) as follows t 1 ; 0, s 1 ) + c.c. (3.12) and performing the derivatives (3.12) becomes The function H 1 is then obtained with the help of (2.20), then at one-loop order we have Exploiting the simple decomposition the derivative of (3.13) becomes the integral (3.16) takes the form: Summing up the integrands with their complex conjugate (the first term vanishes) and changing variables s → √ ωρ and t → ω/ρ, we obtain: . The integration domain is easily restricted to [0, 1] and we arrive at where the B n (x) are the Bernoulli polynomials defined as Finally, using (3.14), we find the desired result

Operator insertions of length L
We are now ready to compute the leading weak coupling contribution to the Lüscher term, using YM 2 perturbation theory. We have to consider all possible planar diagrams with one single line connecting the right and left sides of the wedge, in presence of length L operator insertions (see figure 4). As remarked in the previous section, every diagram has the same weight. We construct the generic term of the relevant perturbative order by introducing the auxiliary function g n , that contains the contribution of all the propagators connecting the operators with contour in each of the four sectors represented in figure 4:  (3.25) being ∆(t) = 1 t 1 t 2 +1 the propagator from the origin to the contour (up to a constant factor, see (3.2)). Obviously the number of lines on the right and on the left side of the central propagator is equal to L. Moreover we have introduced an explicit cutoff → 0 to avoid intermediate divergencies. A recurrence relation for g n and its derivative follows directly from its definition: .
As shown in the appendix A, we can combine these two equations into a single recurrence relation, involving just g n (t, ) 8π . We can solve the recurrence relation by finding the related generating function G(t, , z) for a suitable closed curve γ around the origin. We have obtained (see appendix A for the details) (3.29) Then (3.23) becomes (3.30) The sums over m and n are done explicitly and using the observations in appendix A and in particular the formula (A.18), we obtain (3.32) Notice that the -dependence has disappeared: the cancellation of the intermediate divergencies is a non-trivial bonus of our method.

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Computing the residues, (3.32) takes the following compact form (3.33) We are interested in calculating the Bremsstrahlung function, so we take the derivative of the VEV of the Wilson loop as seen in the equation (2.6). Using (3.17), after some algebra, we find Performing some integration by parts and transformations s ↔ t and s, t → 1 s,t , the change of variables s → √ ωρ and t → ω/ρ gives Using the expansion log ρ(ρ + ω) ρω + 1 log ρ(ρω + 1) ρ + ω . 4 The L = 1 case from perturbative N = 4 SYM In order to check the above results, in this section we compute the one-loop Feynman diagrams associated to the Bremsstrahlung function for the operator insertion with L = 1. It can be considered also as further test of the correspondence between N = 4 BPS observables on S 2 and two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory on the sphere. We are interested only in the δ-dependent contributions, then we have to consider just diagrams which connect the right and left sides of the wedge, at the first non-trivial order. The leading Lüscher term was also obtained in [37] using Feynman diagrams in the computation of scattering amplitudes of massive W bosons. In figure 5 we represent all the δ-dependent Feynman graphs we can draw at order λ 2 .
The diagram (a) of figure 5 is given by where with D(x − y) = 1/(x − y) 2 . All but the last term in (4.1) contain at least one derivative with respect to τ 1 or τ 2 : these terms, after the integration over τ , are δ-independent. Therefore we are left with where (4.4)

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To compute one of the Feynman integrals in (4.3), we apply the trick used in [32]. In particular we add to the integrand a term which becomes δ-independent after the τ integration where I 2 is defined in [32]. Therefore we can recast the δ-dependence of (4.3) as Using the explicit representation for V µ (see [32]), we can writė Again the total derivative gives a δ-independent contribution, then we have where X is the scalar component of a more general class of tensorial Feynman integrals X µ 1 ...µn defined as follows (4.11) Now, recalling the definition (2.14) and denoting with the prime the derivative respect to δ (notice that x 2 , x 2 andẋ 2 form an orthogonal basis), we have 1, 2, 1)) , 1, 1, 1)) , 1, 1, 2) , 1, 1, 2) . (4.13) In order to check the results of the previous sections, it is enough to perform the integrals numerically. The result of the numerical computation is shown in figure 6. The numerical data are the average of several Montecarlo integrations. The data error is bigger when ϕ is closed to π/2 because the integrals in the (4.13) are oscillatory.
In principle we could also compute analytically the integrals in (4.13) with the help of usual Feynman integral techniques. Indeed, in the dual conformal symmetry picture, the quantities X are the so-called "box " integrals. Decomposing tensorial boxes in combinations of scalar ones, one should expand the result on a basis of the Master Integrals. Finally the tricky part would consist in computing the remaining integrals over the loop parameters. These quite technical computations are beyond the aim of this paper and we leave them to further developments in a may be more general setting.

Conclusions and outlook
In this paper we have explored the possibility to study the near-BPS expansion of the generalized cusp anomalous dimension with L units of R-charge by means of supersymmetric localization. The R-charge is provided by the insertion certain scalar operators into a cusped Wilson loop, according to the original proposal of [21,22]. The relevant generalized Bremsstrahlung function B L (λ, ϕ) has been computed by solving a set of TBA equations in the near-BPS limit [27,28] and, more recently, using QSC approach [24]. We have proposed here a generalization of the method discussed in [25], relating the computation to the quantum average of some BPS Wilson loops with local operator insertions along the contour. The system should localize into perturbative YM 2 on S 2 , in the zero-instanton JHEP02(2016)172 sector, suggesting the possibility to perform exact calculations in this framework. We have checked our proposal, reproducing the leading Lüscher correction at weak coupling to the generalized cusp anomalous dimension. We have further tested our strategy in the case L = 1, using Feynman diagrams directly in N = 4 Super Yang-Mills theory.
Our investigations represent only a first step in connecting integrability results with localization outputs: we certainly would like to derive the complete expression for B L (λ, ϕ) in this framework. Two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory on the sphere has an exact solution, even at finite N [39,40]: on the other hand, the construction of the vacuum expectation values of Wilson loops with local operator insertions has not been studied in the past, at least to our knowledge. The matrix model [29], computing the generalized Bremsstrahlung function, strongly suggests that these two-dimensional observables, in the zero-instanton sector, should be obtained by extending the techniques of [14]. One could expect that also a finite N answer is possible, as in the case of L = 0. We are currently working on these topics and we hope to report some progress soon.
A further direction could be to develop an efficient technique to explore this kind of observable directly in four-dimensions, by using perturbation theory. It would be interesting to go beyond the near-BPS case and to study the anomalous dimensions for more general local operator insertions. 4 The construction of similar systems in three-dimensional ABJM theory should also be feasible and could provide new insights to get exact results. − 1 . (A.10) Finally the generating function is: (A.11) Following the same steps, we can find that the generating function associated to the sequence (−1) n g n (s, ) is G −1 (s, , w).
Let us now consider the expression (3.30) and (3.31): we have to evaluate a doubleintegral of the following type with F (z, w) analytic around z, w = 0 and symmetric in w ↔ z F (z, w) = ∞ n=0 ∞ m=0 a n,m z n w m , (A. 13) where a n,m = a m,n . Redefining z → zw we have a n,m z n w n+m . (A.14) Performing the integral over w, we obtain A = 1 (2πi)

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