Prospects for spin-1 resonance search at 13 TeV LHC and the ATLAS diboson excess

Motivated by ATLAS diboson excess around 2 TeV, we investigate a phenomenology of spin-1 resonances in a model where electroweak sector in the SM is weakly coupled to strong dynamics. The spin-1 resonances, W′ and Z′, are introduced as effective degrees of freedom of the dynamical sector. We explore several theoretical constraints by investigating the scalar potential of the model as well as the current bounds from the LHC and precision measurements. It is found that the main decay modes are V′ → VV and V′ → Vh, and the V′ width is narrow enough so that the ATLAS diboson excess can be explained. In order to investigate future prospects, we also perform collider simulations at s=13\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \sqrt{s}=13 $$\end{document} TeV LHC, and obtain a model independent expected exclusion limit for σ(pp → W′ → WZ → JJ). We find a parameter space where the diboson excess can be∫ explained, and are within a reach of the LHC at ∫dtℒ=10fb−1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {\displaystyle \int dt\mathrm{\mathcal{L}}=10\;{\mathrm{fb}}^{-1}} $$\end{document} and s=13\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \sqrt{s}=13 $$\end{document} TeV.


Introduction
The ATLAS experiment recently reported an excess of the events in the search for the diboson resonance, in the pp → (W W , W Z, and ZZ) → JJ channels, where J is a fat-jet formed by boosted W or Z boson [1]. The largest local significance is 3.4 σ around 2 TeV in the W Z channel, and the global significance is 2.5 σ. The CMS experiment also studied the same channels. The largest deviation they found is 1.4 σ at ∼ 1.9 TeV [2]. Although we cannot conclude that there is a new particle with the mass around 2 TeV from this data, it is worthwhile to consider models which can explain this excess, and many papers have already appeared discussing interpretations of the excess [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. As discussed in these references, a simple candidate is a spin-1 particle.
New vector resonances often appear in the models with dynamical symmetry breaking. Such spin-1 resonances appear in the composite Higgs scenario [19][20][21][22] with the dynamics -1 -

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at TeV scale to account for the naturalness problem. Since the models are based on the non-Linear sigma models, the effective theory involves many operators whose coefficients are unknown. They possibly affect to the couplings of the new spin-1 particles to the standard model (SM) particles, and thus there is uncertainty in the prediction of the W couplings.
Another way to include spin-1 particles is to extend the electroweak gauge symmetry. We can easily introduce new spin-1 particles in renormalizable manner. In that case, the models are calculable and we can avoid the operators whose coefficients are unknown, in contrast to the models based on the non-linear sigma models. Besides, some renormalizable models with extended gauge sector can be regarded as the low energy effective theory of UV theory with some dynamics.
Such renormalizable models have been discussed in the context of the left-right (LR) symmetric model [8,17,18] and the leptophobic G221 model [11]. These models contain the right-handed SM fermions which are not singlet under the new gauge symmetry. In such case, the couplings of the SM fermions to the new gauge boson are not suppressed, and the new gauge bosons mainly decay into the SM fermions.
It is also possible to use linear sigma model, instead of non-linear sigma models, for models emerged from the dynamics at TeV scale. An example was proposed in ref. [23]. This model, called the partially composite standard model, has three Higgs fields. Two of them are regarded as effective degrees of freedom below the dynamical scale. The other one is an elementary field. Spin-1 resonances are introduced as new gauge bosons a la Hidden local symmetry [24][25][26][27]. A feature of the model is that the SM fermion are singlet under the new gauge symmetry, and thus all the fermion couplings to the new gauge bosons are suppressed by the mixing angle in the gauge sector. As a result, the new gauge bosons mainly decay into the SM gauge bosons. This is an important feature of this model.
In this paper, we investigate the possibility to explain the diboson excess by the partially composite standard model, and also the future prospects of W and Z bosons searches at the LHC Run-2, where √ s = 13 TeV. We perform a comprehensive study to find the parameter space which has not been excluded from current experimental data. The constraints on the model parameters come from the LHC searches and the electroweak precision measurements. We also require theoretical constraints such as perturbativity condition, bounded below condition, global minimum vacuum condition, and stability condition of the scalar potential. We find a parameter space where the diboson excess can be explained.
We further investigate a model-independent sensitivity at the LHC Run-2 by generating both signal pp → W → W Z and dijet background events, and performing detector simulations.
We organize the rest of this paper as follows. We briefly review the partially composite standard model in section 2. In section 3, we show the constraints to the model, and find that there are parameter regions where are consistent with the ATLAS excess. In section 4, we perform the collider simulations for the signal and the background, and obtain the sensitivity at the LHC Run-2. In section 5, we investigate the future prospects of the spin-1 resonances search using our simulation results. Section 6 is devoted for conclusion. 2 The partially composite standard model

The model setup
In the partially composite standard model, the gauge symmetry of the electroweak sector is SU(2) 0 × SU(2) 1 × U(1) 2 , and three Higgs fields (H 1 , H 2 , H 3 ) are introduced for the symmetry breaking, SU(2) 0 × SU(2) 1 × U(1) 2 → U(1) EM . We denote the gauge couplings g 0 , g 1 , and g 2 , respectively. The three gauge couplings are related to the QED coupling as (2.1) Here, we assume that the SU(2) 1 gauge symmetry belongs to a dynamical sector, and g 1 g 0 , g 2 . Under this assumption, g 0 and g 2 are approximately g W and g Y which are the gauge couplings of SU(2) L and U(1) Y , respectively. We regard the gauge field associated with SU(2) 1 as the vector resonance originated from unknown dynamics above TeV scale. This implies that fields transformed under the SU(2) 1 gauge symmetry also belong to the dynamical sector. We take H 1 and H 2 as such fields, and regard H 3 as an elementary field. All the fermions are also elementary, and they are singlet under SU(2) 1 . We schematically show the model structure in the moose notation [28] in figure 1, and also summarize the field contents and their charge assignments in table 1.
The scalar potential is given as 1 Here all the Higgs fields are represented by two-by-two matrices, and they are real, namely All parameters in the Higgs potenbibtial are also real. We assume that all the vacuum expectation values (VEVs) of the Higgs fields are diagonal, real and positive to realize desired electroweak symmetry breaking. The Higgs fields are expanded around their VEVs, v 1 , v 2 and v 3 , where τ a is the Pauli matrices, and h i , π a i are the four real scalar component fields. The covariant derivatives of the Higgs fields are given as By calculating the muon life time in this model at the tree level, we find the relation between the Fermi constant and the VEVs in this model as where v 246 GeV. For the later convenience, we introduce a new parameter r, Thus v 1 and v 2 are expressed by r, v 3 , and v,

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There are twelve scalars in this model, and six of them are eaten by the gauge bosons. Thus this model has six physical scalars: three CP-even Higgs bosons (h, H, H ), one CPodd Higgs boson (A), and two charged Higgs bosons (H ± ). We identify h as the SM-like 125 GeV Higgs bosons. The masses of the CP-odd and the charged Higgs bosons are the same at the tree level and given by The mass eigenstates of the CP-even Higgs bosons are related to the gauge eigenstates through the mixing angles θ 1 , θ 2 , and θ 3 as follows, where s i (c i ) stands for sin θ i (cos θ i ) for i = 1, 2, 3.
The Yukawa interactions are given as where i and j are the generation indices. We introduce a parameter κ F which is the ratio of the couplings between the lightest CP-even Higgs boson and the fermions to its SM value, (2.14) Since |s 3 | ≤ 1 and v/v 3 > 1, κ F can be larger than one. We will discuss the viable range of κ F in the next subsection. The fermion masses are given as 15) and the Yukawa couplings are enhanced by v/v 3 compared to their SM values. Large Yukawa couplings could make the Higgs potential unstable above the electroweak scale. We discuss this point in section 3.2.
In addition to the SM gauge bosons, we have extra three vector bosons, W ± and Z . In the g 1 g 0 regime, the mass eigenvalues of the gauge bosons are given as

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We find m W m Z except in the large r regime. We need to find the relation between the gauge eigenstates and the mass eigenstates to evaluate the couplings, and they are given as The typical size of the mixing angles is O(g 0 /g 1 ), and the gauge filed W 0 (W 1 ) is the main component of the mass eigenstate W (W ). It is worth noting that the mixing angles for W and Z become the same in the small r regime, which means the custodial symmetry is enhanced.
The approximate expressions for some couplings of the W and Z to the SM particles are given as (2.27) Compare to the benchmark model (sequential standard model (SSM) [29][30][31]) used by the ATLAS/CMS, the W couplings to the SM fermions are smaller. All couplings have a suppression factor of (m W /m W ) 1 − v 2 3 /v 2 , because the W boson couples to the elementary fermion through W 0 -W 1 mixing, so that the width is narrow. Since g W f f is proportional to r −1 , the production cross section of the Drell-Yan process is proportional to r −2 . The W boson could not be produced in the large r region. In section 3, we will find a parameter space in small r regions where a signal rate is consistent with the ATLAS diboson excess. Some numerical results are given in section 3. 3 The gauge boson couplings to the scalars are also important in our analysis. We give their approximated expressions here. Due to the mixing between the two SU(2) gauge eigenstates, the W W h and ZZh couplings differ from the SM values. We denote these coupling ratios to the SM values by κ W,Z , and their approximated formulae in the g 1 g 0 , g 2 regime are The couplings relevant to the W /Z decay are

Model parameters
In the electroweak sector of the model, there are 13 real parameters, It is convenient to use a different set of the parameters instead of these parameters. We use the following 13 parameters to fix the parameters in the electroweak sector, Here, we use r, v 3 , v instead of the three µ parameters. κ is fixed by the charged Higgs mass or the CP-odd Higgs mass. The six λ's have the same information as the three CP-even Higgs masses and their mixing angles (m h , m H , m H , θ 1 , θ 2 , θ 3 ). We can use m Z , m Z , and α(= e 2 /4π) instead of the gauge couplings. In addition, we can replace (θ 1 , The values of the four parameters, v, m Z , α, and m h are already known very precisely. We take m h = 125 GeV. We find κ F is severely constrained close to 1 in the m A m h regime. When the heavy Higgs masses are universal, m A = m H = m H , λ 3 is simply expressed as Thus, λ 3 is very large except for κ F =1. Similarly, the coupling ratio κ Z is also severely constrained close to its maximal value in m A m h regime. Typically, the allowed value of κ Z is 1−O(1)%. The detailed description is given in appendix A. In the following discussion, we take κ F 1, m A = m H = m H = O(1) TeV, g W W H = 0, and we always choose κ Z to be its maximal value. For most of our numerical analysis, κ Z is set to 0.95-1.00.

Phenomenology of spin-1 resonances
In this section, we discuss the properties of the W and Z bosons such as the production cross sections and the decay branching ratios. And we also discuss both the theoretical and experimental constraints. In the following, we show some formulae with approximation, which help to understand the parameter dependence. However, we use the exact formulae in our numerical calculations.

Properties of the extra vector bosons
The main production mode of W and Z in pp collisions is the Drell-Yan process. They are proportional to r −2 as we can see from eq. (2.25). 2 We consider small r in order to make the cross section large. In figure 2, we show the production cross sections for W (W + + W − ) and Z . Here we take v 3 = 200 GeV, r = 0.13 and κ F = 1.00. We use the CTEQ6L parton distribution functions [32]. The production cross section of W is approximately twice that of Z for small r because the custodial SU(2) symmetry is recovered in the region.
The partial decay widths of W and Z into the SM particles are given as

5)
2 For more details on the formulae, see appendix B.
where T 3 f = 1/2 (−1/2) for the up-type (down-type) fermions, Q f is the electric charge of the fermion, and N c is the color factor, N c = 3. Note that the bosonic channels are dominant among their decay channels due to an enhancement factor from the wave function of the longitudinally polarized gauge bosons in the final states. Therefore the dominant decay modes of There are also decay modes with a heavy scalar in the final states. For example, W → W H and W → hH exist and their approximated formulae are in large regions of the parameter space. These decay widths are comparable to those of the SM final states. The decay channels including only the heavy states, such as W → H ± H, also have the same feature. Once these modes are open, they would be dominant decay modes.
In figure 3, we show the total widths and the branching ratios of W and Z . Here we take v 3 = 200 GeV, r = 0.13 and κ F = 1.00, m A = m H = m H = 2 TeV. We also take g W W H = 0 as we mentioned in section 2.2, thus W → W H and Z → ZH are absent in the figure. We find that the dominant decay channels are V → V V and V → V h for large m V . However, the decay branching ratio reduces once V → HX decay modes are open.
In figure 3, we find Br(W → W Z) = Br(W → W h) 40 % at m W = 2 TeV. The relation is easily understood by the equivalence theorem, Br(W → W L Z L ) =Br(W → π SM π SM ) in the heavy W mass limit, where π SM is the SM Nambu-Goldstone boson. In the SM limit, Br(W → π SM π SM ) is equivalent to Br(W → π SM h). Thus, Br(W → W Z) Br(W → W h) is realized. In addition, when one takes g W W H = 0, the heavy Higgses H, A, H ± form a multiplet, and We also find the total widths are narrow, namely Γ/m ∼ 1-5 %, because the resonances decay into the SM particles with suppressed couplings due to the mixing between the elementary and the composite sectors. Another remark is that the decay properties of W and Z are similar due to the enhanced SU(2) custodial symmetry in small r regime. 3 In figure namely Br(W → H + H), Br(W → H + A), Br(Z → HA), and Br(Z → H + H − ), are open. We took the parameter so that the channels to H is absent, g W W H = 0.
As mentioned above, these channels are comparable to the decay modes to the SM particles. As a result, the decay modes V → V V and V → V h searched at the ATLAS and the CMS experiments are suppressed compared to figure 3. This implies that the decay channels with heavy scalars should not be open if we try to explain the excess at the ATLAS experiment. Hereafter, we consider the situation that the heavy scalars are as heavy as the extra gauge bosons.

Constraints on the model
In this subsection, we show theoretical and experimental constraints on the model parameters. In order to perform a reliable perturbative calculation, we demand perturbativity condition, bounded below condition, global minimum vacuum condition, and stability condition. In addition, we take into account the LHC bounds and the electroweak precision measurements.

Theoretical constraints
Perturbativity condition for the gauge coupling g 1 . We require that all the absolute values of the gauge couplings and the Higgs quartic couplings are smaller than 4π and (4π) 2 in order to keep the reliability of our analysis based on the perturbative calculation.
For the gauge couplings, g 0 and g 2 are almost the same value as the SM gauge couplings, but g 1 can be very large. Since SU(2) 1 is asymptotic free in our setup, g 1 becomes smaller at high energy due to the quantum effects. Thus the maximum value of the g 1 is given at Z mass scale, and we require |g 1 (µ = m Z )| < 4π. The regions where |g 1 (m Z )| > 4π are filled with yellow in figures 5 and 6.
Perturbativity condition for the Higgs quartic couplings. The scalar quartic couplings are large when the mass differences between the SM-like Higgs and the other heavy scalar bosons are large. Since we take m h m A = m H = m H ∼ O(1) TeV in our analysis, the quartic couplings tend to be large. In addition, due to the renormalization group effects, they can be even larger at high energy. The renormalization group equations for -11 -JHEP02(2016)084 this model are given in appendix C. We define a cutoff scale Λ by This constraint highly depends on our choice of Λ. We require that Λ should be significantly higher than a few TeV, otherwise we have to take account of interaction terms from higher dimensional operators whose coefficients are unknown, and some uncertainty is introduced to our analysis. For example, there are operators which modifies the W coupling to the SM fermions such as (c/Λ 2 )Qiγ µ (H 1 iD µ H † 1 )Q. This operator brings unknown parameter c, and thus brings uncertainty to our calculations such as the production cross section of W . Typically, such higher dimensional operators with c ∼ 1 bring 1% (10%) uncertainty if Λ = 100 TeV(10 TeV). To avoid such uncertainty from unknown parameters, we restrict ourselves for the case Λ > 100 TeV. The parameter regions where |λ(Λ)| > (4π) 2 are filled with the lighter (darker) gray for Λ = 100(10) TeV in figures 5 and 6 for reference.
Bounded below condition. Here we consider the conditions that the Higgs potential at the tree level is bounded below. For the purpose, it is enough to check that the potential value at the large field values, and thus we consider only the quartic terms in the potential. We rewrite the quartic terms as where n i satisfies 0 ≤ n 1,2,3 ≤ 1, and n 2 1 + n 2 2 + n 2 3 = 1. In order to avoid run-away vacua, we demand the following conditions for the Higgs quartic couplings at m Z scale (λ i (µ = m Z )), Min λ 1 n 2 1 + λ 2 n 2 2 + λ 3 n 2 3 + λ 12 n 1 n 2 + λ 23 n 2 n 3 + λ 31 n 3 n 1 > 0, for 0 ≤ n 1,2,3 ≤ 1.
(3.12) The parameter regions where this condition is not satisfied are filled with cyan in figures 5 and 6. Especially, one can solve the above inequality analytically in specific directions as Global minimum vacuum condition. We demand the electroweak vacuum to be a global minimum of the Higgs potential at µ = m Z . The parameter regions where this condition is not satisfied are filled with green in figures 5 and 6.

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Stability condition. Among the quartic couplings, λ 3 can be very small when κ F is very close to 1, see eq. (2.35), and especially it takes the same value as the quartic coupling in the SM for κ F = 1. In that case, λ 3 can be negative at a high energy scale due to the contribution from the Yukawa interaction to the renormalization group equations, and the Higgs potential becomes unstable. The VEV giving masses to the fermions are v 3 , see eq. (2.15). Thus the Yukawa coupling in our setup is larger than the coupling in the SM by v/v 3 , and the Higgs potential can become unstable at a few TeV scale for the small v 3 region. We define the scaleΛ at which λ 3 becomes negative, and we demandΛ 100 TeV, as we demand for the perturbativity condition. We fill the regions where this condition is not satisfied with magenta in figures 5 and 6. This bound is conservative because we do not allow a meta-stable vacuum. Note that we do not take into account higher loop corrections. In the SM, the constraints become significantly weaker if higher loop corrections are taken into account [33,34].

Experimental constraints
Constraints from the direct search for W and Z . Since the production cross sections of the extra vector bosons are relatively large, this model is constrained from current results of the exotic resonance searches of various decay channels at the √ s = 8 TeV LHC. We take account of the following constraints: W → ν searches [35,36], Z → searches [37,38], V h resonance searches (V → V h) [39][40][41][42], and the diboson searches (V → V V ) using dijets [1,2], jj [43], νjj [44], and ν channel [45]. The searches for the other channels do not constrain this model. We fill the excluded regions with blue in figures 5 and 6. Among the constraints, V → V h and V → W Z → νjj give severe bound, and exclude a part of the parameter regions in which we can explain the diboson excess reported by the ATLAS experiment.
Constraints from the electroweak precision measurements. The electroweak precision parameters,Ŝ,T , W and Y , defined in ref. [46], are severely restricted from the electroweak precision observables. Since the interactions of W and Z to the light fermions affect the low energy observables, the light W and Z are severely constrained. They are calculated at the tree level in ref. [23], We use them to find the constraint on the parameter space. The parameter regions constrained at 95% C.L. are filled with red in figures 5 and 6. The small v 3 , the small r as well as the light W regions are constrained.

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We also consider constraints from flavor physics, and find they are weaker than the constraints fromŜ and/or the current LHC bound. For example, K 0 -K 0 mixing in this model is almost the same as that in the SM. This is because the contributions from W is sufficiently suppressed due to the suppression of the couplings to the SM fermions, and also the the modification of the W couplings to the fermions is very small, O(m 4 W /m 4 W ). Therefore, we do not show the constraints in the figures.

Summary of the constraints
In figure 5, we plot all the constraints in r-v 3 planes with three different parameter sets, (m Z , m A , κ F ) = (2 TeV, 2 TeV, 1.00), (2 TeV, 2 TeV, 0.99), and (2 TeV, 1 TeV, 1.00). Here we take all the heavy scalar bosons are degenerate, m A = m H = m H . The colored regions are excluded or constrained, and the white regions are allowed from all constraints. The gray regions surrounded by the black dotted lines represent the perturbativity condition of the Higgs quartic couplings for Λ = 10 (darker) and 100 TeV (lighter), and the yellow regions are that of g 1 . The bounded below condition excludes the cyan region. The global minimum vacuum condition excludes the green region. The magenta regions are excluded by the stability condition forΛ = 10 (darker) and 100 TeV (lighter). The LHC results exclude blue regions, where the solid blue lines represent W → ν searches [35,36], the dashed lines represent Z → searches [37,38], the dotted lines represent V h resonance searches [39][40][41][42], and the dot-dashed lines represent diboson searches (V → V V ) [1,2,[43][44][45]. The regions filled with the red color are excluded by the electroweak precision measurements. No physical solutions are found in the black region, namely the gauge couplings and/or the VEVs become complex numbers there.
By comparing all the panels, we find the experimental bounds (the LHC and the electroweak precision measurements) are almost insensitive to the heavy Higgs bosons. The theoretical bounds are very sensitive to the κ F , as we can see from the panels (a) and (b). This is because the deviation of κ F from 1 leads to the large λ 3 (cf. λ 3 ∼ 0.13 (0.78) at κ F = 1.00 (0.99)) (see eq. (2.35)), which changes the regions excluded by the bounded below condition (see eq. (3.13)) and stability condition (see eq. (3.14)). We find that perturbativity condition is weaker in the panel (c) (m A = 1 TeV) compared with the panel (a) (m A = 2 TeV). This is because the lighter m A leads to the smaller quartic couplings. Figure 6 shows the constraints in m Z -r plane with the same color notation in figure 5. We take the universal masses m Z = m A = m H = m H , and three different choices for v 3 and κ F , (v 3 , κ F ) =(200 GeV, 1.00), (180 GeV, 1.00), and (180 GeV, 0.99). The perturbativity condition for the Higgs quartic couplings gives severe bounds in the heavy Higgs mass region. This is because the large mass differences in the CP-even Higgs mass spectra require the large Higgs quartic couplings, and they become non-perturbative eventually. We also find in the panel (c) that when κ F deviates from 1, the bounded below condition gives stringent constraint. This is because that the Higgs quartic couplings λ i are sensitive to the small deviation of κ F , see appendix A.

Current status: 8 TeV analyses
In this subsection, we focus on the cross section times branching ratios of V at the LHC We have to estimate the cross section value, σ(pp → V → V V ), required for the explanation of the diboson excess. We find σ = 6 fb with large error when we use the event numbers between 1.85 and 2.15 TeV bins, the estimated background, and the efficiency given in ref. [1]. Hereafter we require σ = 6 fb for the explanation of the diboson excess.
This cross section value can be achieved in the regions where r is much smaller than 1. This is because the production cross section is enhanced by r −2 . Hence, we focus on r 1 regions in the rest of this paper.
Note that the strongest LHC constraint to the parameter regions where the ATLAS diboson excess can be explained comes from the hadronic channel of σ(pp → V → V h) [42], e.g. σ(pp → V → V h) 7 fb for m Z = 2 TeV. This implies σ(pp → V → V V ) < 7 fb as we discussed in section 3.1. If the coupling ratio κ Z deviates from 1, this LHC bound becomes weaker, because the relation between σ(pp → V → V V ) and σ(pp → V → V h) are modified. However, in this model κ Z is severely constrained close to 1 in the m A m h regime (see appendix A).
We show σ(pp → V → V V ) in figure 8, for m Z = 1.9, 2.0, and 2.1 TeV. We take κ F = 1.00, and all heavy scalar masses to be the same as m Z , m Z = m A = m H = m H . The color filled regions are excluded or constrained. The color notation is given in the caption. We find that the cross section is sensitive to the mass. For example, by changing m Z from 1.9 to 2 TeV (5 % mass difference), the cross section is decreased by about 40 %. This is because the PDF rapidly changes in the heavier mass regions (see figure 2).
Below the thick orange line the cross section σ(pp → V → V V ) is consistent with the ATLAS result. Here we apply the event selection efficiencies for the extended gauge model (cf. 10-16 % at m JJ = 2 TeV ) [1]. Note that a part of these regions are constrained from the stability condition atΛ = 100 TeV filled with light green. However, once we take account of the higher order correction, these constraint would be weaker as we discussed in section 3.2.1. In the parameter regions shown in the figure, σ(pp → W → W Z)/σ(pp → Z → W W ) 2. This is because the custodial symmetry is enhanced in the small r regime.
In the figure we show the leading order (LO) production cross sections. Next-toleading order and next-to-leading logarithmic (NLO+NLL) corrections to the production cross sections of W and Z are evaluated in ref. [47,48], and the K-factor (σ/σ LO ) is about 1.3. This means that once we consider the QCD corrections, the production cross sections in the figures should be scaled by about 30 %, and the LHC bounds become severer, while the theoretical constraints do not change. After taking account of the K-factor, the LHC diboson excess can be explained for the regions below dashed orange lines, and the regions below the dashed blue lines are excluded by the LHC bounds. Figure 9 shows σ(pp → W → W h). 4 The parameter choices and the color notations are the same as figure 8. We find that σ(pp → W → W h)/σ(pp → Z → Zh) 2 due to the enhancement of the custodial symmetry. We find σ(pp → W → W h) × 20 fb −1 × Br(h → bb) Br(W → eν + µν) ∼ 9 events with σ ∼ 4 fb in the regions where the ATLAS diboson excess can be explained. This is consistent with the excess of the event for the 1.8-1.9 TeV bins at the CMS with a local significance of 2.2σ for W → W h → νbb search [41], although the detail of the event selection has not been reported. figure 10. We fix m Z = 2 TeV because they are not sensitive to the Z mass. The choices of other parameters and the color notations are the same as in figure 8. The width of W is shown 4 Detailed studies of this process are found in refs. [49,50].  We find that it is narrow and is less than 1 % of its mass, because the W couplings to the SM particles are suppressed by powers of m W /m W and the decay into the heavy scalars are suppressed kinematically. The observable related to the Higgs couplings κ Z defined in eq. (2.28) is shown in the top-right panels. The deviation from the SM prediction is small and the model is consistent with the current LHC data [51,52]. Since the International Linear Collider (ILC) can measure the κ Z at 1% level [53], some parameter points are within the reach of the proposed ILC. We show g W W Z /g SM W W Z and g W f f /g SM W f f at the lower panels in the figure. In the benchmark model used in ref. [1], g W W Z /g SM W W Z = m 2 W /m 2 W and g W f f /g SM W f f = 1. In our model, we find, due to the extra suppression by 1 − v 2 3 /v 2 and small r, g W W Z /g SM W W Z is numerically the same order as the benchmark model although its m W dependence is m W /m W (see eq. (2.27)). On the other hand, g W f f /g SM W f f is about 10% of the benchmark model.

MC simulation of W → W Z at √ s = 13 TeV
In this section, we perform a collider simulation of pp → W → W Z at √ s = 13 TeV. To study a discovery potential, we generate both QCD dijet background and pp → W → W Z signal events. We generate 1.73×10 6 QCD dijet events as the dominant background by using Pythia 8.205 [54] with the generation cut so that the parton-parton center of mass energy must exceed 1 TeV and p T > 400 GeV at √ s = 13 TeV. The tree level production cross section is 350 pb. Our sample therefore corresponds to roughly dtL =5 fb −1 . We use the Tune 4C for fragmentation and hadronization [55]. We also generate 10 4 signal events (pp → W (W + + W − ) → W Z ) for the mass between 1800 and 3200 GeV, and take Γ tot (W ) to be 25 GeV in the simulation. Note that the total width of W is less than about 30 GeV in the allowed region of this model (see figure 10). We also generate the signal and background events at √ s = 8 TeV and compare them with the ATLAS plots [1].
The simple detector simulator Delphes3 [56] is modified using FastJet3 [57,58] so that the mass drop and the grooming cuts used in the ATLAS study can be applied to the jets. We apply the cluster track matching algorithm of Delphes3 so that information of tracks inside jets can be used, otherwise the default ATLAS card is used.
Reconstruction of boosted objects using jet substructure was originally proposed in refs. [59,60]. See recent developments in refs. [61,62]. In our simulation, we closely follow the ATLAS analysis. The Cambridge-Aachen algorithm with R = 1.2 is used [63,64] for the jet clustering. Then, p T 1 > 600 GeV, p T 2 > 540 GeV, (p T 1 − p T 2 )/(p T 1 + p T 2 ) < 0.15, |y 1 − y 2 | < 1.2, |η 1 | < 2 and |η 2 | < 2 are required for the jets. In addition, we require E T miss < 350 GeV, and veto events with isolated electrons and muons with p T > 20 GeV. For each jet, the pair of the subjets which satisfies the subjet momentum balance criteria √ y > √ y f = 0.45 are selected, where Here, p T j1 and p T j2 are the transverse momenta of subjets j 1 and j 2 , ∆R (j1,j2) is the distance between the subjets j 1 and j 2 , and m 0 is the mass of the parent jet. Then the constituents  Figure 11. The distributions of the signal (m W = 1800 GeV and Γ tot (W ) = 25 GeV) and the dijet background in n ch and m j plane. All the cut except for n ch and m j are applied, and we required m jj > 1500 GeV. The ATLAS signal regions are marked by squares.
of the selected pair of subjets are filtered. Namely the constituents are clustered with the radius parameter R = 0.3, and up to the highest 3 jets are taken to calculate the groomed jet mass and momentum. We require |m V − m j | < 13 GeV, where m V is m Z or m W , and m j is an invariant mass of the groomed jet. Finally, the number of charged-particle tracks which are associated with the jet is required to be n ch < 30. In figure 11, we show the distribution in n ch and m j plane for the events with m jj > 1500 GeV where all the cuts except for n ch and m j are applied. The ATLAS signal regions are marked by squares. The figure shows very good separation between the signal and the background events.
To check our simulation, we compare the distributions of our √ s = 8 TeV samples to the ATLAS ones. The figure 12 shows the reconstruction efficiency of the signal for various input W mass. Our result at √ s = 13 TeV is also shown. We find that the signal selection efficiency agrees with the ATLAS one. Since the jets get narrower with increasing p T , the signal efficiency becomes lower for higher W mass.
On the other hand, we find that the number of the background events after all the selection cuts are twice as large as that of the ATLAS final result. The discrepancy in the total background events might arise from several sources. The number of charged tracks of QCD jets are controlled by soft physics and varies significantly depending on Monte Carlo (MC) generators and tunes of the parton shower parameters especially for gluon jets. The distributions are shown in the left panel of figure 13, under the cut of figure 1 of ref. [1], 1.62 TeV< m jj < 1.98 TeV and 60 GeV < m j < 110 GeV together with the selection cuts listed above except that for n ch , where m jj is the dijet invariant mass. The signal distribution which is represented in the blue line agrees quite well with the ATLAS ones. However, the average number of charged tracks of dijet event is significantly higher than the ATLAS ones. To see the MC dependence, we also show the distribution of the MC sample generated by Herwig++ with default tunes by the black line [65], which predicts slightly small n ch compared with Pythia8 Tune C4, but higher than ATLAS CT10 Tune. 5 5 In the study of quark-gluon separation [66], Herwig++ reproduces high gluon pT jet nature well.  Figure 13. The distributions of the number of charged tracks n ch (left) and the jet mass m j (right) for the signal (Blue) and background events (Black and Red). We take m W = 1800 GeV and Γ tot (W ) = 25 GeV. We simulate the background events using Pythia8 (Red) and Herwig++ (Black).
In the right panel of figure 13, we also show the m j distributions for the signal and background. The signal distribution agrees quite well with the ATLAS MC results again. For the background distribution, we find that the number of events above m j > 50 GeV is smaller compared with figure 1 of ref. [1]. This is because we do not generate underlying events together with the dijet events.
In the experimental side, ATLAS counts the well reconstructed track inside the jet. The efficiencies are not implemented in our simulation. Naively speaking, the efficiency is expected to be lower for the jets with high charged track multiplicity. For jet clustering, ATLAS selects calorimeter towers using Topocluster algorithm and does not use clustertrack matching which is only crudely implemented in our simulation. In any case, data driven approaches are adopted in ref. [1] to estimate the selection efficiency, and reproducing the result precisely is beyond the scope of this paper. It is probably worth doing more dedicated theoretical and experimental studies on jet nature relevant to the boosted W and Z bosons reconstruction in future.
Keeping crudeness of our simulation in mind, we estimate the signal efficiency at √ s = 13 TeV using our signal MC and detector simulation without rescaling, while the number of the background events obtained from our MC is rescaled by factor of 1/2 which is needed to reproduce the ATLAS results at √ s = 8 TeV. The scaling approach comes from an assumption that the change in the center of mass energy from 8 TeV to 13 TeV does not alter the structure inside jets of the same p T jets. Note that gluon jets are involved in the QCD background at √ s = 13 TeV but this effect is not taken into account. Under this assumption, the background is fitted to estimate the distribution, and the result is shown -23 -

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in the left panel of figure 14. We found 169 events/10 fb −1 for 1550 GeV < m jj < 3550 GeV after rescaling. We also show the dijet invariant mass distributions of the signal for various input W mass in the right panel of figure 14. Figure 15 shows expected the exclusion limit at 95 % C.L. for σ(pp → V → V V ) at √ s = 13 TeV. 6 We calculated ∆χ 2 of the signal plus background distributions to the background distribution. For the signal, we generate 10 4 signal events to obtain the result for each m W , and take the number of events in the bins i max − 3 ≤ i ≤ i max + 3, where i max is the highest signal event bin and the bin size is 50 GeV. Then, we rescale them by the cross section and luminosity. The selection efficiency of the signal event is shown in figure 12. For the background, we use our fit and rescaled it by the luminosity. Here y-axis means σ(pp → W → W Z) + σ(pp → Z → W W ) with the mass at m V . We find that the region where σ(pp → V → V V ) is larger than 20 fb may be excluded at dtL = 10 fb −1 and √ s = 13 TeV.

Future prospects: 13 TeV analyses
In this section, we analyze the future prospects of W and Z searches by applying result in section 4. We investigate the prospects for the √ s = 13 TeV collision in the case of m Z = 2 TeV.
In figure 16, we show contours of the several cross sections by orange dashed lines in r-v 3 planes: and σ(pp → Z )Br(Z → ). The color filled regions are excluded and constrained as we discussed in section 3.3. The color notations are the same as in figure 8. The expected exclusion limit at √ s = 13 TeV provided in figure 15 is shown by the red (dashed) line for dtL = 10 (100) fb −1 . The masses of W and Z are highly degenerate in the small r regime, and we assume that the signal efficiency for Z → W W event is equivalent to the one for W → W Z which is simulated in the previous section. Thus we can apply the prospect shown in figure 15 to σ(pp → W → W Z) + σ(pp → Z → W W ). The region where the ATLAS diboson excess can be explained is within the reach of the LHC at dtL = 10 fb −1 and √ s = 13 TeV. In addition, the cross sections of the other channels are also large, so that the spin-1 resonances could be probed in the channels as well. We plot the √ s = 13 TeV cross sections as a function of spin-1 resonance mass in figure 17. We take the universal mass m Z = m A = m H = m H , v 3 = 200 GeV, and κ F = 1.00 in figure 17. The color notation is the same as in figure 8. The mass of W is highly degenerate with the mass of Z in this figure. We find that the spin-1 resonances lighter than 2.1 (2.6) TeV can be excluded by the diboson search at the LHC with dtL = 10 (100) fb −1 . Figure 18 shows the same cross sections for another parameter set (v 3 = 150 GeV and κ F = 0.99). With the consideration of the bounded below condition, we find that the spin-1 resonances up to masses of 2.3 (2.6) TeV can be excluded with dtL = 10 (100) fb −1 .
6 Prospects for the electroweak gauge boson scattering which can also probe W are discussed in, for example, ref. [67].   Figure 17. The prospects of the discovery as a function of m Z and r for the LHC Run-2. We take v 3 = 200 GeV and κ F = 1.00. The color notation is the same as in figure 8. The (dashed) red is the future expected exclusion limit for dtL = 10 (100) fb −1 . Before closing this section, we briefly comment on the prospect for the large r region. Under the several theoretical bounds, this model has two allowed regions, namely small r and large r regions (see figure 5). The cross section of pp → Z → is enhanced by r 2 factor in large r regime (see eq. (B.2)). ATLAS study found m Z around 3 TeV with the cross section around 0.01 fb is accessible with the high luminosity LHC at √ s = 14 TeV with integrated luminosity 3000 fb −1 [68]. Thus we can expect that the cross section for the large r region in the model is accessible at the LHC Run-2 as we can see in figure 16. However, the r regime would be constrained from the electroweak precision parameters at one-loop level due to the custodial symmetry breaking.

Conclusion
Motivated by the ATLAS diboson excess around 2 TeV, we have investigated the phenomenology of the spin-1 resonances (W and Z ) in the partially composite standard model. In this model, W and Z couple to the SM fermions weakly through the mixing -26 -

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to the elementary gauge bosons. We find that the main decay modes of the resonances are V → V V and V → V h, and the width is narrow enough so that the ATLAS diboson excess can be explained. The couplings of the spin-1 resonances with the SM sector can be controlled by the ratio of the Higgs VEVs so that the ATLAS diboson excess can be explained.
We have explored not only the current bounds from the LHC and the precision measurements but also the theoretical constraints, i.e. perturbativity condition, bounded below condition, global minimum vacuum condition, and stability condition of the scalar potential. The parameter regions where the diboson excess at the ATLAS can be explained are still allowed after including those constraints.
In order to investigate future prospects of the spin-1 resonance search, we have performed the simulation at √ s = 13 TeV LHC, and estimated model independent exclusion limit for σ(pp → V → V V → JJ) shown in figure 15. Applying our simulation result, we find that the parameter regions consistent with the ATLAS diboson excess will be excluded at dtL = 10 fb −1 and √ s = 13 TeV.
Finally, we have investigated future prospects of diboson resonance search in our model. The spin-1 resonances up to a mass of 2.6 TeV can be probed at √ s = 13 TeV and dtL = 100 fb −1 .
A Viable range of the coupling ratio κ Z In this appendix, we show κ Z is very restricted to be one. We first replace the Higgs quartic couplings λ i by the other parameters eq. (2.34). Here we take m A = m H = m H for simplicity, and work in m A m h regime. For r 1 regime, we find where , (A.14) 1In eqs. (A.14) and (A.15), we make an expansion around κ F 1 and κ Z 1. Since both coefficients of (1 − κ F ) and (1 − κ Z ) are large enough in m A v regime, even the small deviations of κ F and κ Z from 1 change the Higgs quartic couplings λ i drastically.
Let us consider the case of κ F = 1. The largest Higgs quartic coupling is λ 23 (λ 31 ) in the r 1 (r 1) regime. We further demand λ 23 (λ 31 ) < (4π) 2 , namely Due to the running effects, these quartic couplings can be even larger at the high scale, so that the lower bound on κ Z is actually severer than above estimation.
In figure 19, we show that the viable range of the coupling ratio κ Z , where we take v 3 = 200 GeV, m Z = m A = m H = m H = 2 TeV, and κ F = 1.00. The regions where λ i (µ = 10 (100) TeV) > (4π) 2 are filled with green (light green), and there is no physical solution in the gray region. The maximal value of κ Z is achieved at a boundary of the gray region. The white area represents the allowed region of parameter space. Thus we find κ Z is severely constrained close to its maximized value for m A m h .