Nonlinear equation for coherent gluon emission

Motivated by the regime of QCD explored nowadays at LHC, where both the total energy of collision and momenta transfers are high, we investigate evolution equations of high energy factorization. In order to study such effects like parton saturation in final states one is inevitably led to investigate how to combine physics of the BK and CCFM evolution equations. In this paper we obtain a new exclusive form of the BK equation which suggests a possible form of the nonlinear extension of the CCFM equation.


Introduction
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is already operational and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the basic theory which is used to set up the initial conditions for the collisions at the LHC as well as to calculate hadronic observables. The application of perturbative QCD relies on the so called factorization theorems which allow to decompose a given process into a long distance part, called parton density, and a short distance part, called matrix element. Here we will focus on high energy factorization [1,2]. The evolution equations of high energy factorization sum up logarithms of energy accompanied by a strong coupling constant, i.e. terms proportional to α n s ln m s/s 0 , which applies when the total energy of a scattering process is much bigger than any other hard scale involved in a process.
Until now, in principle, the BFKL [3][4][5], BK [6][7][8] and CCFM [10][11][12] evolution equations were used on equal footing since the energy ranges did not allow to discriminate between these frameworks. However, there were indications already at HERA [13] for the need to account for nonlinear effects in gluon density. These observation are supported by recent results obtained in [14,15]. On top of this, the results from [16] point at the need to use the framework which incorporates hardness of the collision into BFKL like description. With the LHC one entered into a region of phase space where both the energy and momentum transfers are high. Therefore, one should provide a framework where both dense systems and hard processes can be studied. This might be achieved with a relatively simple nonlinear extension of the CCFM equation where one could take into account both the gluon production and recombination in the description of final states.
In this paper we obtain such an equation, see eq. (22). In order to arrive at this equation in the first crucial step we perform resummation of virtual and unresolved real contributions in the BK equation in a similar fashion as in [17]. As a result, we arrive at a new form of the BK see eq.(16) equation where both the linear and nonlinear parts are folded with a Regge form factor in which singularities of the linear part have been resumed. In this new form, the singularity in the unresolved real contribution of the s-channel real gluon is canceled by the virtual contribution. This is the minimal condition in order to eventually perform a Monte Carlo simulation based on the BK equation.
However, the BK equation concerns inclusive observables and does not allow for applications to the description of exclusive final states. Thus, we need the CCFM equation which is applicable to the description of the exclusive processes. We propose the nonlinear extension of the CCFM equation being motivated by the resumed form of the BK equation in which we replace the Regge form factor by the non-Sudakov form factor and introduce angular ordering (coherence). In addition we supplement the BK kernel with a large x part. For a different approach to the extension of the CCFM equation to allow for gluon saturation we refer the reader to [18][19][20]. For an approach in which inter-jet observables are resummedd by nonlinear evolution equation which has an analogous structure as in the BK equation we refer the reader to [21,22,24] and paper where the exact mapping was found [23].
The paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we introduce the BK evolution equation for the dipole amplitude in the momentum space and perform resummation of unresolved real emissions and virtual emissions arriving at a new representation of the BK equation. In section 3 we present the main result of this paper which is a new evolution equation using the resummed BK equation i.e. -the CCFM equation extended by a nonlinear term.

Exclusive form of the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation
At the leading order in ln 1/x the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation for the dipole amplitude in the momentum space is [8]: the linear term can be linked to the process of creation of gluons while the nonlinar term can be linked to fusion of gluons and therefore introduces gluon saturation effects. In order to find an exclusive form of the BK equation and define a link to the CCFM equation, in the first step we rewrite it as an integral equation following the KMS framework [9] Φ(x, where the lengths of transverse vectors lying in transversal plane to the collision axis are k ≡ |k|, l ≡ |l| (k is a vector sum of transversal momenta of emitted gluons during evolution), z = x/x ′ (see Fig. (1), α s = N c α s /π. The impact parameter dependence b of the dipole amplitude in momentum space is assumed to be trivial i.e. in a form of a theta function, θ(R − b) with R defining the target radius. Therefore we suppress it but it is understood implicitly. The unintegrated gluon density obeying the high energy factorization theorem [1] is obtained from [25][26][27]: where the angle independent Laplace operator is given by ∇ 2 k = 4 ∂ ∂k 2 k 2 ∂ ∂k 2 . In order to arrive at an exclusive form of the BK equation first we reintroduce the angular dependence to the linear part of eq. (2). We obtain Introducing the resolution scale µ and decomposing the linear part of eq. (4) into resolved real emission part with q 2 > µ 2 and the unresolved part with q 2 < µ 2 , we obtain A convenient way of performing resummation or exponentiation of virtual and unresolved real emissions is provided by the Mellin transform defined as while the inverse transform reads Performing the Mellin transform and using in the unresolved part |k + q| 2 ≈ k 2 since q 2 < µ 2 we obtain where in the nonlinear term we changed the variables x/z → y and we integrated over x what gives 1/ω in front of the nonlinear part. After combining the unresolved real and virtual parts we obtain This can be simplified to The inverse transform (7) can be computed as follows Calculating the residue, changing variables y → x/z and using ∆ R (z, k, µ) ≡ exp −α s ln 1 z ln k 2 µ 2 , which is called Regge form factor, we obtain: Finally we obtain Eq. (16) is a new form of the BK equation in which the resummed terms in a form of Regge form factor are the same for the linear and nonlinear part. This form will serve as a guiding equation to generalize the CCFM equation to include nonlinear effects which allow for recombination of partons. It will also be useful as a starting point in an attempt to solve nonlinear extension of the CCFM equation using iterative and Monte Carlo methods [29].
3 Towards nonlinear extension of the CCFM equation Our guiding principle is eq. (16) in which the linear part resembles the CCFM equation. The expectation is that at the low x limit the solution of nonlinear extension of the CCFM equation should approach the solution of the BK equation. Also they should give similar predictions for inclusive observables.

CCFM evolution equation
The CCFM equation sums up gluonic emissions with the condition of strong ordering in emission angle which allow for smooth interpolation between BFKL limit when z → 0 and the DGLAP limit (in gluonic channel) when z → 1. The BFKL or the BK are generally applied for the calculation of elastic scattering and total cross-sections while due to the dependence on the hard scale (which is expressed as the maximal angle) the CCFM equation allows for studies of exclusive observables. It is the following The gluon density obtained from the CCFM equation, usually denoted A(x, k 2 , p), on a level of linear equation has interpretation of the gluon density describing parton with longitudinal momentum fraction x, and transverse momentum (squared) k 2 which is probed by a hard system at scale p. The momentum vector associated with i-th emitted gluon is q i = α i p P + β i p e + q t i (18) from which the rapidity and angle of emitted gluon with respect to incoming parent proton (beam direction) can be obtained as The variable p in (17) is defined viaξ = p 2 /(x 2 s) where 1 2 ln(ξ) is a maximal rapidity which is determined by the kinematics of hard scattering, √ s is the total energy of the collision. For example, for the electron proton scattering s = (p P + p e ) 2 and k ′ = |k k k + (1 − z)q q q|. Using the variables ξ the angular ordering can be conveniently expressed as:ξ > ξ i > ξ i−1 > ... > ξ 1 > ξ 0 , where ξ 0 ≡ µ with µ being infrared cut off. The momentumq is the transverse rescaled momentum of the real gluon, and is related to q byq = q/(1 − z) andq ≡ |q|. The Sudakov form factor which screens the 1 − z singularity is given by