Topological gravity with non-compact matter

We couple twisted non-compact N = (2, 2) supersymmetric models to topological gravity in two dimensions. We propose expressions for the genus zero correlation functions based on a Kadomtsev-Petviashvili integrable hierarchy. Moreover, we prove recursion relations satisfied by the topological gravity amplitudes at all genera and compute characteristic critical exponents. We discuss the extent to which moving beyond the N = 2 central charge barrier opens a window on two-dimensional gravity with central charge larger than one.


Introduction
Quantum gravity is hard to formulate, let alone integrate in four dimensions. In lower dimensions, gravity is non-dynamical and therefore easier to study. In particular, the matrix model formulation of two-dimensional gravity was solved three decades ago [1][2][3], and this led to the solution of two-dimensional gravity when coupled to small amounts of matter in the Liouville continuum [4][5][6] as well as in the topological formulation [7,8]. See e.g. [9,10] for reviews.
In this paper we couple a new form of matter to topological gravity. We consider matter topological quantum field theories which arise from N = 2 noncompact superconformal field theories with central charge c > 3 after deformation by supersymmetry preserving relevant operators and twisting [11]. The chiral ring structure constants, and therefore all correlators of these matter topological quantum field theories were solved for in [11]. In this paper, we first lay bare the integrable structure underlying JHEP01(2019)158 the topological quantum field theory. We identify the flows in the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili integrable hierarchy that code the solution of the non-compact matter theory.
We then exploit the identification of the integrable hierarchy to propose a generating function for correlation functions after coupling the non-compact topological quantum field theory to gravity, at genus zero. Using a conformal field theory approach, we furthermore compute the recursion relations satisfied by the topological string amplitudes at all genera, and identify a (half) Virasoro algebra that governs the perturbative correlation functions. We also comment on the presence of a larger symmetry algebra.
It is known that topological gravity coupled to twisted topological matter reproduces the critical exponents of the minimal unitary models with central charge c < 1 coupled to ordinary two-dimensional gravity [12]. The appropriate supersymmetric quantum field theories to twist are the minimal N = 2 superconformal field theories at central charge c = 3−6/k c where k c is a positive integer [13][14][15][16]. In the N = 2 topological formulation, the central charge barrier is therefore located at c = 3. From the perspective of two-dimensional gravity coupled to ordinary matter, the central charge barrier (c = 1) is hard to surmount. This provides one motivation for our study of the topological phase of gravity based on an N = 2 superconformal field theory with central charge c > 3. We will discuss to what extent moving beyond the topological central charge barrier gives insight into matter with central charge c > 1 coupled to ordinary two-dimensional gravity.
The plan of our paper includes the identification of the integrable hierarchy for the topological matter model in section 2. In section 3 we propose genus zero correlation functions after coupling the model to topological gravity. Section 4 sets up the recursion relation analysis and identifies a symmetry algebra that will govern the amplitudes at all genera. We determine scaling behaviors in section 5, using both the approaches of sections 3 and 4, and evaluate the result in the broader context of surmounting the central charge barrier in two-dimensional gravity. We conclude in section 6 with a summary and intriguing open problems.

The integrable hierarchy
In this section, we discuss the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili integrable hierarchy. The hierarchy is realized in a polynomial ring quotiented by the ideal generated by the derivative of a superpotential [17][18][19]. To incorporate both the compact and the non-compact N = 2 superconformal models, we follow the detailed treatment of rational potentials in [20]. We briefly review the integrable hierarchy, and then determine the subset of flows that correspond to the solution of the non-compact topological quantum field theory in [11]. Our review will be more encompassing since we intend to exploit the integrable hierarchy to couple the non-compact model to topological gravity in section 3.

The Kadomtsev-Petviashvili integrable hierarchy
Our first aim is to embed the solution to the twisted non-compact N = (2, 2) supersymmetric model obtained in [11] in an integrable hierarchy. As in the compact case [16][17][18][19], the relevant integrable hierarchy is the dispersionless KP hierarchy [21,22] reduced by the JHEP01(2019)158 derivative of the superpotential W . While the superpotential of the compact models is polynomial, the superpotential of the non-compact N = (2, 2) models can be argued to consist of inverse powers of a chiral superfield [11,23,24]. If we wish to treat both cases as special cases of a generic model, we are lead to consider rational superpotentials. This generic case was pedagogically exposed in [20] to which we must refer for many detailed derivations. Our task here will be to identify the subset of flows of interest in our physical models, and to treat the peculiarities of the non-compact models with due care. We will reap the reward in section 3.
A lightning review of [20] starts with the definition of the class of rational superpotentials W under study: (2.1) The superpotential W has singularities at X = ∞ and X = s. It has two positive integer parameters k c and k, and k + k c real coefficients labeled v a and s. We define the Laurent power series L c and L through the equalities where L c is a formal power series expanded at large X and L a formal power series expanded near X = s. We also define flow generators Q i with integer index i ∈ Z in terms of the roots L c and L of the superpotential W [20]: where the indices on the square bracket indicate which terms in the formal power series to retain. 1 We introduce an infinite number of coupling constants t i∈Z and demand that the superpotential satisfy the flow equations These equations define the dispersionless Kadomtsev-Petviashvili hierarchy reduced by the derivative of the superpotential W . The equations are mutually compatible because the connection Q has zero curvature. The flows along times t i commute and the system is integrable [20]. The infinite set of operators that we wish to study are given by the derivatives of the generators Q i : The operators φ i are elements of the polynomial ring C[X, (X − s) −1 ]. If we divide the ring by the ideal generated by the derivative of the superpotential

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then the quotient ring has a basis of operators φ α where α takes values in the set ∆ = {−k, −k + 1, . . . , k c − 1}. We refer to the operators in this basis as primaries. Crucially, it is also possible to reformulate the KP hierarchy democratically with respect to any other time t j and such that the generators Q i satisfy The original formulation (2.4) corresponds to the choice j = 0. If one instead singles out t j = t α 0 where α 0 ∈ ∆, then a new set of primary fields is given byφ α = φ α /φ α 0 modulo W . The identity element becomesφ α 0 . The solutions of the hierarchy remain the same. It is useful to introduce the universal coordinates u i∈Z by inverting the formal series L and L c , and expand the formal variable X in terms of L c , at large L c , or in terms of L at large L: The universal coordinates u i are then residues of the roots of the superpotential: The derivative of the superpotential with respect to the primary universal coordinates u α gives the primary fields φ β , multiplied by a metric η αβ : where the metric η αβ equals η αβ = δ α+β,kc−2 for α, β ≥ −1 and zero otherwise. Moreover, the coefficients v a of the superpotential W (2.1) can be computed in terms of the universal coordinates u α as [20] v −1≤−a≤−k =

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One can also introduce Gelfand-Dickey potentials G ij which satisfy 12) and they can be explicitly computed in terms of the roots L and L c and the fields φ i [20] These potentials are symmetric in their indices. While we have u i = G i0 , we can also define generalized universal coordinatesũ i = G iα 0 which are related to the generalized primary fieldsφ α in the same manner as the universal coordinates are related to the primaries: An important result is that in the small phase spanned by the primaries with index in ∆, the KP hierarchy has a solution for each α 0 ∈ ∆ given by [20] u α = η αβ t β .
For the small phase space solution (2.15), the (generalized) two-point function G αβ can be integrated twice with respect to the universal coordinates u α to a generating function F m .
One can define (generalized) N -point functions as N -fold derivatives of the generating function F m of primary (matter) correlation functions and obtain residue formulas for these N -point functions. We again refer the reader to [20] for more and more explicit formulas. We have gathered ample data to excavate the non-compact topological quantum field theory correlators from these formulas.

The non-compact topological theory
In this subsection, we wish to show how to reduce the KP integrable hierarchy reviewed in subsection 2.1 to the solution of the non-compact topological quantum field theory of [11]. The topological theory is the twisted N = 2 Liouville theory at central charge c = 3 + 6/k and with asymptotic radius √ kα , deformed by relevant operators. The number of strictly normalizable ground states in the Ramond-Ramond sector of the theory equals k − 1, and this is the dimension of the chiral ring. At the critical point (i.e. the topological conformal field theory), the ring is defined by the polynomials in X −2 C[X −1 ], where we consider the element X −k−1 to be trivial. The space of these topological quantum field theories is spanned by the deformations of the quotient ring. It can succinctly be JHEP01(2019)158 summarized in terms of coupling constants c αβγ (t α ) which are functions of parameters t α . The structure constants determine the correlation functions of the topological quantum field theory on all Riemann surfaces. The explicit solution of the theory was obtained in [11] with combinatorial means. Here, we embed the solution in the KP integrable hierarchy.
Before we do so we remind the reader of the fact that it is straightforward to embed the twisted compact N = 2 model into the KP integrable hierarchy [16]. The deformed minimal superconformal model at central charge c = 3−6/k c is solved by the KP integrable hierarchy we reviewed, where we identify k c in the integrable hierarchy with the level k c of the superconformal model and where we restrict to k = 0. The small phase space solution (2.15) for α 0 = 0 then entirely agrees with the solution of the topological quantum field theory [16] -it is easy to verify this by matching explicit formulas. The identification of the non-compact model requires a little extra work.
The superpotential we wish to use is [11] In order to obtain this superpotential form the generic case (2.1), we propose to take k c = 1, since this is the minimal value allowed in the approach of [20]. The first remark is that we can then trade the pole s for a constant term s by shifting the formal variable X. We also have to deal with the fact that the leading term in the superpotential (2.1) has coefficient one for the leading operator X (at k c = 1). Thus, we must further reduce. In order to do so, we rescale and then take → 0. This leaves us with a model where the leading term is a constant. The last step in the reduction is that we set u 0 = 0 = u −1 in order to eliminate both the constant and the X −1 term, and match the desired superpotential (2.17). At the same time, we restrict the spectrum of the model to the set of primaries ∆ strict = {−2, −3, . . . , −k} ⊂ ∆. It is then straightforward to check that the definition of the root L (2.2), the operators φ α (2.9), and the universal coordinates u α (2.8) when restricted to the small phase space solution (2.15) match those of the solution provided in [11]. Finally, for future purposes, we note the following properties. Firstly, the operators with labels α ≥ −1 have a metric η αβ (see (2.10)) defined in terms of the compact level k c . These include the identity operator φ 0 and the operator φ −1 . These two operators become conjugate at k c = 1. The primary operators with labels α ≤ −2 on the other hand have a metric η αβ set by the non-compact level k. The latter fact confirms the identification of the topological metric η αβ argued for on different grounds in [11]. Moreover, the primary operators in the k c = 1 model before taking the limit are (2. 19) These equations show that the latter operators do not mix with the former.

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In this manner, we have embedded the combinatorial solution of [11] into the dispersionless KP integrable hierarchy of [20]. Thus, the model of [11] is integrable. In appendix A.1 we provide an example solution at k = 3, and give more details on how the limiting procedure described above takes us from the KP hierarchy [20] into the solution presented in [11].

Topological gravity with non-compact matter
In section 2 we reviewed the dispersionless KP hierarchy and explained how the matter non-compact topological quantum field theory fits into the hierarchy. In this manner, we have gained considerable control over the integrable extensions of the topological quantum field theory. Indeed, the KP hierarchy allows for a larger set of times and operators, all compatible with integrability. There are two extensions in particular that are of interest to us. The extension by the identity operator and the time t 0 , as well as the extension by times coupling to the gravitational descendants of the matter primary operators. In this section, we concentrate on the latter, under the assumption that the non-compact topological quantum field theory coupled to topological gravity in two dimensions is still governed by the KP integrable hierarchy. In this manner, we obtain the correlation functions of primaries and gravitational descendants on genus zero Riemann surfaces (i.e. at topological string tree level).
The extension proceeds as follows. The infinite set of fields φ i≤−2 are related by the recursion relation for N ≥ 0 and α ≤ −2. 2 The gravitational descendants are related to these infinite towers built on primaries. For convenience, we define the gravitational descendants to have a different normalization. Using the constants d N,α we define the gravitational descendants σ N (φ α ) of the matter primaries φ α≤−2 as We thus find the recursion relation among gravitational descendants where we remind the reader that equations hold modulo the derivative W of the superpotential. The gravitational times are defined with a related change in normalization All these definitions can be extended to all matter primaries in the spectrum ∆ [20]. 2 There are analogous formulas for α ≥ −1 [20].

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The relation to topological gravity becomes manifest by observing that all the gravitational descendants σ N (φ α ) satisfy the topological recursion relation [8,13] where the sum is over a complete set if primaries with labels in ∆. The proof of the topological recursion (3.6) passes through the decomposition of the descendants into primaries [20] where the sum is over the set of primaries ∆. Importantly, for the model with k c = 1, we note that the descendants of the primaries in the range α ≤ −2 can be expressed in terms of the primaries in the range α ≤ −2. This follows from the separation of operators observed in equations (2.19) that persists for the gravitational descendants in the limit theory described in section 2. Indeed, the operators φ i≤−2 only contain terms X j with j ≤ −2, as does the derivative of the superpotential in the limit theory. Thus, when we restrict the primaries to the range ∆ strict = {−2, −3, . . . , −k} ⊂ ∆, the topological recursion and the descendant decomposition remain valid. This is crucial in order for the non-compact theory with spectrum ∆ strict to be consistent.
The main property that allows to solve for all correlation functions of the non-compact model to gravity, is the fact that the generalized two-point functions G ij (2.13): as a function of the universal coordinates u remain invariant after coupling to gravity. Thus, the equations (3.8) are known as constitutive equations [13]. Only the relation between the universal coordinates and the primary couplings t 0,α undergoes a renormalization. Indeed, the explicit solution of the full KP hierarchy including the infinite set of times t N,α is given in terms of universal coordinates dependent on all these times, as follows [20] u α (t j∈Z ) =û α (t β ) (3.9) where theû are determined by the solution on the small phase spacê and the renormalized primary timest β arê Thus, the full solution is determined by the small phase space solution and the (generalized) two-point functions of descendants with primaries. This is entirely consistent with the fact that the gravitational descendants can be decomposed into matter primaries, such that

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coupling the descendants renormalizes the primary times also from the viewpoint of a renormalized action (rewritten in terms of primaries only). We note that descendants in the restricted spectrum only renormalize times in the restricted spectrum. The explicit generator F 0 of genus zero correlation functions is determined by integrating the two-point function G ij (u) twice with respect to times, and by renormalization. The explicit formula [20] is obtained from topological recursion which implies homogeneity in the shifted time variablest βt These times satisfy the equatioñ and the constants C N,β obeyt Finally, we propose that the renormalized solution to the KP hierarchy (3.11) generates the genus zero correlation functions for topological gravity coupled to topologically twisted and deformed non-compact N = 2 superconformal field theories with central charge c = 3 + 6 k > 3 after applying the limiting procedure described in section 2 to the theory. The limiting procedure is consistent, also after coupling to gravity.
To illustrate the proposal, we provide explicit formulas for the generating function F 0 for a non-compact model at level k = 3 with a non-zero gravitational coupling in appendix A.2.

The recursion relations
Topological gravity amplitudes satisfy Virasoro or W-algebra constraints that determine amplitudes recursively, up to initialization [8,13,[25][26][27]. In this section, we closely follow the conformal field theory derivation of these constraints pioneered in [25] and applied to twisted N = 2 minimal models in [14,15]. We generalize the calculation to other matter spectra, which include the non-compact models of interest in this paper. 4

The derivation of the recursion relations
We follow [15,25] closely and must refer to these references for background and many of the underlying details. In particular, the conformal field theory approach to topological gravity is neatly exhibited in [25], and the further coupling to matter is detailed in [15]. Our task is to carefully identify the central charge dependence of the calculations in these papers, as well as a conceptual change related to the matter spectrum. We recall that the gravitational descendants are often represented by the conformal field theory vertex operators 5 where O m α is a matter primary before coupling to gravity, P is the puncture operator and γ 0 is the commuting ghost superpartner of the fermionic ghost associated to local Lorentz transformations [8,25]. The selection rule on non-zero amplitudes depends on the matter central charge c as well as the matter R-charges q α . The ghost number conservation rule generically reads [15,25] where we assumed that we are dealing with two-form vertex operators to be integrated over the world sheet of genus g enumerated by the index i. For each insertion i, we have a descendant of order n i and R-charge q α i . The computational technique of [25] consists in distributing curvature singularities on all the vertex operators in the amplitude evenly, and in such a way that they add up to the Euler number 2g − 2, thus reducing the calculation of all gravitational scattering amplitudes to contact interactions. In order to implement this, we can add a curvature charge c n,α to each vertex operator σ n,α equal to and we denote the new vertex operators by σ n,α . Then, by the selection rule (4.2), the curvature contributions add up to 2g − 2, as required.
We expect a Virasoro algebra to be associated to the action of the puncture operator and its descendants on the correlation functions [15,25]. We must stress that the identity operator is not necessarily part of the spectrum of the theory, and that therefore, the puncture operator and its descendants may also be absent from the spectrum. In this case, we will view these operators as acting on the collection of all physical amplitudes. This is an important conceptual shift. We will use these operators as a ladder to be climbed, then to be discarded.
Still, we expect these generalized amplitudes are governed by contact terms only [25]. The action of the puncture descendants σ m,0 = σ m gives rise to a contact term with all other operator insertions, with coefficient c n,α + 1, determined by the curvature attached

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to the operator. There are however further contributions when the Riemann surface degenerates into a surface of one genus less (by collapsing a handle) or by splitting into two separate surfaces whose genera add up to the genus of the original surface [8]. After careful examination of the degeneration limits (e.g. in a conformal field theory language), the total recursion relation for a genus g amplitude is computed to be of the form [15,25] where S is the set of insertions, ∆ m captures the matter spectrum, η αβ is a normalized matter metric, and b α and b α are constants that we wish to determine. We can then compute the correlation functions σ 2 P 1 as well as σ 2 P O α 1 O α 2 O α 3 0 using the recursion relation, or alternatively, the puncture equation [8]. This fixes the constants b α and b α in terms of the normalization A α of the gravitationally dressed primary operators O α , where P O α O β 0 = A α η αβ , and in terms of the genus one one-point function σ 1 1 [15,25]. The detailed calculations involve the steps as well as where we used that 3 i=1 (c 1,α i + 1) = 1 from ghost number conservation. We applied either the puncture equation (in the first line) or the recursion formula for σ 2 first. We also assumed that the metric η αβ is either zero or one, and couples a given primary to another (or the same) unique primary. We use that for q α + q β = c/3, we have b α = b β

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and A α = A β . After plugging in the known curvature constants (4.3), we then find from the five-point function that and from the two-point function we conclude Furthermore, consistency requires that the constants b α and b α are proportional [15,25] b and we obtain that the proportionality factor a equals a = 12 9 − c σ 1 1 (4.10) Thus, the matter central charge c, the spectrum ∆ m , the R-charges q α , and the toroidal one-point function determine the constants b α , b α in the recursion relation (4.4). Both constants are proportional to the inverse metric normalization constant A −1 α . This makes it clear that the recursion relations are normalization independent. Note also that the metric A α η αβ is a genus zero amplitude and therefore depends on the string coupling constant. Finally, it is natural to suppose that the degeneration limits of pinching either a topologically trivial or non-trivial cycle are locally equivalent processes, and this leads one to expect that a = 1, independently of the theory at hand. One can check that for instance for pure gravity, this is implied by the known result σ 1 1 = 1/24. We will suppose a = 1 to be true from now on.
Let us compute the implications of these results more explicitly still in two cases. Firstly, for the N = 2 minimal model at central charge c = 3 − 6/k c , we perform the following summation: This is consistent with the formulas a = 1 and σ 1 1 = (k c − 1)/24 [15]. 6 For the noncompact N = 2 theory with central charge c = 3+6/k, the charge spectrum is the same [11] and the sum (4.11) is therefore the same as well (with the replacement k c → k). Assuming a = 1 as we do, we find that the toroidal one-point function in the non-compact theory equals σ 1 1 = (k + 1)/24.

The differential equations
In this subsection, we wish to recast the recursion relations (4.4) in terms of differential equations satisfied by a generator of correlation functions. We define the generator of all genus connected correlation functions F including the coupling to the identity and its descendants. If we wish to restrict the matter spectrum, we view the extra operators as operators acting on the physical correlators. We define [12] F = log Z = exp(t n,α σ n,α ) = g≥0 λ 2g−2 exp t n,α σ n,α g = g≥0 λ 2g−2 F g , (4.12) where we include the operators α = 0 in the sum. The parameter λ corresponds to a genus counting parameter or string coupling constant, and t n,α are primary and gravitational descendants couplings. All genus correlation functions can be obtained from the derivatives of the generator F When we sum the recursion relation (4.4) over genera weighted by λ 2 we find (4.14) The expansion of Z = e F both in the string coupling constant and in the perturbation parameters t n,α is strongly constrained by the recursion relation. The universality of the degeneration of Riemann surfaces (or the property that a = 1 -see above) is tied to the fact that we can summarize the terms arising from degenerating surfaces in terms of a differential operator acting on the function Z. The differential constraint on the generator Z = e F for m ≥ 2 is equal to We still have to exhibit the exceptional constraints at m = 0 or m = 1, i.e. the puncture and dilaton equations. For m = 1 there is an extra contribution from the one-point function on the torus. Therefore, one has for m = 1 (c n,α + 1)t n,α ∂ tn,α Z + σ 1 1 Z . (4.16)

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For the puncture equation m = 0, we obtain exceptional contributions when we recursively arrive at the three-point functions of primaries. The pertinent terms in ∂ t 0 Z are 1 2 α,β∈∆m t 0,α t 0,β P O α O β , and thus, one finds To rewrite the constraints on the partition function in terms of a Virasoro algebra, we prepare the ground in several steps. Firstly, we shift the time t 1,0 → t 1,0 + 1. Secondly, we relabel m → m − 1 on the constraint equations. Thirdly, we set the times t n,0 = 0, after the shift. The equations then take the form of Virasoro constraints where the Virasoro generators are which implies that the constraints are mutually compatible. The consistency relation (4.8) between the normalization A α , the parameters b α and the one-point function σ 1 1 is crucial in closing the (half) Virasoro algebra. Finally, let us stress that the shift in t 1,0 implies that the Virasoro constraints are on the partition function F acted upon by the exponential exp( σ 1,0 ). Only when the operator σ 1,0 is in the spectrum can the shift be absorbed in the physical couplings of the theory.

On further constraints
Let us briefly comment on the extension of the Virasoro algebra constraints. For the compact model the Virasoro generators can be read as the energy momentum tensor modes for k c − 1 twisted bosons [15]. For the non-compact model, this is also the case. They correspond to the energy momentum tensor of k − 1 twisted bosons. The twist of the bosons is by the shifted R-charges 1/2 − c/6 + q α which again take values in the set {1/k, 2/k, . . . , (k − 1)/k}. The zero-point energy of the twisted bosons agrees with the zero point energy in the L 0 operator in (4.19). The energy-momentum tensor is the energymomentum tensor of a level one A k−1 Kac-Moody algebra twisted by the Coxeter element of the Weyl group.

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As in the compact model, one may suspect that the Virasoro algebra can be supplemented with higher spin currents to form a W-algebra. In order to analyze this conjecture in the conformal field theory framework, one needs a better grip on the contact terms among the operators σ n,α . Because of the special role of the unit operator in the non-compact models, this requires more work. Alternatively, one can characterize the W-algebra from the perspective of the Hamiltonian structure of the integrable hierarchy. In any case, it would be interesting to further explore and exploit these constraints.

The critical behaviour
In this section, we exhibit the critical behavior of solutions to non-compact topological matter coupled to topological gravity. We first determine the susceptibility and critical exponents by exploiting the dilaton and charge conservation constraints on the correlators. Secondly, we confirm the result from the integrable hierarchy perspective. Finally, we explore whether this new phase is related to proposals for critical exponents for c > 1 matter systems coupled to ordinary two-dimensional gravity.

The scaling from the differential equations
In this subsection, we exploit the results of section 4 to find the scaling behaviour of solutions. In particular, we use the ghost number conservation equation (4.2) as well as the dilaton constraint L 0 Z = 0. The conservation law leads to the equation while the dilaton equation L 0 Z = 0 can be rewritten where we used the conservation equation (5.1).
To set the scale of the theory, we can turn on a coupling t 0,0 to the puncture operator P = σ 0,0 . The parameter accompanying the puncture is intuitively argued to be related to the area because the puncture operator removes an area factor from the invariance group of the surface [8]. Alternatively, to set the scale of the theory we can turn on the coupling to any other operator in the spectrum, and then determine the scaling behavior in terms of that coupling when turning on a second operator. The intuitive argument that another puncture coupling is also related to the area of the surface goes through. However, we can imagine the change to the dynamically gravitating surface to be more drastic when the puncture is accompanied by non-trivial matter. The latter remark will be crucial when the puncture operator is not part of the spectrum (because the identity operator is absent from the matter theory).
After these preliminary remarks, we look for scaling solutions. We turn on a non-zero coupling t 0,α 0 = x to a primary σ 0,α 0 that plays the role of a generalized puncture operator, as argued above. We also turn on a second coupling t n 0 ,β 0 = t to any other operator σ n 0 ,β 0 JHEP01(2019)158 that will play the role of a generalized dilaton operator. Finally, we allow for a non-zero coupling t 0,α = t α to a primary field σ 0,α . Using the equations (5.1) and (5.2), restricted to only these non-zero couplings, we find for g = 1: Firstly, after setting t α = 0, and eliminating the coupling t, we conclude that the scaling of the free energy F g at genus g is F g ∝ x 2−γs where the string susceptibility γ s at genus g is At genus zero, this reduces to the susceptibility Secondly, we conclude from the scaling equations (after eliminating t at non-zero t α ) that the operators σ 0,α have anomalous dimension These are the critical exponents as a function of the R-charges, generalized puncture operator α 0 and dilaton operator (n 0 , q β 0 ).

The scaling from the integrable hierarchy
In this subsection, we confirm the scaling behaviour computed in subsection 5.1 at genus zero by using the description of correlators in terms of the integrable model of sections 2 and 3. As before, we turn on the reference primary time t 0,α 0 and consider a solution with non-zerot N,β = −δ N,N 0 δ β,β 0 (where N 0 ≥ 1). Let us first sketch the re-derivation of the critical behaviour in the case where the integrable model corresponds to a twisted, deformed compact N = 2 superconformal field theory (where k = 0). We first determine the scaling dimension [L c ] of the root L c when α 0 , β 0 ≥ 0: which implies From this, we derive the dimension of the free energy

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and the susceptibility 7 This matches the result (5.5) we obtained from the recursion relation and charge conservation. The dimension of operators can similarly be checked. When α 0 = 0 in the compact model, we can rewrite the susceptibility as which matches the analysis of [12]. In particular, note that for N 0 + q β 0 = 2 we obtain the susceptibility γ s = −1/k c . For the non-compact model, and assuming α 0 , β 0 ≤ −2, a similar derivation gives the susceptibility: which again agrees with the universal result (5.5). Finally, for α 0 = 0, k c = 1 and β 0 ≤ −2, we find from the integrable hierarchy: and we must recall that we took N 0 ≥ 1.

A peculiar phase of gravity
In this subsection, we evaluate to what extent the coupling of non-compact matter to topological gravity leads to a new phase of gravity in two dimensions. Firstly, we succinctly review what is known, and then compare to the properties of our model, and how to interpret them.

Little matter
Two-dimensional quantum gravity coupled to matter was first solved using random matrix theory. The critical behavior was reproduced in the continuum approach to quantum gravity based on Liouville theory. Moreover, a manifestly topological formulation of twodimensional gravity was shown to also code the same critical exponents. There is however a restriction on the theories that were described in these three largely equivalent frameworks. The matter theories to which gravity is coupled cannot be too rich: they have central charge smaller or equal to one. One way to understand the barrier is in the continuum formulation, as follows. The total central charge of the two-dimensional theory of gravity coupled to matter must equal zero, and moreover is equal to c tot = 0 = c φ + c gh + c = 1 + 6Q 2 − 26 + c (5.14)

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where the ghost central charge c gh in two-dimensional gravity is c gh = −26, the Liouville central charge c φ equals c φ = 1 + 6Q 2 and the matter central charge c is initially arbitrary. However, the Liouville central charge Q = b + b −1 is tied to the coefficient b in the Liouville potential e bφ . If the coefficient b is real, than we have that c φ ≥ 25 and therefore that c ≤ 1, hence leading to a restriction on the amount of matter we can couple to two-dimensional gravity. This is the central charge barrier. 8 These phases of gravity are characterized by critical exponents. These exponents measure the scaling of correlation functions of operators as a function of area. These are the gravitationally dressed dimensions of the operators. The susceptibility is a most basic critical exponent, measuring the scaling of the free energy with area. All these critical exponents can be obtained in the three approaches to two-dimensional quantum gravity. As an example we consider two-dimensional gravity coupled to a minimal model at central charge where m is a positive integer. The susceptibility γ s of this theory at genus zero is equal to For instance, pure gravity corresponds to susceptibility γ s = −1/2. Clearly, there is a series of models of little matter coupled to gravity with susceptibilities that approach zero from below as −1/m, for m going to plus infinity.

Positive susceptibility with little matter
It is also interesting to us to mention a result that goes beyond this canon of twodimensional gravity. In particular, we briefly recall theories of two-dimensional quantum gravity which give rise to positive susceptibility. Multi-trace deformations were added to matrix models and shown to give rise to positive susceptibilities [29][30][31]. These can also be understood as minimal models with a dual gravitational dressing [32] which in the end gives rise to a new susceptibilityγ For unitary minimal models for example, the new susceptibility becomes which is positive, maximally 1/3, and which tends to zero from above as the integer m tends towards infinity. These models can be interpreted as lending a critical weight to wormholes, destroying the classical world sheet. They are still based on matter theories with central charge c ≤ 1. These models are a Legendre transform [33] of the original models. These phenomena foreshadowed features of holography in anti-de Sitter space [34,35].

Positive susceptibility with more matter
There are speculations on how to couple larger amounts of matter in two dimensions to gravity consistently, and to understand the resulting phase of quantum gravity. Over the years, attempts have been made to calculate the consequences, and various scenarios have been envisaged. Lattice models of gravity coupled to matter systems with central charge c > 1 (like multiple free bosons or Ising spins) have been studied in numerical and analytic detail, with resulting predictions of a susceptibility γ s = 1/2 at large matter central charge -the behavior of branched polymers -, and an intermediate susceptibility γ s = 1/3 at small central charge [36][37][38]. Analytic renormalization group flow methods have attempted to explain these potentially universal dynamics [39]. Thus, there are indications that c > 1 gives rise to positive susceptibilities.

A fata morgana
Our models break the topological central charge barrier c = 3. We can ask whether they give rise to positive susceptibilities. If we naively follow the universal conformal field theory formula (5.5), and put α 0 = 0 = β 0 , c = 3 + 6/k and N 0 = 2, then we will find a positive susceptibility where k is a positive integer. It is tempting to read this as a continuum description of the tentative results for matter systems with c > 1 coupled to ordinary gravity reviewed above. However, this is too glib. The formula (5.5) is derived in a conformal field theory context, and in the non-compact conformal field theory at central charge c = 3 + 6/k the identity operator is non-normalizable. Therefore, a priori, the values α 0 = 0 = β 0 are disallowed and we cannot draw the positive susceptibility conclusion (5.19). It is interesting to attempt to circumvent this conclusion. We can make a fair attempt by reverting to the integrable hierarchy framework, and studying a model at k c = 1 and level k generic. As we have seen, in this model, we have added a unit operator (as well as the operator φ −1 ), and we can indeed pick α 0 = 0 = β 0 . However, the calculation of the susceptibility will proceed along different lines in the integrable model with extended spectrum, and gives a negative susceptibility (recorded in equation (5.10)), while allowing β 0 ≤ −2 still gives rise to a negative susceptibility (see equation (5.13)). Thus, we conclude that adding the identity operator to the non-compact conformal field theory in a manner consistent with integrability is incompatible with the law (5.19).
The fata morgana (5.19) is conceptually interesting. Non-compact matter punctures Riemann surfaces in a manner that is drastically different from compact matter, in the sense that non-compact matter punctures can apparently not be blindly analytically continued to compact matter punctures like the identity operator. Rather, after coupling to gravity, the coupled system mimics the behaviour of compact gravity e.g. in the fact that the generalized susceptibility (depending on α 0 ≤ −2) is negative. The addition of more matter simultaneously changes the gravitational backreaction and the combined system reverts to a familiar critical behaviour.

JHEP01(2019)158 6 Conclusions
We embedded the non-compact topological quantum field theory of [11] in the dispersionless Kadomtsev-Petviashvili integrable hierarchy. After coupling to gravity, the genus zero correlation functions are still governed by the hierarchy, and we described how to compute all tree level amplitudes. Moreover, we generalized the Virasoro constraints to apply to the topological string with non-compact matter, and thus laid bare a structure that controls the perturbation theory at all genera. The scaling solutions of this phase of topological gravity were determined from these two perspectives, and we illustrated the peculiar nature of the phase of non-compact matter coupled to gravity.
Clearly, more work is needed on various fronts. Technically, one would like to exploit the dispersionful KP hierarchy and its tau-function to compute correlation functions at higher genera. Conceptually, it would be interesting to clarify further to what extent going beyond the topological central charge barrier relates to ordinary gravity coupled to matter with central charge larger than one. The latter theory is expected to develop tachyons, or an instability towards the creation of macroscopic holes, while our topological gravity theory coupled to non-compact matter is manifestly well-defined. What is the relation between these phases of two-dimensional gravity? Furthermore, there is a challenge posed to the matrix model formulation of two-dimensional gravity to reproduce the amplitudes of non-compact topological gravity. In this context, we can mention a tentative connection between analytically continued matrix models and the cigar coset conformal field theory [40,41].
We conclude that topological gravity coupled to non-compact matter opens up intriguing avenues for future research.

JHEP01(2019)158
in order to be as close to our target theory as possible and therefore choose k c = 1. In this case, we can either parameterize u 0 as the pole, or as the constant term in the potential. Our goal is to eliminate the linear, constant and X −1 term in the superpotential in order to find the non-compact superpotential of [11] which starts with a X −2 term. We have described how to take this limit on the superpotential in subsection 2.2. We will now follow how this limit operates on a larger set of formulas from [20] and how the limit indeed allows us to recuperate the solution of [11], all the way to the generating function. We work with the example of k = 3.
The detailed formulas for k c = 1 and k = 3, following [20] start from the superpotential (A.1) We shift the pole s to zero The universal coordinates and the coefficients in the potential are related by We find the superpotential and operators After some elementary calculations, e.g. through the calculation of the second derivatives G αβ , the potential F m is found to be Let's consider the limit X → X as well as u −i≤−1 → u −i≤−1 while keeping u 0 fixed for now. We then obtain the potential The scaling of the generating function F m depends on the term under consideration: We wish to put u −1 = 0 = u 0 , and keep the leading terms in . This reproduces the solution of the non-compact model at level 3 obtained in [11]. It is not hard to check that one can also implement the limit on the formulas of [20] from the get-go, and find agreement once more.

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A.2 A non-compact topological gravity In this appendix, we discuss a non-compact matter model coupled to gravity, with a nontrivial coupling to gravity turned on. We again pick the model to have level k = 3, and study only the model after taking the strict limit, such that we have primaries α ∈ {−2, −3}. The pure matter model is described in appendix A.1. To describe the matter model coupled to gravity, we start out by stating explicitly the constitutive relations The variablesũ α are the universal coordinates for the choice α 0 = −2. We only allow for non-zero primary times t −2 = t −2,0 and t −3 = t −3,0 as well as one gravitational descendant time t 1,−2 . We choose the shifts C N,α = −δ N,1 δ α,−2 which lead to the following renormalized relation between the universal coordinatesũ α and the time variables we can then compute the generating function of topological gravity correlation functions

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