General bootstrap equations in 4D CFTs

We provide a framework for generic 4D conformal bootstrap computations. It is based on the unification of two independent approaches, the covariant (embedding) formalism and the non-covariant (conformal frame) formalism. We construct their main ingredients (tensor structures and differential operators) and establish a precise connection between them. We supplement the discussion by additional details like classification of tensor structures of n-point functions, normalization of 2-point functions and seed conformal blocks, Casimir differential operators and treatment of conserved operators and permutation symmetries. Finally, we implement our framework in a Mathematica package and make it freely available.


JHEP01(2018)130 1 Introduction
In recent years a lot of progress has been made in understanding Conformal Field Theories (CFTs) in d ≥ 3 dimensions using the conformal bootstrap approach [1][2][3][4][5] (see [6,7] for recent introduction). In this paper we focus solely on d = 4. The 4D conformal bootstrap allows to study fixed points of 4D quantum field theories relevant for describing elementary particles and fundamental interactions. It promises to address the QCD conformal window [8] and may be useful for constraining the composite Higgs models, see [9] for discussion.
In the conformal bootstrap approach CFTs are described by the local CFT data, which consists of scaling dimensions and Lorentz representations of local primary operators together with structure constants of the operator product expansion (OPE). The observables of the theory are correlation functions which are computed by maximally exploiting the conformal symmetry and the operator product expansion. Remarkably, the CFT data is heavily constrained by the associativity of the OPE, which manifests itself in the form of consistency equations called the crossing or the bootstrap equations.
Most of these studies, however, focus on correlation functions of scalar operators, and thus only have access to the scaling dimensions of traceless symmetric operators and their OPE coefficients with a pair of scalars. In order to derive constraints on the most general elements of the CFT data, one has to consider more general correlation functions. To the best of our knowledge, the only published numerical studies of a 4-point function of non-scalar operators in non-supersymmetric theories up to date were done in 3D for a 4-point function of Majorana fermions [48,49], for a 4-point function of conserved abelian currents [50] and for a 4-point functions of the energy-momentum tensors [51].
One reason for the lack of results on 4-point functions of spinning operators is that such correlators are rather hard to deal with. In order to set up the crossing equations for a spinning 4-point function, first, one needs to find a basis of its tensor structures and second, to compute all the relevant conformal blocks. The difficulty of this task increases with the dimension d due to an increasing complexity of the d-dimesnional Lorentz group. For instance, the representations of the 4D Lorentz group are already much richer than the ones in 3D.
The problem of constructing tensor structures has a long history [48,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. In 4D all the 3-point tensor structures were obtained in [61] and classified in [62] using the covariant embedding formalism approach. Unfortunately, in this approach 4-and higher-point tensor structures are hard to analyze due to a growing number of non-linear relations between the basic building blocks. This problem is alleviated in the conformal frame ap-
Results of [69] concerning traceless symmetric operators apply also to 4D, but are not sufficient even for the analysis of an OPE of traceless symmetric operators since such an OPE also contains non-traceless symmetric operators. The first expression for a 4D spinning conformal block was obtained in [70] for the case of 2 scalars and 2 vectors. A systematic study of conformal blocks in 4D with operators in arbitrary representations was done in [76], where the results of [69] were extended to reduce a general conformal block to a set of simpler conformal blocks called the seed blocks. In the consequent work [77] all the seed conformal blocks were computed.
The goal of the paper. The results of [62,63,76,77] are in principle sufficient for formulating the bootstrap equations for arbitrary correlators in 4D. Nevertheless, due to a large amount of scattered non-trivial and missing ingredients there is still a high barrier for performing 4D bootstrap computations. The goal of this paper is to describe all the ingredients needed for setting up the 4D bootstrap equations in a coherent manner using consistent conventions and to implement all these ingredients into a Mathematica package.
In particular, we first unify the results of [62,76,77] with some extra developments and corrections. We then use the conformal frame approach [63] to solve the problem of constructing a complete basis of 4-point tensor structures in 4D in an extremely simple way. We provide a precise connection between the embedding and the conformal frame approaches making possible an easy transition between two formalisms at any time.
We implement the formalism in a Mathematica package which allows one to work with 2-, 3-and 4-point functions and to construct arbitrary spin crossing equations in 4D CFTs. The package can be downloaded from https://gitlab.com/bootstrapcollaboration/CFTs4D. Once it is installed one gets an access to a (hopefully) comprehensive documentation and examples. We also refer to the relevant functions from the package throughout the paper as [function].
Structure of the paper. In the main body of the paper we describe the basic concepts applicable to the most generic correlators with no additional symmetries or conservation conditions. We comment on how these extra complications can be taken into account, and delegate a more detailed treatment to the appendices.
In section 2 we outline the path to the explicit crossing equations for operators of general spin, abstracting from a specific implementation. In section 3 we describe the implementation of the ideas from section 2 in the embedding formalism. In section 4 we give an alternative implementation in the conformal frame formalism. Section 5 is devoted JHEP01(2018)130 to demonstration of the package in an elementary example of a correlator with one vector and three scalar operators. We conclude in section 6.
Appendices A and B summarize our conventions in 4D Minkowski space and 6D embedding space, as well as cover the action of P-and T -symmetries. Appendix B also contains details of the embedding formalism. In appendix C we give details on normalization conventions for 2-point functions and seed conformal blocks. Appendices D and E contain details on explicitly covariant tensor structures. In appendix F we describe all 3 Casimir generators of the four-dimensional conformal group. Appendices G and H cover conservation conditions and permutation symmetries.

Outline of the framework
The local operators in 4D CFT are labeled by ( ,¯ ) representation of the Lorentz group SO (1,3) and the scaling dimension ∆. 1 In a CFT one can distinguish a special class of primary operators, the operators which transform homogeneously under conformal transformations [1]. In a unitary CFT any local operator is either a primary or a derivative of a primary, in which case it is called a descendant operator. A primary operator in representation ( ,¯ ) can be written as 2 In principle the auxiliary spinors s ands are independent quantities, however without loss of generality we can assume them to be complex conjugates of each other, s α = (sα) * . This has the advantage that if O with =¯ is a Hermitian operator, e.g. for =¯ = 1, where B a are differential operators in the indicated variables (depending also on x 1 − x 2 , s j ,s j , where j = 1, 2), which are fixed by the requirement of conformal invariance of the expansion. Here λ's are the OPE coefficients which are not constrained by the conformal symmetry. In general there can be several independent OPE coefficients for a given triple of primary operators, in which case we label them by an index a.
The OPE provides a way of reducing any n-point function to 2-point functions, which have canonical form in a suitable basis of primary operators. Therefore, the set of scaling dimensions and Lorentz representations of local operators, together with the OPE coefficients, completely determines all correlation functions of local operators in conformally flat R 1,3 . For this reason we call this set of data the CFT data in what follows. 3 The goal of the bootstrap approach is to constrain the CFT data by using the associativity of the OPE. In practice this is done by using the associativity inside of a 4-point correlation function, resulting in the crossing equations which can be analyzed numerically and/or analytically. In the remainder of this section we describe in detail the path which leads towards these equations.

Correlation functions of local operators
We are interested in studying n-point correlation functions where for convenience we defined a combined notation for dependence of operators on coordinates and auxiliary spinors We have labeled the primary operators with their spins and scaling dimensions. In general these labels do not specify the operator uniquely (for example in the presence of global symmetries); we ignore this subtlety for the sake of notational simplicity. For our purposes it will be sufficient to assume that all operators are space-like separated (this includes all Euclidean configurations obtained by Wick rotation), and thus the ordering of the operators will be irrelevant up to signs coming from permutations of fermionic operators.

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The conformal invariance of the system puts strong constraints on the form of (2.8). By inserting an identity operator 1 = U U † , where U is the unitary operator implementing a generic conformal transformation, inside this correlator and demanding the vacuum to be invariant U |0 = 0, one arrives at the constraint (2.10) The algebra of infinitesimal conformal transformations, as well as their action on the primary operators are summarized in our conventions in appendix A. The general solution to the above constraint has the following form, where T I n are the conformally-invariant tensor structures which are fixed by the conformal symmetry up to a u-dependent change of basis, and u are cross-ratios which are the scalar conformally-invariant combinations of the coordinates x i . The structures T I n and their number N n depend non-trivially on the SO(1, 3) representations of O i , but rather simply on ∆ i , so we can write where all ∆ i -dependence is in the "kinematic" factor K n , 4 and all the ∆ i enter K n through the quantity Note that T andT are homogeneous polynomials in the auxiliary spinors, schematically, (2.14) In the rest of this subsection we give an overview of the structure of n-point correlation functions for various n, emphasizing the features specific to 4D.
2-point functions. A 2-point function can be non-zero only if it involves two operators in complex-conjugate representations, ( 1 ,¯ 1 ) = (¯ 2 , 2 ), and with equal scaling dimensions, ∆ 1 = ∆ 2 . In fact, it is always possible to choose a basis for the primary operators so that the only non-zero 2-point functions are between Hermitian-conjugate pairs of operators. We always assume such a choice.
The general 2-point function [n2CorrelationFunction] then has an extremely simple form given by (2.15)

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where c OO is a constant. There is a single tensor structureT 2 , and the building blockŝ I ij are defined in appendix D. Changing the normalization of O one can rescale the coefficient c OO by a positive factor. The phase is fixed by the requirement of unitarity, see appendix C. We can make the following choice where the factor (−) −¯ appears due to the spin statistics theorem.

3-point functions.
A generic form of a 3-point function [n3ListStructures, n3ListStructuresAlternativeTS] is given by 5 where the kinematic factor [n3KinematicFactor] is given by The necessary and sufficient condition for the 3-point tensor structuresT a 3 to exist is that the 3-point function contains an even number of fermions and the following inequalities hold, A general discussion on how to construct a basis of tensor structuresT a 3 is given in section 3. For convenience we summarize this construction for 3-point functions in appendix E.
The fact that the OPE coefficients enter 3-point functions follows simply from using the OPE (2.7) and the form of (2.15) in the left hand side of (2.17). It is also clear that one can always choose the bases for B a andT a 3 to be compatible. There is a number of relations the OPE coefficients λ a O 1 O 2 O 3 have to satisfy. The simplest one comes from applying complex conjugation to both sides of (2.17). On the left hand side one has Using the properties of tensor structures under conjugation summarized in appendix D one obtains a relation of the form where the matrix C ab is often diagonal with ±1 entries. Other constraints arise from the possible P-and T -symmetries (see appendix A), conservation equations (see appendix G),

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and permutation symmetries (see appendix H). Importantly all these conditions give linear equations for λ's, which can be solved in terms of an independent set of real quantitiesλ as It will be important for the calculation of conformal blocks that we can actually construct all the tensor structures T a 3 in (2.17) by considering a simpler 3-point function with two out of three operators having canonical spins ( 1 ,¯ 1 ) and ( 2 ,¯ 2 ), chosen in a way such that the 3-point function has a single tensor structure (2.23) A simple choice is to set as many spin labels to zero as possible, for example As we review in section 3.2 one can then construct a set of differential operators D a acting on the coordinates and polarization spinors of the first two operators such that We will call the canonical tensor structure T seed a seed tensor structure in what follows. Our choice of seed structures is described in appendix C. When the third field is traceless symmetric, one has obviously¯ 2 = 0, thus relating a pair of generic operators to a pair of scalars [69].

4-point functions and beyond.
In the case n = 4 one has In most of the applications it will be more convenient to use another set of variables (z,z) [changeVariables] defined as (2.29) 6 In section 4 we never separate the kinematic factor which has an extremely simple form (zz) − κ 1 +κ 2 2 in the conformal frame.

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The case of n ≥ 5 point functions is similar to the n = 4 case with a difference that the number of conformally invariant cross-ratios is 4n − 15. We briefly discuss the classification of tensor structures for higher-point functions in section 4.
In general 4-and higher-point functions are subject to the same sort of conditions as 3-point functions. Reality conditions and implications of P-and T -symmetries are not conceptually different from the 3-point case. However, implications of permutation symmetries and conservation equations are more involved than those for 3-point functions, see [80], due to the existence of non-trivial conformal cross-ratios (2.27). See also appendices H and G for details.

Decomposition in Conformal Partial Waves
Since the OPE data determines all the correlation functions, the functions g I 4 (u, v) entering (2.26) can also be computed. To compute g I 4 (u, v) we use the s-channel OPE, namely the OPE in pairs O 1 O 2 and O 3 O 4 . One way to do this is to insert a complete orthonormal set of states in the correlator (2.30) By virtue of the operator-state correspondence, see for example [6,7], the states |Ψ are in one-to-one correspondence with the local primary operators O and their descendants ∂ n O. This allows us to express the inner products above in terms of the 3-point functions with the primary operator O and its conjugate O, resulting in the following s-channel conformal partial wave decomposition (2.31) The objects W ab are called the Conformal Partial Waves (CPWs inducing the conformal block expansion for g I (2.36) Computation of Conformal Partial Waves. The computation of CPWs is rather difficult. Luckily there is a way of reducing them to simpler objects called the seed CPWs by means of differential operators [69,76]. For example, the s-channel CPW appearing due to the exchange of a generic operator by using (2.25) can be written as where F i are the operators with the same 4D scaling dimensions ∆ i as O i , see section 3.2.
The seed CPWs are defined as the s-channel contribution of (2.37) to the seed 4-point function F An important property of the seed 4-point function (2.39) is that it has only p + 1 tensor structures. We will distinguish two dual types of seed CPWs, following the convention of [77], The case W dual seed reproduces the classical scalar conformal block found by Dolan and Osborn [64,65]. The seed CPWs [seedCPW] can be written in terms of a set of seed Conformal Blocks H  where the tensor structures are defined in appendix D. 7 The factors (−2) p−e are introduced here to match the original work [77].

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The seed Conformal Blocks H (p) e (z,z) and H (p) e (z,z) were found 8 [plugSeedBlocks, plugDualSeedBlocks] analytically in (5.36) and (5.37) in [77] up to an overall normalization factors, denoted there by c p 0,−p andc p 0,−p . Given the choice of seed 3-point tensor structures (C.13)-(C.16) and normalization of 2-point functions (2.16), we can fix these factors as where n = 2, 3, 4 and C 2 , C 3 and C 4 are the quadratic, cubic and quartic Casimir differential operators respectively [opCasimirnEF, opCasimir24D]. They are defined in appendix F together with their eigenvalues [casimirEigenvaluen], where the conformal generators L M N given in appendix B are taken to act on 2 different points with (ij) = (12) or (ij) = (34) corresponding to the s-channel CPWs. 10 The n = 2 Casimir equation was used in [77] for constructing the seed CPWs. Given that the seed CPWs are already known, in practice the Casimir equations can be used to validate the more general CPWs computed using the prescription above.
Conserved and identical operators, P− and T −symmetries. As noted in section 2.1, in general there are various constraints imposed on 3-and 4-point functions, such as reality conditions, permutation symmetries, conservation, and P− and T − symmetries. Recall that the most general CPW decomposition is given by (2.36), (2.47) According to the discussion around (2.22), the general solution to these constraints relevant for this expansion is Besides that, if the pair of operators O 1 and O 2 is the same as the pair of operatirs O 3 and O 4 , there has to exist relations of the form 8 Notice slight change of notation H here (z,z) ≡ G there (z,z). This change is needed to distinguish H here (z,z) = G here (u(z,z), v(z,z)). 9 DK thanks Hugh Osborn for useful discussion on this topic. 10 Notice that the eigenvalue of C3 taken at (ij) = (34) will differ by a minus sign from the eigenvalue of C3 taken at (ij) = (12).

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Once the relations (2.48) and (2.49) are inserted in the general expression (2.47), the resulting 4-point function will satisfy all the required constraints which preserve the schannel. 11 In particular, the "reduced" CPWs corresponding to the coefficientsλ will also satisfy these constraints automatically. Note that by construction the reduced CPWs are just the linear combinations of the generic CPWs.

The bootstrap equations
The conformal bootstrap equations are the equations which must be satisfied by the consistent CFT data. They arise as follows. The s-channel OPE (2.30) is not the only option to compute 4-point functions, there are in fact two other possibilities. One can use the t-channel OPE expansion (2.51) In the above relations we permuted operators in the second and third equalities to get back the s-channel configuration. Minus signs are inserted for odd permutation of fermion operators.
In a consistent CFT the function f 4 is unique and does not depend on the channel used to computation it, leading to the requirement that the expressions (2.30), (2.50) and (2.51) must be equal. These equalities are the bootstrap equations. To be concrete we write the s-t consistency equation using (2.31) and (2.50) In this example the tensor structuresT I n transform under permutation of points p i ↔ p j aŝ

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since they form a basis. Further decomposing these expressions using the basis of tensor structures one can compute the unknown g I 4 (z,z) Equating (2.55) and (2.56) we get N 4 independent equations. In a presence of additional constraints discussed in appendices A, G and H, not all the N 4 equations are independent, and one should chose only those equations which correspond to the independent degrees of freedom. In the conventional numerical approach to conformal bootstrap, when Taylor expanding the crossing equations around z =z = 1/2, one should also be careful to understand which Taylor coefficients are truly independent. Among other things, this depends on the analyticity properties of tensor structures T 4 , see appendix A of [63] for a discussion.

Embedding formalism
This section is meant to be a summary and a review of the embedding formalism (EF) [56,58,61,81] approach to 4D correlators. The discussion is based on the works [62,76] with some developments and corrections.
The key observation is that the 4D conformal group is isomorphic to SO(4, 2), the linear Lorentz group in 6D. It is then convenient to embed the 4D space into the 6D space where the group acts linearly, lifting the 4D operators to 6D operators. In particular, the linearity of the action of the conformal group in 6D allows one to easily build conformally invariant objects. However, non-trivial relations between these exist, posing problems for constructing the basis of tensor structures already in the case of 4-point functions. This motivates the introduction of a different formalism described in section 4.
The details of the 6D EF, its connection to the usual 4D formalism, and the relevant conventions are reviewed in appendix B. In this section we discuss only the construction of n-point tensor structures and the spinning differential operators. Our presentation focuses on the EF as a practical realization of the framework discussed in section 2. 12 Embedding. Let us first review the very basics of the EF. We label the points in the 6D space by X M = {X µ , X + , X − }, with the metric given by The 4D space is then identified with the X + = 1 section of the lightcone X 2 = 0, and the coordinates on this section are chosen to be x µ = X µ .

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A generic 4D operator Oβ 1 ...β¯ α 1 ...α (x) in spin-( ,¯ ) representation can be uplifted according to (B.30) to a 6D operator O a 1 ...a b 1 ...b¯ (X) defined on the lightcone X 2 = 0 and totally symmetric in its both sets of indices. We can define an index-free operator O(X, S, S) using the 6D polarizations S a and S b by The 6D operators are homogeneous in X and the 6D polarizations, It is sometimes useful to assign the 4D scaling dimensions to the basic 6D objects as According to (B.33) there is a lot of freedom in choosing the lift O(X, S, S). We can express this freedom by saying that the operators differing by gauge terms proportional to SX, SX or SS are equivalent. Note that O(X, S, S) is a priori defined only on the lightcone X 2 = 0, but it is convenient to extend it arbitrarily to all values of X. This gives an additional redundancy that the operators differing by terms proportional to X 2 are equivalent.
The 4D field can be recovered via a projection operation defined in appendix B, which essentially substitutes X, S, S with some expressions depending on x, s,s only. All the gauge terms proportional to SX, SX, SS or X 2 vanish under this operation. Sometimes it is convenient to work with index-full form O a 1 ...a b 1 ...b¯ (X) and to fix part of the gauge freedom by requiring it to be traceless. We can restore the traceless form from the index-free expression O(X, S, S) by (3.8) 13 These operators are constructed to map terms proportional to SS to other terms proportional to SS.

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Correlation functions. A correlation function of 6D operators on the light cone must be SO(4,2) invariant and obey the homogeneity property (3.3). Consequently, it has the following generic form where T I (X, S, S) are the 6D homogeneous SU(2, 2) invariant tensor structures and g I (U) are functions of 6D cross-ratios, i.e. homogeneous with degree zero SO(4,2) invariant functions of coordinates on the projective light cone. We also defined a short-hand notation Tensor structures split in a scaling-dependent and in a spin-dependent parts as The object K n is the 6D kinematic factor andT I are the SO(4, 2) invariants of degree zero in each coordinate. The main invariant building block is the scalar product 14 The 6D kinematic factors [n3KinematicFactor, n4KinematicFactor] are given by and (3.14) We also define the 6D cross-ratios by taking products of X ij factors. For n = 4 only two cross ratios can be formed With these definitions, under projection we recover the usual 4D expressions: Finally, given a correlator in the embedding space one can recover the 4D correlator with the projections of the 6D invariants entering the 6D correlator given in the formula (3.16) and appendix D.
14 Notice a difference in the definition of Xij compared to [62,76,77]:

Construction of tensor structures
Let us discuss the construction of tensor structuresT I n (X, S, S). In index-free notation, this is equivalent to finding all SU(2, 2) invariant homogeneous polynomials in S, S. All SU(2, 2) invariants are built fully contracting the indices of the following objects: With the exception of taking traces over the coordinates tr 15 all other tensor structures are built out of simpler invariants of degree two or four in S and S.
List of non-normalized invariants. By taking into account eq. (B.14) and the relations (B.32) and (B.36), it is possible to identify a set of invariants with the properties discussed above. These can be conveniently divided in five classes. The number of possible invariants increases with the number of points n. Below we provide a complete list of them for n ≤ 5 and indicate their transformation property under the 4D parity. In what follows the indices i, j, k, l, . . . are assumed to label different points.
Class I constructed from S i and S j belonging to two different operators.

(3.19)
Class II constructed from S i and S i belonging to the same operator.

(3.20)
Class III constructed from S i and S j belonging to two different operators.

(3.21)
Class IV constructed from S i and S i belonging to the same operator.
Class V constructed from four S or four S belonging to different operators.

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Basic linear relations. Simple properties [applyEFProperties] arise due to the relation (B.14). For instance for n ≥ 3. Consequently not all these invariants are independent and it is convenient to work only with a subset of them, for instance J i j<k , K i<j k , K i<j k . For n ≥ 4 other properties must be taken into account: These can be used in analogous manner to work only with a subset of invariants, for instance I i<j k<l , I i>j k>l , L i j<k<l , M 1234 and M 1234 . Another important linear relation is where m is allowed to be equal to i.
Non-linear relations. Unfortunately, even after taking into account all the linear relations above, many non-linear relations between products of invariant are present, see equations (E.5)-(E.8) for n ≥ 3 relations [applyJacobiRelations] and appendix A in [76] for some n ≥ 4 relations. 16 We expect that they all arise from (B.37). 17 As an example consider the following set of relations They show that M ijkl and M ijkl can be rewritten in terms of other invariants; hence class V objects are never used. All the relations obtained by fully contracting (3.18) with (B.37) in all possible ways, involve at most products of two invariants in class I − IV . In fact, we will see in section 4.2 that all non-linear relations have a quadratic nature. However, these quadratic relations can be combined together to form relations involving products of three or more invariants. 18 See appendix E for an example of such phenomena in the n = 3 case.
Normalization of invariants. TheT I n (X, S, S) are required to be of degree zero in all coordinates. It is then convenient to introduce the following normalization factors 16 Mind the difference in notation, see footnote 19 for details. 17 In principle the Schouten identities might also contribute, see the footnote at page 26 of [61]; we found however that the Schouten identities, when contracted, give relations equivalent to (B.37) for n ≤ 4. 18 In other words, we have a graded ring of invariants and an ideal I of relations between them. The goal is to find a basis of independent invariants of a given degree modulo I. In principle, I is generated by a quadratic basis, but it is not trivial to reduce invariants modulo this basis. One would like to find a better basis, e.g. a Gröbner basis, which then will contain higher-order relations.

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Using these factors [normalizeInvariants, denormalizeInvariants] it is possible to define normalized type I and type II tensor structureŝ and normalized type III and type IV tensor structureŝ with the analogous expressions for parity conjugated invariantsK ij k ,K ij klm andL i jkl . In appendix D we provide an explicit 4D form of these invariants after projection. Notice the slight change of notation from previous works. 19 Basis of tensor structures. Given an n-point function, one can construct a set of tensor structures [n3ListStructures, n3ListStructuresAlternativeTS, n4ListStructuresEF] by taking products of basic invariants aŝ The subscripts stress that for a given number of points n not all the invariants are defined. The non-negative exponents # are determined by requiringT I n to be of degree ( i ,¯ i ) in (S i , S i ). Generally, not all tensor structures obtained in this way are independent, due to the properties and relations discussed above. The number of relations to take into account increase rapidly with n. For n ≤ 3 the problem of constructing a basis of independent tensor structures has been succesfully solved in [61,62]; we review the construction for n = 3 in appendix E. However the increasing number of relations makes this approach inefficient to study general correlators for n ≥ 4, mainly because many relations which are cubic or higher order in invariants can be written. In section 4 an alternative method of identifying all the independent structures is provided. Using this method we will also prove in section 4.2 that any n-point function tensor structure is constructed out of n ≤ 5 invariants, namely the invariants involving five or less points in the formula (3.32).

Spinning differential operators
Let us now discuss the EF realization of the spinning differential operators used in (2.25) which allow to relate 3-point tensor structures of correlators with different spins 20 (3.33) 19 The correspondence with the notation of [62,76,77] is as follows: where the expressions in the l.h.s. represent our notation and the expressions in the r.h.s. represent their notation. 20 This relation is of course purely kinematic, it holds only at the level of tensor structures and does not hold at the level of the full correlator.

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The operators 21 D ij are written as a product of basic differential operators which were found in [76] The exponents are determined by matching the spins on both sides of (3.33). The basic spinning differential operators are constructed to be insensitive to pure gauge modifications and different extensions of fields outside of the light cone as stressed in (B.38). The action of these operators in 4D can be deduced by using the projection rules given in (B.40).
We provide here the list of basic differential operators 22 entering (3.34) arranging them in two sets according to the value of ∆ = | i + j −¯ i −¯ j | = 0, 2. For ∆ = 0 we have (3.36) Note that for any differential operator D ij we necessarily have ∆ even, since it has to preserve the total Fermi/Bose statistics of the pair of local operators. The basic spinning differential operators described above carry the 4D scaling dimension according to (3.4), thus it is convenient to introduce an operator Ξ which formally shifts the 4D dimensions of external operators in a way that effectively makes the 4D scaling dimensions of D ij vanish. The action of Ξ on basic spinning differential operators is defined as where op denotes any of the remaining spinning differential operators. 23 These formal shifts of course make sense only if the scaling dimensions appear as variables in f n . The use of the dimension-shifting operator Ξ allows to keep the same scaling dimensions in the seed CPWs and the CPW related by (2.38). 21 We distinguish the operators D here and the operators D described in section 2.1 because acting on the seed tensor structures they generate different bases. The basis spanned by D is often called the differential basis. 22 Notice a change in the normaliztion of the basic spinning differential operators compared to [76]. 23 The shift in the last formula can alternatively be implemented with multiplication by a factor X −1/2 ij .

Conformal frame
For sufficiently complicated correlation functions one finds a lot of degeneracies in the embedding space construction of tensor structures. There exists an alternative construction [55,63] which provides better control under degeneracies. More precisely, it reduces the problem of constructing tensor structures to the well studied problem of finding invariant tensors of orthogonal groups of small rank.
Our aim is to describe the correlation function f n (x, s,s) whose generic form is given in (2.11). The conformal symmetry relates the values of f n (x, s,s) at different values of x. There is a classical argument, usually applied to 4-point correlation functions, saying that it is sufficient to know only the value f n (x CF , s,s) for some standard choices of x CF such that all the other values of x can be obtained from some x CF by a conformal transformation. This conformal transformation then allows one to compute f n (x, s,s) from f n (x CF , s,s). The standard configurations x CF are chosen in such a way that there are no conformal transformations relating two different standard configurations, so that the values f n (x CF , s,s) can be specified independently. Following [63], we call the set of standard configurations x CF the conformal frame (CF).
The usefulness of this construction lies in the fact that the values f n (x CF , s,s) have to satisfy only a few constraints. In particular, these values have to be invariant only under the conformal transformations which do not change x CF [63]. Such conformal transformations form a group which we call the "little group". The little group is SO(d + 2 − n) for n-point functions in d dimensions. 24 For example, for 4-point functions in 4D it is SO(2) U(1). One can already see a considerable simplification offered by this construction for 4-point functions in 4D, since the invariants of SO(2) are extremely easy to classify.
Here L is a fixed number, and we always take the limit L → +∞ to place the corresponding operator "at inifinity". In this limit one should use the rescaled operator O 4 inside all correlators to get a finite and non-zero result. 24 For n ≥ 3 and generic x. The little group is trivial for n ≥ d + 2.

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The variables z,z, x 0 5 , x 1 5 , x 3 5 and the 4-vectors x 6 , x 7 , . . . are the coordinates on the conformal frame and thus are essentially the conformal cross-ratios. Note that we have 2 conformal cross-ratios for 4 points, and 4 n − 15 for n points with n ≥ 5. Notice also that for 4-point functions the analytic continuation with z =z * corresponds to Euclidean kinematics. It is easy to check that there are no conformal generators which take the conformal frame configuration (4.1)-(4.5) to another nearby conformal frame configuration.

Three-point functions
As shown in appendix E, an independent basis for general 3-point tensor structures is relatively easy to construct in EF, and there is no direct need for the conformal frame construction. Nonetheless, in this section we employ the CF to construct 3-point tensor structures in order to illustrate how the formalism works in a familiar case. 25 The little group algebra so(1, 2) which fixes the points x 1 , x 2 , x 3 is defined by the following generators M 01 , M 02 , M 12 , (4.7) see appendix A for details. According to our conventions, the corresponding generators acting on polarizations s α are 8) and the generators acting onsα are It is easy to see that if we introduce t α ≡ s α andt α ≡ σ 3 αβsβ , then t andt transform in the same representation of so(1, 2). General 3-point structures are put in one-to-one correspondence with the so(1, 2) su(2) conformal frame invariants built out of t i andt i , i = 1, 2, 3. This gives an explicit implementation of the rule [54,55,63] which states that 3-point structures correspond to the invariants of SO(d − 1) = SO(3) group Using this rule, we can immediately build independent bases of 3-point structures, for example by first computing the tensor product decompositions and then for every set of j i constructing the unique singlet in j 1 ⊗ j 2 ⊗ j 3 when it exists. 25 The CF construction of 3-point functions is not implemented in the package.

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A more direct way, which does not however automatically avoid degeneracies, is to use the basic building blocks for SO(3) invariants, which are the contractions of the form t α i t j α , t α it j α andt α it j α . It is then straightforward to establish the correspondence with the embedding formalism invariants where it is understood that i, j, k are all distinct. Up to the coefficients, this dictionary is fixed completely by matching the degrees of s ands on each side. Correspondingly, as in the embedding space formalism, we have relations between these building blocks, which now come from the Schouten identity 26 (4.13) For example we can take A = t i , B = t k , C =t j and contract (4.13) witht k to find which corresponds via the dictionary (4.12) to an identity of the form This gives precisely the structure of the relation (E.5). We thus effectively reproduce the EF construction. Finally, let us briefly comment on the action of P in the 3-point conformal frame. The parity transformation of operators (A.26) induces the following transformation of polarizations The full parity transformation does not however preserve the conformal frame since it reflects all three spatial axes and thus moves the points x 2 and x 3 . We can reproduce the correct parity action in the conformal frame by supplementing the full parity transformation with iπ boost in the 03 plane given by e −iπS 03 = iσ 3 on t and by σ 3 e −iπS 03 σ 3 = −iσ 3 oñ t. This leads to t →t,t → −t. Note that according to (4.17) the transformations properties of (4.12) under parity match precisely the ones found in (3.19)-(3.21).

Four-point functions
In the n = 4 case the little group algebra so(2) u(1) which fixes the points x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 is given by the generator M 12 .

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Note that the algebra so(2) is a subalgebra of the 3-point little group algebra so(1, 2) discussed above. According to (4.8), its action on both t andt is given by This generator acts diagonally on t andt, so that we can decompose (4.20) Note that our conventionsα = (s α ) * implies thatξ = ξ * andη = η * . Appropriately defining the u(1) charge Q we can say that  To compute the action of space parity, we need to supplement the full spatial parity (4.16) with a π rotation in, say, the 13 plane in order to make sure that parity preserves the 4-point conformal frame (4.1)-(4.4). In this case the combined transformation is simply a reflection in the 2'nd coordinate direction. It is easy to compute that this gives the action ξ → −iξ,ξ → iξ, η → −iη,η → iη. (4.25) Note that this does not commute with the action of u(1) since the choice of the 13 plane was arbitrary -we could have also chosen the 23 plane, and u(1) rotates between these two choices. It is only important that this reflection reverses the charges of u(1) and thus maps invariants into invariants.

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From (4.25) we find that the parity acts as From the definition (4.22) we also immediately find the complex conjugation rule According to (A.36), by combining these two transformations we find the action of time reversal (4.28)

Five-point functions and higher
In the n ≥ 5 case there are no conformal generators which fix the conformal frame. It means that all ξ,ξ, η,η are invariant by themselves. 27 This allows us to construct the n-point tensor structures with the only restriction

Relation with the EF
In practical applications, 3-and 4-point functions are the most important objects. It is possible to treat 3-point functions in the CF or the EF. Since the latter is explicitly covariant, it is often more convenient. On the other hand, 4-point functions are treated most easily in the conformal frame approach. This creates a somewhat unfortunate situation when we have two formalisms for closely related objects. To remedy this, let us discuss how to go back and forth between the EF and the CF.
Embedding formalism to conformal frame. It is relatively straightforward to find the map [toConformalFrame] from the embedding formalism tensor structures to the conformal frame ones. First one needs to project the 6D elements to the 4D ones and then to substitute the appropriate values of coordinates according to the choice of the conformal frame.

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For 6D coordinates according to (B.29) and the definition of the conformal frame (4.1)-(4.4) one has X 1 = (0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0), In the last expression it is understood that all the coordinates x belong to the conformal frame x CF (4.1)-(4.4). The final step is to perform the rescaling (4.6) and to take the limit L → +∞. There is a very neat way to do it by recalling that 6D operators O according to (3.3) are homogeneous in 6D coordinates and 6D polarizations, thus It is then clear that the final step is equivalent to the following substitution of the 6D coordinates at the 4th position Conformal frame to embedding formalism. As discussed in section 4.1.2, 4-point tensor structures are given by products of ξ i ,ξ i , η i ,η i with vanishing total U(1) charge. It is easy to convince oneself that any such product can be represented (not uniquely) by a product of U(1)-invariant bilinears where i, j = 1 . . . 4. For n ≥ 5-point a general tensor structure is still represented by a product of bilinears, see footnote 27, but since there is no U(1)-invariance condition, the following set of bilinears should also be taken into account where i, j = 1 . . . n. These bilinears themselves are tensor structures with low spin. Noticing that the EF invariants are also naturally bilinears in polarizations we can write a corresponding set of EF

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invariants with the same spin signatures. Translating these invariants to conformal frame via the procedure described above [toConformalFrame], one can then invert the result and express the bilinears (4.36) and (4.37) in terms of covariant expressions. We could call this procedure covariantization [toEmbeddingFormalism]. The basis of EF structures is over-complete so the inversion procedure is ambiguous and one is free to choose one out of many options.
Since there is a finite number of bilinears (4.36) and (4.37) there will be a finite number of covariant tensor structures they can be expressed in terms of after the covariantization procedure. It is then very easy to see that one needs only the class of n = 4 tensor structures to cover all the bilinears (4.36) and the class of n = 5 tensor structures to cover all the bilinears (4.37).
The ambiguity of the inversion procedure mentioned above is related to the linear relations between EF structures. Non-linear relations between EF structures arise due to the tautologies such as (ξ i ξ j )(η k η l ) = (ξ iηk )(ξ j η l ). (4.38) This observation in principle allows to classify all relations between n ≥ 4 EF invariants.
Example. By going to the conformal frame we get Inverting these relation one gets We see right away that the invariants J 1 23 , J 1 24 and J 1 34 must be dependent. One can easily get a relation between them by plugging (4.40) to the third expression (4.39). The obtained relation will match perfectly the linear relation (3.26).
Note that there is a factor 1/(z −z) in (4.40), which suggests that the structureξ 1 ξ 1 blows up at z =z. This is not the case simply by the definition of ξ andξ; instead, it is the combination of structures on the right hand side which develops a zero giving a finite value at z =z. However, this value will depend on the way the limit is taken. This is related to the enhancement of the little group from U(1) = SO(2) to SO(1, 2) at z =z. At z =z it is no longer true thatξ 1 ξ 1 is a little group invariant. This enhancement implies certain boundary conditions for the functions which multiply the conformal frame invariants. See appendix A of [63] for a detailed discussion of this point.

Differentiation in the conformal frame
Now we would like to understand how to implement the action of the embedding formalism differential operators such as (3.35) and (3.36) directly in the conformal frame. We need to make two steps. First, to understand the form of these differential operators in 4D space. This is done by using the projection of 6D differential operators to 4D given in appendix B. Second, to understand how to act with 4D differential operators directly in the conformal JHEP01(2018)130 frame. We focus on this step in the remainder of this section. For simplicity, we restrict the discussion to the most important case of four points.
A correlation function in the conformal frame is obtained by restricting its coordinates x to the conformal frame configurations x CF . The action of the derivatives ∂/∂s and ∂/∂s in polarizations on this correlation function is straightforward, since nothing happens to polarizations during this restriction. The only non-trivial part is the coordinate derivatives ∂/∂x i : in the conformal frame a correlator only depends on the variables z andz which describe two degrees of freedom of the second operator and it is not immediately obvious how to take say the ∂/∂x 1 derivatives.
The resolution is to recall that 4-point functions according to (2.10) are invariant under generic conformal transformation spanned by 15 conformal generators L M N . By using (B.21) one can see that it is equivalent to 15 differential equations Computation of general derivatives can be cumbersome, but in practice it is easily automated with Mathematica. We provide a conformal frame implementation of the differential operators (3.35)-(3.36) [opD4D, opDt4D, opd4D, opdb4D, opI4D, opN4D] as well as of the quadratic Casimir operator [opCasimir24D] acting on 4-point functions. As a simple example (although it does not require differentiation in x), we display here the action of ∇ 12 on a generic conformal frame structure zg(z,z). (4.42) Other operators, e.g. (3.35), give rise to more complicated expressions which however can still be efficiently applied to the seed CPWs.

Package demonstration
In this section we demonstrate the CFTs4D package on a simple example of a 4-point function with one vector and three scalar operators. The content of this section is intended to give a flavor of how the package works. This example should not be treated as a part of the package documentation, which is instead available through Mathematica help system together with more detailed and involved examples.

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Consider the 4-point function where it is assumed for simplicity that the scalars are identical. We start by building a basis of tensor structures for the 3-point function This is the classical result that only one structure appears in such 3-point function. Note that n3ListStructures always labels positions of the operators in 3-point functions as 1, 2, 3. We have also made an explicit assumption that is large enough thus permitting the code to build the most generic structures. We go on to construct a list of normalized tensor structures for In There are two structures available. We now look for the spinning differential operators which generate these structures. Since we are only interested in the exchange of traceless symmetric operators, our seed 3-point function is of the form F (0,0) F (0,0) O ( , ) with the following normalized seed tensor structures  (3.35) it is clear that the simplest differential operators raising the spin of the first field as ∆ 1 = ∆¯ 1 = 1 are given by

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We have surrounded the differential operators with Ξ in order to shift all the scaling dimensions appropriately when applying them as explained in (3.37) and below. Before proceeding further with the differential operators one needs to compute the kinematic factors In other words, we have We proceed to compute the conformal partial waves. We start with the seed CPW corresponding to p = 0,

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This gives the standard EF expression for the scalar CPW (with a rather lengthy kinematic factor). At the level of 4-point functions it is more convenient to apply differential operators directly in the CF (even though we could have continued working in the EF), so we convert seedEF to the conformal frame expression Here the structure CF4pt[...] contains explicitly the four external scaling dimensions ∆ i , the four spins i , the four spins¯ i , and the parameters q i andq i , followed by the coefficient corresponding to this structure. The advantage of working with abstract structures is that one can precompute a relatively simple rule of how a differential operator acts on the most generic structure and then apply it to any structure very quickly. In our case, we write which computes such rules for opD4D and opDt4D. Note that here we use the 4D operator instead of their 6D analogues. We now compute the action of these differential operators combining it with the rotation M ab

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We will now check that the quadratic Casimir equation is satisfied by the CPWs computed above. First we derive the "replacement" rule for the Casimir operator analogously to opD4D In [16] We then obtain the Casimir equations In the above code excerpts . . . indicate some technical steps which can be found in the package documentation. The result is that casimirEquationFull contains the Casimir equation given in terms of the hypergeometric functions. We can now evaluate the equation numerically at some random point to convince ourselves that it is indeed satisfied Here . . . stand for a substitution of random high-precision numerical values for z andz.

Conclusions
In this paper we have described a framework for performing computations in 4D CFTs by unifying two different approaches, the covariant embedding formalism and the noncovariant conformal frame formalism. This framework allows to work with general 2-, 3and 4-point functions and thus to construct the 4D bootstrap equations for the operators in arbitrary spin representation, ready for further numerical or analytical analysis.
In the embedding formalism we have explained the recipe for constructing tensor structures of n-point functions in the 6D embedding space. We have also summarized the so called spinning differential operators relating generic CPWs to the seed CPWs. The conformally covariant expressions in 4D are easily obtained from the 6D expressions by using the so called projection operation. For the objects like kinematic factors and 2-, 3-, and 4-point tensor structures we have performed the projection operation explicitly.
The construction of a basis of tensor structures in the embedding formalism requires however the knowledge of a complete set of non-linear relations between products of the basic conformal invariants. Starting from n = 4 it is rather difficult to find such a set of relations and thus the embedding formalism turns out to be practically inefficient for n ≥ 4. This problem is solved using the conformal frame approach.
In the conformal frame we have provided a complete basis for (n ≥ 3)-point tensor structures in a remarkably simple form. For instance in the n = 4 case the tensor structures are simply monomials in polarization spinors with vanishing total charge under the U(1) little group. In the n < 4 cases the little group is larger and constructing its singlets JHEP01(2018)130 becomes harder whereas the embedding formalism is easily manageable. Since the embedding formalism is also explicitly covariant it becomes preferable for working with 2-and 3-point functions.
With practical applications in mind, we have found the action of various differential operators on 4-point functions in the conformal frame formalism. We have also shown how to apply permutations in the conformal frame. These results allow one to work with the 4-point functions (and, consequently, the crossing equations) entirely within the conformal frame formalism.
We have established a connection between the tensor structures constructed in the embedding and the conformal frame formalisms. The embedding formalism to conformal frame transition is straightforward and amounts to performing the 4D projection of the 6D structures and setting all the coordinates to the conformal frame. The conformal frame to the embedding formalism transition is slightly more complicated since it is not uniquely defined due to redundancies among the allowed 6D structures. After "translating" all the basic 6D structures to the conformal frame one inverts these relations by choosing only the independent 6D structures.
Finally, we have implemented our framework as a Mathematica package freely available at https://gitlab.com/bootstrapcollaboration/CFTs4D. It can perform any manipulations with 2-, 3-and 4-point functions in both formalism switching between them when needed. A detailed documentation is incorporated in the package with many explicit examples.
In the appendices we made our best effort to establish consistent conventions; we have provided a proper normalization of 2-point functions and the seed conformal blocks and summarized all the Casimir differential operators available in 4D. We have also given some extra details on permutation symmetries and conserved operators.
It is our hope that this paper will aid the development of conformal bootstrap methods in 4D and will facilitate their application to spinning correlation functions, such as 4-point functions involving fermionic operators, global symmetry currents and stress-energy tensors.

A Details of the 4D formalism
We work in the signature − + ++ and denote the diagonal 4D Minkowski metric by h µν . We mostly follow the conventions of Wess and Bagger [82].
The representations of the connected Lorentz group in 4D are labeled by a pair of nonnegative integers ( ,¯ ). These representations can be constructed as the highest-weight irreducible components in a tensor product of the two basic spinor representations (1, 0) and (0, 1).
We denote the objects in the left-handed spinor representation (1, 0) as ψ α , α = 1, 2, and the objects in its dual representation as ψ α . The original and the dual representations are equivalent via the identification Because of the equivalence between (1, 0) and its dual representation, we will not be careful to distinguish them in the text, the distinction in formulas will be clear from the location of indices. The right-handed spinor representation (0, 1) is the complex conjugate of the lefthanded spinor representation, and the objects transforming in (0, 1) representation will be denoted as χα. Here the dot should not be considered as part of the index, but rather as an indication that this index transforms in (0, 1) and not in (1, 0) representation. For example, the definition of (0, 1) representation is essentially The dual of (0, 1) is equivalent to (0, 1) via the conjugation of (A.1) where αβ ≡ αβ , αβ ≡ αβ . We use the contraction conventions The tensor product (1, 0)⊗(0, 1) = (1, 1) is equivalent to the vector representation, and the equivalence is established by the 4D sigma matrices σ µ αβ andσ µαβ , which we define as For a convenient summary of relations involving sigma-matrices see for example [83]. 29

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For primary operators we adopt the convention to write them out with dotted indices upstairs and the undotted indices downstairs In this notation the index-full version of (2.6) is Action of conformal generators. We denote the conformal generators by P, K, D, M . We choose to work with anti-Hermitian generators (related to the Hermitian ones by a factor of i) which allow us to avoid many factors of i in the formulas below (note that even though D is anti-Hermitian, its adjoint action has real eigenvalues). These generators satisfy the following algebra The action of the conformal generators on primary fields is given by We have defined here the generators of the left-and right-handed spinor representations which satisfy the same commutation relations as M µν . Notice that as usual the differential operators in the right hand side of (A.14)-(A.17) have the commutation relations opposite to those of the Hilbert space operators in the left hand side. This is because if the Hilbert space operators A and B act on fields by differential operators A and B, then their product AB acts by BA.

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Action of space parity. If a theory preserves parity, there exists a unitary operator P with the following commutation rule with Lorentz generators where i, j = 1, 2, 3. Applying this to (A.17) at x = 0, we see that This implies that we can define an operator O as which transform as a primary operator in the representation (0, 1). We also have Px 0 = x 0 , Px k = −x k , k = 1, 2, 3. More generally, it is easy to check that we can consistently define The factor of i was introduced to reproduce the standard parity action on traceless symmetric operators in the O = O case.
The above definition provides the most generic action of parity on the operators O which can be slightly rewritten as This depends on a specific theory. What is important for us is that in a theory which preserves P there is a relation between correlators involving O i and O i 0|O 1 (x 1 , s 1 ,s 1 ) · · · O n (x n , s n ,s n )|0 = = 0|PO 1 (x 1 , s 1 ,s 1 )P −1 · · · PO n (x n , s 1 ,s 1 )P −1 |0 = 0| O 1 (Px 1 , Ps 1 , Ps 1 ) · · · O n (Px n , Ps n , Ps n )|0 .
(A. 27) Written in terms of tensor structures this equality reads as where P T I n is given by T I n with x → Px, s → Ps,s → Ps and T I n are the tensor structures appropriate to the correlators with the operators O i . 30 We provide the rules for the action of P on various tensor structures in equations (D.11), (D.12) and (4.26) [applyPParity].

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Action of time reversal. If a theory has time reversal symmetry, there exists an antiunitary operator T with the following commutation rule with Lorentz generators where i, j = 1, 2, 3. Applying it to (A.17) at x = 0, we see that This implies that T O β (0)T −1 transforms as ψ β and we can define the operator O as where where T T I n is given by ( T I n ) * with the replacements x → T x, s → T s,s → Ts made before the conjugation and T I n are the structures appropriate for the operators O i . Computing T T I n is easy, since we can construct T conjugation from P and the rotation e iπM 03 +πM 12 . The latter rotation sends s → s,s → −s, which takes T s and Ts to Ps and Ps. The end result is We list the rules for the action of T on tensor structures in equations (D.13), (D.14) and (4.28) [applyTParity]. 31 Note that T s and Ts are not complex conjugates of each other even if s ands are, so to avoid confusion here we do not assume that s ands are complex-conjugate. There is always a second complex conjugation (see below), so this is only intermediate. 32 As an extreme example T iT −1 = −i, so we have i = 0|i|0 = [ 0|T iT −1 |0 ] * = 0|T iT −1 |0 .

JHEP01(2018)130 B Details of the 6D formalism
In this appendix we describe our conventions for the 6D embedding space. We mostly follow [61,62]. We work in the signature {− + + + +−}, and we denote the 6D metric by h M N . We often use the lightcone coordinates and write the components of 6D vectors as The metric in lightcone coordinates has the components The 6D Lorentz group Spin(2, 4) is isomorphic to the SU(2, 2) group. The latter can be defined as the group of 4 by 4 matrices U which act on 4-component complex vectors V a and preserve the sesquilinear form Here the metric tensor gā b is a Hermitian matrix with eigenvalues {+1, +1, −1, −1}, which we choose to be The bar over the indexā indicates that this index transforms in a complex conjugate representation. In other words, we say that V a transforms in the fundamental representation while V * a ≡ (V a ) * (B.6) transforms in the complex conjugate of the fundamental representation (that is, by matrices U * ). The metric gā b establishes an isomorphism between the complex conjugate representation and the dual representation We say that V a transforms in the anti-fundamental representation (that is, the antifundamental representation is the dual of the fundamental representation). The inverse isomorphism is established by the tensor We have the relations g ab gb c = g cb gb a = δ c a , (g ab ) * = gā b . (B.9)

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The isomorphism between Spin(2, 4) and SU (2,2) can be established by identifying the vector representation of Spin (2,4) with the exterior square of the fundamental or antifundamental representations of SU (2,2). 33 This equivalence is provided by the invariant tensors Σ M ab and Σ M ab defined by These tensors have the following simple conjugation properties, The above sigma-matrices satisfy many useful relations, for an incomplete list of them see appendix A in [62]. Using the sigma matrices we define the coordinate matrices which satisfy the algebra (B.14) We can now identify the SU(2, 2) generators corresponding to the standard 6D Lorentz generators satisfying the commutation relations thus establishing the isomorphism Spin(2, 4) SU(2, 2) at Lie algebra level. By comparing the expressions for Σ µν and Σ µν with S µν and S µν , we find that under the Lorentz Spin(1, 3) subgroup of Spin(2, 4) the fundamental and anti-fundamental representations of SU(2, 2) decompose as In other words, we write V α or Vα to refer to first two or second two components of V a , and analogously for W a .

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Conformal algebra in 6D notation. We can identify explicitly the conformal generators with the 6D Lorentz algebra With these conventions, the generators L M N satisfy the algebra where the differential 6D generator is defined as It is sometimes convenient to work with the conformal generators in SU(2, 2) notation (B.23) In this notation the conformal generators obey the commutation relations We also have the following action on the primary operators where L a c is the differential operator associated to the 6D generator L a c in Hilbert space

(B.26)
Embedding formalism. In the embedding formalism the flat 4D space is identified with a particular section of the 6D light cone X 2 = 0. Namely, we take the Poincaré section X + = 1, which then implies The 4D coordinates x µ are identified on this section as In particular, on the Poincaré section we have Consider an operator O a 1 ...a l b 1 ...bl (X), defined on the light cone X 2 = 0, symmetric in its two sets of indices. Following [61] Notice that the 6D uplift O is not uniquely defined. Indeed as a consequence of the light cone condition in terms of the matrices in (B.14), the 6D operator is defined up to terms which vanish in (B.30), leading to the following equivalence relation Furthermore, in order to simplify the treatment of derivatives in the embedding space, it is convenient to arbitrarily extend O(X) away from the light cone X 2 = 0 and treat all the extensions as equivalent. This means that we can also add to O(X) terms proportional to X 2 . Following the terminology of [69], we refer to this possibility as a gauge freedom and the terms proportional to X ab , X ab , δ a b or X 2 will be called pure gauge terms. It is convenient to use the index-free notation (3.2). Contracting the 4D auxiliary spinors with (B.30), we find that As a consequence of the gauge freedom, the index-free 6D uplift O(X, S, S) is defined up to pure gauge terms proportional to SX, SX, SS or X 2 . Note that they all vanish under the operation of projection (B.34) due to (B.32) We will always work modulo the gauge terms (B.36). In practice this is taken into account by treating (B.36) as explicit relations in the embedding formalism even before the projection. Note then that as a consequence of the relations (B.32), (B.36), the antisymmetric properties (B.13) and the relations (A.7) in appendix A of [62], the following identities hold 34 which we call the 6D Jacobi identities (B.37) 34 We thank Emtinan Elkhidir for showing this simple derivation.

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Differential operators. In section 2 we commented upon the importance of some differential operators, such as the conservation operator (G.3), spinning differential operators (3.35), (3.36)  To go from 6D differential operators to 4D differential operators, we need to find an explicit uplift of the 4D operators O(x, s,s) to the 6D operators O(X, S, S). As noted above, there are infinitely many such uplifts differing by gauge terms, but all lead to the same result for 4D differential operators if the 6D operator satisfies (B.38). For example, we can choose the uplift In particular, X − , Sβ, S β derivatives of this uplift of O vanish. By applying 6D derivatives to this expression we automatically obtain the required 4D derivatives on the right hand side. For instance, we find for the first order derivatives after the 4D projection Due to the relations such as Y a W a = YāWā, we have an extremely simple conjugation rule for the expressions such as S i X j X k S l : replace X ↔ X, S ↔ S and add a factor of i for each S and S.
Action of space parity. To analyze space parity, let us denote by P M N the 6x6 matrix which relfects the spacial components of X µ . We also denote byâ indices transforming in the representation reflected relative to the one of a. 36 Note that the reflection of the fundamental representation is equivalent to anti-fundamental and vice versa and this equivalence should be implemented by some matrices pâ b and pâ b . In terms of these matrices we 35 In this equation O stands for the usual big-O notation and not the 6D operator. 36 The reflected representation is the representation with the Lorentz generators M It is easy to check that these identities (as well as the equivalence between the representations) are achieved by choosing From the above we deduce the action of parity on X and X We can also check, based on 4D projections of S and S, that Due to the identities such as Y a W a = YâWâ, we have the following parity conjugation rule for the products like S i X j X k S l : replace X ↔ X, S ↔ S and a factor of −1 for each S in the original expression.
Action of time reversal. As discussed in appendix A, see equation (A.36), the time reversal transformation can be implemented by combining the space parity with complex conjugation. Using the above rule, T acts simply as a multiplication by i i i −¯ i on each structure.

C Normalization of two-point functions and seed CPWs
In this appendix our goal is to fix the normalization constants of 2-point functions (2.16) and the seed CPWs (2.44). The phase of 2-point functions is constrained by unitarity. A simple manifestation of the unitarity is the requirement that all the states in a theory have non-negative norms Ψ|Ψ ≥ 0. (C.1) Our strategy is to define a state whose norm is related to 2-point functions (2.15)

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Here H = −iP 0 is the Hamiltonian 37 of the theory, and thus its spectrum is bounded from below. Therefore, we need > 0 in order for |O(s,s) to have a finite norm. To compute this norm, we first consider the conjugate state where s † s = |s 1 | 2 + |s 2 | 2 ≥ 0. This equation fixes the phase of c OO , and we can consistently set c OO = i −¯ . (C.8) Normalization of seed CPWs. One can find the leading OPE behavior of the seed and the dual seed conformal blocks by taking the limit z,z → 0, z ∼z, of the solutions obtained in [77]. In particular, for the seed blocks we find In the equations above c p 0,−p andc p 0,−p are some overall normalization coefficients defined in [77]. The purpose of this paragraph is to find the values of these coefficients appropriate for our conventions for 2-and 3-point functions.
In order to fix these coefficients, it suffices to consider the leading term in the s-channel OPE in the seed 4-point functions. We have checked that the OPE exactly reproduces the form of (C.9) and (C.10) if one sets c p 0,−p = 2 pcp 0,−p = (−1) i p .
(C. 19) The normalization coefficients in these OPEs can be computed by substituting the OPEs into (C.13) and (C.15) and using the two-point function (2.16). The normalization coefficients for the CPWs are then obtained by using these OPEs in the seed four-point function F and utilizing the 3-point function definitions (C.14) and (C.16). In practice, when comparing the normalization coefficients, we found it convenient to use the conformal frame (4.1)-(4.4) in the limit 0 < z z 1 and further set η 2 = 0 and e = p for the seed CPWs or ξ 2 = 0 and e = 0 for the dual seed CPWs.

D 4D form of basic tensor invariants
Here we provide the form of basic tensor invariants in 4D for n ≤ 4 point functions. They are obtained by applying the projection operation (B.35) to the basic 6D tensor invariants constructed in section 3.1 (Î ij ,Î ij kl ,Ĵ k ij ,K ij k ,K We recall that x µ ij ≡ x µ i − x µ j and 0123 = −1 in our conventions. From these expressions it is possible to derive the conjugation properties of the invariants. They read as follows (D.14) The same properties follow from the discussion of P-, T -symmetries, and conjugation in appendix B.

E Covariant bases of three-point tensor structures
Let us review the construction [n3ListStructures] of 3-point function tensor structures [62]. According to the discussion below (3.32) one haŝ

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where the structure is even if p = 0 and the structure is odd if p = 1. The form of this basis is structurally identical to the one found in [58]. This basis has extremely simple properties under complex conjugation, parity and time reversal This basis can be constructed using [n3ListStructuresAlternativeTS].

F Casimir differential operators
The Lie algebra of the 4D conformal group is a real form of the simple rank-3 algebra so (6). Therefore, it has three independent Casimir operators, which can be defined using the 6D Lorentz generators (B.21) as follows Note that c − 2 is parity-odd and therefore e − 2 changes the sign under ↔¯ . The same comment applies to C 3 and E 3 .

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In the region of the configuration space where all pairs of points are spacelike separated, 46 we have z ijzij > 0, so there is no branching for the factors of the first kind. The exponent of the factors of the second kind is always half-integral, thus we only need to specify the branch of