Impact of top-Higgs couplings on di-Higgs production at future colliders

Measuring the Higgs-self coupling is one of the most crucial goals of the future colliders, such as the LHC Run-II and the ILC-based photon collider. Since the new physics can affects the di-Higgs production not only from the Higgs self-coupling but also from the top-Higgs coupling, we investigate the di-Higgs production in the presence of the non-standard top-Higgs coupling at the LHC and ILC-based photon collider given the recent Higgs data. Due to the changed interference behaviors of the top quark loops with itself or $W$ boson loops, we find that the cross section of di-Higgs production at the LHC-14 TeV and ILC-500 GeV can be respectively enhanced up to nearly 3 and 2 times the SM predictions within 2$\sigma$ Higgs data allowed parameter region.


I. INTRODUCTION
In 2012, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations jointly announced that a bosonic resonance with a mass around 125 GeV was found at the LHC [1,2]. So far, most measurements of its properties are compatible with the predictions of the Higgs boson in the Standard Model (SM) [3,4]. However, due to the current limited statistics, the Higgs couplings with top quarks and with itself are still vacant and remain to be verified at the future colliders.
In the SM, the couplings of fermions to the Higgs boson are proportional to their masses.
Due to the large mass, top quark has the strongest coupling to the Higgs boson and is speculated as a sensitive probe to the new flavor dynamics beyond the SM. As a direct way to test the top-Higgs coupling, the associated production of the top pair with Higgs boson has been widely studied at the LHC [5][6][7][8]. Besides, the search for a single top associated production with the Higgs boson was proposed to determine the sign of the top-Higgs coupling at the LHC [9][10][11]. Except for the importance of itself, the top-Higgs coupling also plays a vital role in other processes involving the Higgs boson through the quantum effects, such as the di-Higgs production [12]. This makes the top-Higgs coupling inevitably entangles with the Higgs self-coupling and affects the measurement of the Higgs self-coupling at the LHC.
In the renormalizable Lagrangian of the SM, only the quartic Higgs coupling is allowed by the electroweak gauge symmetry. The measurement of the Higgs self-coupling is essential to reconstruct the Higgs potential and understand the electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB) mechanism. In some extensions of the SM, the self-coupling can be significantly distorted by the loop corrections and become sensitive to the new physics [13][14][15][16]. Besides, a large deviation in the self-coupling may be a direct evidence for strong first-order electroweak phase transition in the early universe [17]. At the LHC, the di-Higgs production is the only way to measure the Higgs self-coupling and is dominated by the gluon-gluon fusion mechanism, which has been widely studied in recent years [18][19][20][21]. Among various decay channels, although the 4b final state has the largest fraction, the rare process hh → bbγγ is expected to have the most promising sensitivity due to the low QCD backgrounds at the LHC [22].
In this work, we will investigate the effect of non-standard top-Higgs coupling in the di-Higgs production at the LHC and ILC-based photon collider under the current Higgs data constraints. Whenever examining the Higgs self-coupling at the LHC, one should keep in mind that, the main process gg → hh can also be triggered by the top-Higgs coupling itself through the box diagrams. These irrelevant processes lead to the strong cancellation with those involving the self-coupling in the SM, which makes the cross section of di-Higgs production nearly 10 3 times smaller than the single Higgs production at the LHC. So, the top-Higgs coupling will affect the extraction of the Higgs self-coupling from the measurement of di-Higgs production at the LHC.
Given the limited precision of the LHC, an e + e − collider is crucial to scrutinize the detailed properties of the Higgs boson that might uncover the new physics beyond the SM [23]. In addition to the e + e − collisions, high energy photon-photon collisions can be achieved at the ILC by converting the energetic electron beam to a photon beam through the backward Compton scattering [24]. Similar to the process gg → hh at the LHC, γγ → hh also occurs at one-loop level. The measurements of the Higgs self-coupling at the photon collider were discussed in Ref. [25], where the complementarity of the photon and e + e − collider was emphasized. Recently, an extensive study of the feasibility of the di-Higgs production with a parameter set of the ILC-based photon collider was reanalysed in Ref. [26], which concluded that that the channel γγ → hh → bbbb process can be observed with a statistical significance of about 5σ for the integrated luminosity corresponding to 5 years running of the photon collider. Therefore, the photon collider provide an idea place to study the new physics effect in the di-Higgs production.
The structure of this paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we will brief introduce the non-standard top-Higgs interaction and set up the calculations. In Section III B, we present the numerical results and discuss the effects of non-standard top-Higgs coupling in the di-Higgs production at the LHC and ILC-based photon collider. Finally, we draw our conclusions in Section IV.

II. TOP-HIGGS INTERACTION AND CALCULATIONS
In some new physics models, the top-Higgs interaction can be different from the SM prediction. The new physics effects on tth coupling can be parameterized by a minimal set of the gauge invariant dimension-six operators. The most general Lagrangian of tth interaction can be written as follows [27]: where y t takes the value y SM t = √ 2m t /v and θ = 0 in the SM, with v ≈ 246 GeV being the SM vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field. For convenience, we define two reduced couplings: c t = y t cos ξ/y SM t andc t = y t sin ξ/y SM t in the following calculations.
Although the CP-violating interaction can contribute to the electric dipole moment (EDM), the bounds on the coupling C P rely on the assumption of Higgs couplings to other light fermions [28,29]. Given that these couplings are generally unobservable at the LHC, we do not impose EDM constraints in this study. For other low-energy physics constraints, such as B s −B s and B → X s γ, they are still too weak [29]. The most relevant indirect constraint is from the current Higgs data since the non-standard top-Higgs interaction can change the production rate of gg → h and decay width of h → γγ through the loop effect, which can be parameterized through the effective couplings as following [30], We perform the χ 2 fit of anomalous couplings c t andc t to the Higgs data by using the package HiggsSignals-1.2.0 [31]. In Fig.1, we show the Feynman diagrams of the process gg → hh at the LHC. As above mentioned, the process gg → hh is generated by triangle and box top quark loop diagrams, respectively. By applying the low energy theorem, we can obtain the effective coupling of any number of neutral scalar Higgs boson to two gluons [32,33], The first two interactions govern the cross section for di-Higgs production via the gluon fusion in the heavy top limit. From Eq.3, we can see that there is a strong cancellation between the triangle and box top quark loops diagrams because of the opposite signs of the effective couplings. So if the new physics can flip the relative sign of them, the cross section of process gg → hh may be greatly enhanced. In Fig.2, we show the Feynman diagrams of the process γγ → hh, which is governed by W boson and top quark loop diagrams, respectively. At the ILC, the γγ collisions are obtained by the inverse Compton scattering of the incident electron-and the laser-beam, the events number is calculated by convoluting the cross section of γγ collision with the photon beam luminosity distribution: where dL γγ /d √ s γγ is the photon-beam luminosity distribution and σ γγ→hh (s) ( s is the squared center-of-mass energy of e + e − collision) is defined as the effective cross section of γγ → hh, which can be written as [34] σ where F γ/e denotes the energy spectrum of the back-scattered photon for the unpolarized initial electron and laser photon beams given by Here ξ = 4E e E 0 /m 2 e (E e is the incident electron energy and E 0 is the initial laser photon energy) and x = E/E 0 with E being the energy of the scattered photon moving along the initial electron direction. In the calculations, we fix the parameters as ξ = 4.8, D(ξ) = 1.83 and x max = 0.83 [34].
Similar to the lagrangian L hgg , the effective coupling of any number of neutral scalar Higgs boson to two photons can be given as [33,35], There is also the cancellation between the triangle and box loop diagrams. But different from gg → hh, the contributions to the process γγ → hh are dominated by the W boson loops. So, the effect of the non-standard top-Higgs coupling on the di-Higgs production at photon collider may be smaller than that at the LHC.
For the loop calculations, we generate and simplify the amplitudes by using the packages FeynArts-3.9 [36] and FormCalc-8.2 [37]. All the loop functions are numerically calculation with the package LoopTools-2.8 [38].
For the strong coupling constant α s (µ), we use its 2-loop evolution with QCD parameter Λ n f =5 = 226 MeV and get α s (m Z ) = 0.118. We use CTEQ6M parton distribution functions (PDF) for the calculation of gg → hh [40]. The renormalization scale µ R and factorization scale µ F are chosen to be µ R = µ F = m h . We numerically checked that all the UV divergence in the loop corrections canceled.
For our cases, (i) when θ = π, the top-Higgs coupling c t becomes −c t so that the sign of M triangle is same as M box ; (ii) when θ = π/2, since c t only has an imaginary part, there is no interference between the M triangle and M box , which will provide a constructive contribution to gg → hh.
Besides, we can see that the cross section of gg → hh becomes larger with the increase of √ s and can reach about 1 pb in the SM at √ s = 100 TeV, which is about 40 times larger than the one at √ s = 14 TeV. However, it should be noted that the amplitudes of triangle diagrams is suppressed by center of mass energyŝ. The box diagrams will dominate the contribution to gg → hh at the VLHC. This means that the extraction of the Higgs selfcoulping from the measurement of the total cross section of gg → hh will strongly depend on the assumption of the top-Higgs coupling at the VLHC. In this case, a study of the kinematic distributions of the Higgs bosons is needed to identify the new physics in di-Higgs production.  GeV.

B. ILC-based Photon Collider
In Fig.5, we show the cross sections of γγ → hh in the presence of the non-standard top-Higgs couplings with y t = y SM t and θ = 0, π/2, π at the ILC-based photon collider with √ s = 310, 350, 500, 800, 1000 GeV. From Fig.5, we can see that the cross sections for pseudoscalar coupling θ = π/2 is smaller than that for the SM coupling θ = 0. This is different from the case of gg → hh at the LHC, where only top quark propagates in the loops. But for the process γγ → hh, W boson loops will be involved and have an interference with the top quark loops. To be specific, the amplitudes of the top quark and W boson box diagrams with √ s ≫ m t , m W , m h in the SM can be approximately written as, For θ = π/2, the coefficient of the top quark box diagrams will be changed from c 2 t to −c 2 t . So, as comparison with the SM prediction, the relative sign between the W boson box and the top quark box will be inverted, which leads to a cancellation between them; For θ = π, the flipped sign of c t can increase the cross section of γγ → hh in two sides: one is from the enhancement of those triangle diagrams involving hγγ; the other one is from the constructive interference between the top quark triangle and box diagrams. We also note that for different non-standard top-Higgs couplings, the cross section of γγ always reach the maximal value at √ s = 500 GeV. This is caused by the threshold effect of the top quark pair in the loop. When √ s becomes larger, the cross section will decrease. GeV in the plane ofC t − C t . Fig.4, we plot the ratio of σ γγ→hh /σ γγ→hh SM at ILC-based photon collider with √ s = 500 GeV in the plane ofC t − C t . From Fig.6, we can see that although the cross section of σ γγ→hh can be about 13.9 times the SM prediction, the maximal value of the ratio σ γγ→hh /σ γγ→hh SM can only reach about 2 in the region allowed by the current Higgs data at 95% C.L.. So, given the latest analysis of the feasibility of γγ → hh → bbbb, such an enhancement effect can be observed at the future photon collider.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
After LHC Run-I, measurement of Higgs-self coupling is one of the crucial tasks at future colliders, such as the LHC Run-II and the ILC-based photon collider. In this paper, given the recent Higgs data, we investigate the di-Higgs production in the presence of the nonstandard top-Higgs coupling at the LHC and ILC-based photon collider. Due to the changed interference behaviors of the top quark loops with itself or W boson loops, we find that the cross section of di-Higgs production at the LHC-14 TeV and ILC-500 GeV can be respectively enhanced up to nearly 3 and 2 times the SM predictions within 2σ Higgs data allowed parameter region.