Scalar leptoquarks and Higgs pair production at the LHC

The presence of colored particles can affect both the single and the pair Higgs productions substantially. For scalar particles, this happens if their portal couplings to the Standard Model Higgs are large and their masses are not too high. In the present work these processes are studied in the case of several leptoquarks which may appear in many beyond Standard Model theories. It is found that the constraints on the portal couplings from the single Higgs production and the decays to various channels measured by the LHC experiments still allow increased Higgs pair production rate. For the masses in the range from 180 GeV to 300 GeV, depending on the strength of such portal couplings, the Higgs pair production may reach an order to several hundred in magnitude larger rate than the Standard Model case for the 8 TeV run. Therefore, combined with the on going searches for leptoquarks by both the CMS and ATLAS, this is one of the possible scenarios to be probed directly by the current data. The current study demonstrates that if colored scalars modify scalar potentials through portal couplings, which has been studied for variety of motivations such as playing a potentially important role in electroweak phase transition, composite models or radiative neutrino masses, this fact may appear as the modified Higgs pair production.

the case of several leptoquarks which may appear in many beyond Standard Model theories. It is found that the constraints on the portal couplings from the single Higgs production and the decays to various channels measured by the LHC experiments still allow increased Higgs pair production rate. For the masses in the range from 180 GeV to 300 GeV, depending on the strength of such portal couplings, the Higgs pair production may reach an order to several hundred in magnitude larger rate than the Standard Model case for the 8 TeV run. Therefore, combined with the on going searches for leptoquarks by both the CMS and ATLAS, this is one of the possible scenarios to be probed directly by the current data. The current study demonstrates that if colored scalars modify scalar potentials through portal couplings, which has been studied for variety of motivations such as playing a potentially important role in electroweak phase transition, composite models or radiative neutrino masses, this fact may appear as the modified Higgs pair production.
In particular, relatively light colored particles are known to affect the cross-section substantially [18][19][20][21][22]. As a mater of fact there are many models with various motivations including models of GUT remnants [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39], composite models [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] or in a radiative neutrino mass models [49][50][51] which may give such contributions. Among these the scalars are interesting as they may play crucial role in the spontaneous symmetry breaking through additional terms with large portal couplings in the scalar potential. Furthermore, another reason to be interested in colored scalars is that they are known to have a potentially crucial role on achieving a successful electroweak phase transition (EWPT). Common feature of these models is that the colored particle(s) must be light enough for a strong enough EWPT [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. The discovery of the new resonance has triggered renewed interest in colored particles from this point of view and several groups have made detailed studies. Multiple scalars tend to broaden available parameter space for EWPT. For example, the so called light stop scenario has been the subject of a recent study [58,60]. Due to their possible importance it is crucial to study more broader class of models with colored scalars.
In the present work we study the phenomenological consequences of the Standard Model extension by two or more colored scalar particles. As a case study we take several leptoquarks (LQ) since there is an active experimental program by both ATLAS and CMS for the search [61][62][63][64][65][66]. The LHC search for an individual LQ have now reached as high as 830 GeV, 525 GeV with 5 fb −1 7 TeV data for first and third generation LQs, 1070 GeV with 20 fb −1 8 TeV data for second generation LQ respectively assuming they decay 100% to the considered decay channels. If the LQ masses are above these limits, their effect on the Higgs phenomenology would be very minimal. On the other hand simultaneous presence of several LQs, may open up additional channels and therefore weakens these bounds. Specific models where the LQs are introduced to explain a certain phenomenon usually requires more than one LQs as in the model we study here.
I examine a possibility of the existence of LQs with masses as light as ∼200 GeV and study their effect for the single and di Higgs productions. As we will see the Higgs pair production is substantially altered in the low mass range below 300 GeV without too much change in the Higss diphoton decay channel if portal couplings are large. These couplings are required to have opposite signs by the latest Higgs data or small in magnitude. The model I consider has two LQs, an SU (2) doublet ω and a singlet χ. As we will see their simultaneous presence still allows them to have relatively light masses and escape the current bounds. In particular, the current bounds do not include LQs decaying to µt or τ t. Such a scenario, for example, has appeared in a model considered by Babu and Julio [49], where the light neutrino masses are induced by two-loop effects from LQs. If their masses are only of order few hundred GeV, as it is required in this case, the scenario can be probed or even excluded with the data from the LHC. Therefore this is one of the easiest model which can be tested and is the subject of the current study. Although I consider a particular model, it should be stressed that other models with colored particles can affect the pair productions in a similar manner.
In Section II, I briefly list the current experimental status on the Higgs production and decay rates. Then I introduce the model I examined in the paper. Section III contains main part of this work where the numerical results for the single and pair Higgs productions are presented. The conclusion is given in Section IV.

II. LIGHT LEPTOQUARKS
ATLAS and CMS both have released their results on the Higgs searches from 7 and 8 TeV runs. The median significance of the diphoton channel for ATLAS, while remains above the SM level, has come down to µ γγ = 1.53 +0. 34 −0.3 [67] compared to the 7 TeV result. On the other hand the change in the latest CMS result compared to its 7 TeV data was more dramatic. Depending on the analysis the signal strength now stands either at µ γγ = 0.78 +0.28 −0.26 or 1.11 +0. 32 −0.30 [68]. Also importantly, the measurements for h → ZZ * → 4 channel strength are µ 4 = 0.91 +0. 30 −0.24 from CMS [69] and µ 4 = 1.7 +0.5 −0.4 [67] from ATLAS respectively which constrain the production separately. These results indicate that the diphoton channel of Higgs decay is closer to the SM prediction than it has appeared from the 7 TeV data.
Therefore, any new resonance should not affect the single Higgs production and the diphoton channel too much. This requirement alone makes a single colored scalar object harder to exist at lower mass range if its portal coupling of |H| 2 |X| 2 type is large. If such couplings are small they will not play any interesting role in the Higgs phenomenology. On the other hand several colored scalars can lead to interesting excesses that may be checked with the existing data at the same time satisfying various Higgs decay channels measurements.
The model I examine in this paper contains two new multiplets, SU (2) L singlet and doublet scalar leptoquarks Ω ∼ (3, 2, 1/6) and χ ∼ (3, 1, −1/3) [49]. The Lagrangian of the model is given as: After electroweak symmetry breaking, the lower component of the doublet LQ will mix with the singlet LQ via the trilinear µ-term which we denote as χ 1 and χ 2 , and the remaining upper 2/3 charged component as ω. Their physical masses are given by where ϑ and m χ 1 ,χ 2 are the mixing angle and masses for the −1/3 charged LQs χ 1 and χ 2 .
m ω is the mass of 2/3 charged component denoted as ω. This spectrum was proposed by Babu and Julio as an explanation for the light neutrino masses induced by two-loop effects of the LQs. Readers interested in are referred to the original paper where exhaustive list of many flavor implications were discussed. Several scenarios in the model requires these LQs to be lighter than 500 GeV, which makes them testable at the LHC. I concentrate primarily on the portal couplings and study their collider aspect and examine the consequences.
The searches for LQs at LHC have given lower bounds on their masses for several different LQ decay channels for the data collected at 7 TeV by both CMS and ATLAS collaborations.
Assuming 100 % branching fraction to electron or muon with a light quark, the pair produced LQs decaying to two leptons of the same flavor with at least two jets or single lepton with missing transverse energy and two jets have been ruled out up to 830 [61] with 7 TeV data and 1070 GeV [62] with full data for electron and muon channels respectively at 95% confidence level by CMS collaboration. If the branching fractions are assumed to be 50 % the limits are 630 and 840 GeV respectively. The third generation LQs are ruled out up to 450 GeV for νb by CMS [63], and 525 and 535 GeV for bτ by CMS [64] and ATLAS [65] respectively.
For the bτ channel the bound from CMS weakens to ∼230 GeV if the branching fraction is ∼60%. The ATLAS collaboration has not updated their searches for lighter generation LQs [66] beyond 7 TeV 1 fb −1 data set. A thorough collider search analysis is beyond scope of this paper. Interested readers are referred to Refs [46,[70][71][72][73]. In spite of all the above experimental advances in various channels, the searches for LQs decaying to µt or τ t have not been done.
If one considers any of the LQs, the LHC searches require that their masses have to be above 450 GeV. Unless corresponding portal coupling is very large the both single and di Higgs productions will not be affected at any interesting level. In the following we explain that these constraints may not be applicable for the model given by the Lagrangian in Eq. (1), To do so we consider a case where the following mass hierarchy holds: m ω > m χ 2 > m χ 1 . If the couplings Y ij in Eq (1) are small enough such that the mass splitting between 2/3 and −1/3 charged LQ makes ω → χ i W + * → χ ifd f u channel dominant, these bounds are evaded.
We call these three-body channels. Heref d f u = (du,sc,¯ ν). The star signifies that the W is off-shell. This is because the electroweak precision test requires the mass splitting within the SU (2) L doublet components be less than ∼ 52 GeV [74].
Both the ATLAS and CMS have put the constraint on the mass by varying the branching fractions of the searched channels. ATLAS puts ∼10% and 5% upper bounds on the branching fraction for LQ decaying to µq only and decaying equally to µq and νq respectively for LQ mass 200 GeV. The CMS has similar results but only down to 250 GeV Nevertheless, with larger data set of 5 fb −1 , the branching fractions to eejj, eνjj, µµjj and µνjj for LQ pair are constrained to be below ∼ 12, 2, 12 and 2 percents respectively. The new data set from 8 TeV will surely strenthen these further. In the scenario we consider the most stringent constraint comes from ω 2/3 → q searches. As for the bτ and bν τ channels the branching fractions have to be below ∼ 26 % and ∼ 60 % respectively. To avoid these we assume the corresponding branching fraction be less than ∼10% that of the three body channel. As long as we choose values small enough for Y ij satisfying the above inequality, the constraints from the searches for the light flavor LQs are avoided. Among the F ij couplings only F 23 and F 33 are allowed to be large by the LQ searches since they lead to the not-yet-searched tµ and tτ decay channels. Therefore we further assume the other F ij couplings are small and satisfy the constraints from various flavor changing neutral current constraints [49,50,75,76]. Further, if F 23 and/or F 33 are the largest F ij couplings, χ → µt or to τt will be the dominant χ i decay channel. The experimental bound τ → µγ < 4.4 × 10 −8 allows even a value of order one for either of these couplings. From the above discussion we see that the signals for the ω pair production are χ i χ j W + * W − * with the off shell W 's subsequently decaying either hadronically or leptonically when F 23 or F 33 is the largest coupling.

III. HIGGS PHENOMENOLOGY WITH LIGHT LEPTOQUARKS
In the last section we have argued that the current limits from the LHC experiments still allow LQs with light masses down to ∼180 GeV. Given that such a possibility exists in the current section we study their phenomenological consequences. The possibility that the Standard Model Higgs could have portal couplings to an unknown sector has been a subject of many studies due to its possible role in the electroweak symmetry breaking, electroweak phase transition and as the contact with the dark sector. Recent discovery of the SM Higgs like resonance has intensified such studies.
The effect we investigate here is the Higgs boson pair production. We take several LQs and choose large portal couplings to demonstrate the di-Higgs production rate can be dramatically increased while the single Higgs production and diphoton rates are affected within the experimentally measured values. This will happen even with the current data if the LQs are relatively light below 300 GeV, which makes the model testable in most of the considered mass range.
From the Lagrangian given in Eq. (1), the LQ and Higgs interactions are easily written down in the mass eigenstates as follows where s ϑ (c ϑ ) ≡ sin ϑ (cos ϑ). We choose the physical masses m ω,χ (1,2) , portal couplings λ ω , λ χ and the mixing angle as the input parameters. Then the remaining parameters µ and κ are fixed through Eqs. (2-4).
This situation may be altered by additional colored particles. The parton level cross-section is given by There are two types of amplitudes, F and G, corresponding to the same and opposite polarization of the incoming gluons respectively. The same polarization part comes from triangular and box diagrams while the opposite one does only from box diagrams. Here the Previous studies have considered an effect of a single colored particles, where one is forced to have a specific couplings not to upset the Higgs production rate. For example, the new physics contribution is chosen to be roughly twice larger and opposite in sign to have unaltered rate. This inevitably affects diphoton channel. In particular among possible color scalars only octet candidate was a good choice [20]. For these models, stability of vacuum requires increasingly stronger portal couplings as the mass is increased [77]. This is because one needs to keep the new contribution to the Higgs production more or less constant for higher mass values which is possible only if the corresponding portal coupling is simultaneously increased. This is not required in our case, since we have several new contributions which can be kept under control by a judicious choices of the various portal couplings as far as the Higgs production and diphoton channels are concerned.
We first scan over the λ ω and λ χ parameter space for the Higgs pair production and super impose the allowed regions by both CMS and ATLAS experiments by the diphoton and ZZ * channels. The result is show in Figure 1. The lightest LQ mass is chosen to be m χ 1 = 200 GeV. The parameter scan has been done using MadGraph 5 [78] with CTEQ6L1 PDF set [79]. The Madgraph implementation of the Higgs pair production in the SM has been modified to include contributions from the LQ. The code has been checked against previously known results such as in Ref [20] and was found to be in an excellent agreement.
As we can see there are regions in the parameter space where the single Higgs production and decay rates are compatible with either of CMS and ATLAS experiments. Depending on the values for the couplings the Higgs pair production may become substantially enhanced.
The shape of the regions are easily understood. The single Higgs production rate and decay to diphoton and ZZ * channels will be affected less if the contributions from the LQs largely cancel each other. This fact is reflected in the stripe regions. There is another possibility that the total LQ contribution is twice bigger than the SM amplitude and but opposite in sign as has been done in Ref [20,21]. This possibility is represented by the allowed region in the lower right corner of the scanned plots in Figure 1 where both λ ω and λ χ are large and negative. Since this region will be pushed to higher values as the LQ mass is increased we do not consider this region further and concentrate on the stripe regions.
While these regions obviously should become larger for heavier choice of the LQ mass m χ 1 , to make sure that the allowed parameters from the scanning are not accidental for the particular choice I made, the single Higgs production is calculated for several set of λ ω and λ χ with m χ 1 changing from 180 to 300 GeV. The results are plotted and shown in Figure 2.
The plots in the right column labeled as R(gg → h) are the single Higgs production rate and the plots in the left column are for the corresponding signal significance in the diphoton channel labeled as µ γγ both compared to the SM. As we see the rates are within the one σ range of the either of the two experiments at the LHC and approach to the SM values with increasing mass as one would expect.
Next, I estimate the Higgs pair production for the same set of parameters. The results are shown in Figures 3 and 4. These are the main results of the present work. As we can see the rate may be enhanced quite substantially compared to the SM expectation even the single Higgs production is affected moderately. The cancellation due to the opposite sign for λ ω and constraint and implication of this process needs a thorough analysis and I do not attempt such study in this paper.

IV. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS
The discovery of a scalar particle by CMS and ATLAS experiments at the LHC which appears to be essentially consistent with the SM Higgs picture within experimental margin of error is a triumph in our understanding of the fundamental dynamics.  doublet may cause an enhancement for Higgs pair production.
In the present paper, I have considered a several scalar LQs in which their portal couplings are such that its effect on the single Higgs production is within the limits given by the either CMS or ATLAS experiment. Even in this case it has been found that the Higgs pair production can be modified substantially. For several set of values for the portal couplings it has been shown that the rate may reach one to two orders magnitude higher than what it is in the SM. The two portal couplings are chosen to have an opposite sign which give reasonable single Higgs production rate via gluon fusion.
These are done via the following procedure. Upon scanning over these couplings for a low mass value the allowed regions by the Higgs porduction and decay to diphoton and ZZ * are obtained. Several set of values are chosen from these regions. We ignore the possibility of having both portal couplings are negative such that it produces a contribution twice as big as the SM one but with opposite sign. For the chosen values for the couplings the single Higgs productions have been plotted for masses upto 300 GeV where the rates remain within the experimentally allowed region. Once this established, the Higgs pair production has been studied. For all the values the rates have been found to be enhanced by various values. For the sets with larger values, it may reach two orders of magnitude at lower range of LQ masses with moderate effect on the single Higgs production.
The effect becomes negligible above around the mass of 300 GeV. For this value, the enhancements range from few to at most an order of magnitude. In this case we have to wait the 14 TeV run of the LHC experiments and high luminosity. Then the LQ will be ruled out or discovered before we reach the Higgs pair production discovery.
The present work demonstrates that the light colored particles with large portal couplings may reveal additional dynamics in the scalar potential. These are interesting due to their potential role in EWSB itself or in the thermal phase transition in the early universe. The model considered here is an example. From this study, one can see that any models with several color colored particles with strong couplings to Higgs can have sustantial effect on the Higgs pair production.

V. APPENDIX
Here we collect the formulae we used in our numerical calculations for the single and pair Higgs productions. The loop functions in Eq. (6) for the single Higgs productions are give by: The Higgs pair production amplitudes are separated into two parts F and G from the same and opposite initial gluon polarizations respectively. The contributions from the SM for the process g(p A )g(p B ) → h(p C )h(p D ) are given by: Additional colored scalar particles contribute the following amplitudes: Here C AB and D ABC etc are Passarino-Veltman 3 and 4-point functions and are given by Here m = m t and m S substitutions should be used for the top quark and colored scalar contribution respectively.