Skip to main content
Log in

Welche Aussagekraft haben Länderratings? Eine empirische Modellierung der Ratingvergabe während der europäischen Staatsschuldenkrise

  • Länderrating
  • Published:
Schmalenbachs Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Das Papier untersucht die Aussagekraft und Verlässlichkeit von Länderratings. Mit Hilfe eines einfachen empirischen Modells zeigen wir, dass sich Länderratings sowie deren Veränderungen durch wenige, öffentlich zugängliche Makrovariablen größtenteils erklären lassen. Die Agenturen haben jedoch während der Schuldenkrise die Gewichtung einzelner Faktoren geändert und sich somit nicht an ihr eigenes konsistentes Modell gehalten. Insbesondere achteten sie stärker auf die Schuldenquote, was zur Herabstufung einiger Länder ohne wesentliche Veränderung in den Fundamentaldaten führte. Im Weiteren finden wir, dass Veränderungen im Rating Nachlaufcharakter gegenüber der Entwicklung der Preise für Kreditausfallversicherungen haben. Ferner zeigen wir, dass die Agenturen zwar ihr zugrundeliegendes Modell nach veränderten Markteinschätzungen anpassen, sich dann jedoch konsistent an dieses neue Modell halten. Hinweise auf eine willkürliche Herabstufung einzelner Länder finden wir nicht.

Abstract

In this paper we examine the informational content and the reliability of country ratings. With the help of a simple macroeconomic model we are able to explain over 90% of the variation in country ratings, which questions the necessity of agencies’ complex and nontransparent models. In a second step we show that the weight that rating agencies attribute to the individual macroeconomic factors is not consistent over time. In particular, the overall debt level of a country has a much greater impact on the rating since the beginning of the European debt crisis. Rating agencies seem to adjust the rating process in order to be in line with public perception, which questions the usefulness of ratings for long-term investment decisions. We go on to show that pre-period prices of Credit Defaults Swaps (CDS) can be used to predict changes in country ratings, while the opposite relationship does not hold. As our final result we find no evidence of arbitrary downgrades of countries during the European debt crisis. All downgrades are justified by fundamentals. Hence, while agencies seem to adjust their methodology due to external influences, they apply the changed methodology in a similar way to all countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Afonso, Antonio (2002), Understanding the Determinants of Government Debt Ratings: Evidence for the Two Leading Agencies, Istituto Superior de Economia e Gestao, Lisboa (DE/CISEP).

    Google Scholar 

  • Afonso, Antonio/ Furceri, Davide/ Gomes, Pedro (2011), Sovereign Credit Ratings and Financial Markets Linkages — Application to European Data, Europäische Zentralbank, (ECB Working Paper Series, 1347).

    Google Scholar 

  • Afonso, Antonio/ Gomes, Pedro/ Rother, Philipp (2007), What ‘hides’ behind sovereign debt ratings?, Europäische Zentralbank, (ECB Working Paper Series, 711).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexe, Sorin/ Hammer, Peter/ Kogan, Alexander/ Lejeune, Miguel (2003), A Non-Recursive Regression Model For Country Risk Rating, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (Rutcor Research Report, 9–2003).

    Google Scholar 

  • Amato, Jeffery/ Furfine, Craig (2004), Are credit ratings procyclical, in: Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 28, S. 2641–2677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BBC (2011), S&P downgrades Spain on weak growth outlook.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bebczuk, Ricardo N. (2008), Asymmetric Information in Financial Markets: Introduction and Applications, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia, Ashok (2002), Sovereign credit ratings methodology. An evaluation, International Monetary Fund, (IMF Working Paper, 02/ 170).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomberg Businessweek (2006), S&P Delivers a Downgrade, Italian-Style, 20.10.2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boot, Arnoud (2005), Credit Ratings as Coordination Mechanisms, in: Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 19, S. 81–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borio, Claudio/ Packer, Frank (2004), Assessing new perspectives on country risk, in: BIS Quarterly Review, December, S. 47–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brereton, Natasha/ Granitsas, Alkman (2011), Moody’s Downgrades Greece, in: The Wall Street Journal, 07.03.2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, Alexander/ Fauver, Larry (2006), Institutional Environment and Sovereign Credit Ratings, in: Financial Management, Vol. 35, S. 53–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cantor, Richard/ Packer, Frank (1996), Determinants and impacts of sovereign credit ratings, in: Economic Policy Review, Vol. 2, S. 37–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canuto, Otaviano/ dos Santos, Pablo Fonseca P./ Sa Porto, Paulo C. de (2004), Macroeconomics and Sovereign Risk Ratings, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsche Bundesbank (2004), Credit Default Swaps — Funktion, Bedeutung und Informationsgehalt, Frankfurt am Main (Monatsbericht, Dezember 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  • Die Welt (2011), S&P-Panne offenbart Erschöpfung in der Euro-Krise, 12.11.2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitrijevic, Alexandra (2011), Sovereign Government Rating Methodology and Assumptions, Standard and Poor’s, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eliasson, Ann-Charlotte (2002), Sovereign credit ratings, Research Notes in Economics & Statistics (02–1), DB Research, Frankfurt am Main.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferri, Giovanni/ Liu, Li-Gang/ Stiglitz, Joseph (1999), The Procyclical Role of Rating Agencies: Evidence from the East Asian Crisis, in: Economic Notes, Vol. 28, S. 335–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Financial Times (2005), S&P cuts Portugal’s long-term sovereign debt rating, 28.06.2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitch Ratings (2002), Fitch Sovereign Ratings — Rating Methodology, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gärtner, Manfred/ Griesbach, Björn/ Jung, Florian (2011), PIGS or Lambs? The European Sovereign Debt Crisis and the Role of Rating Agencies, in: International Advances in Economic Research, Vol. 17, S. 288–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ismailescu, Iuliana/ Kazemi, Hossein (2009), The Reaction of Emerging Market Credit Default Swap Spreads to Sovereign Credit Rating Changes, in: Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 34, S. 2861–2873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IWF (2010), Global financial stability report. Sovereigns, funding, and systemic liquidity, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Ronald/ Srinivasan, Venkat/ Bolster, Paul J. (1990), Sovereign debt ratings. A judgmental model based on the analytic hierarchy process, in: Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 21, S. 96–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kräussl, Roman (2003), Do changes in sovereign credit ratings contribute to financial contagion in emerging market crises?, Center for Financial Studies, (CFS Working Paper, 2003/ 22).

    Google Scholar 

  • Larch, Martin/ Martins, Joao N. (2009), Fiscal policy making in the European Union. An assessment of current practice and challenges, London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monfort, Brieuc/ Mulder, Christian B. (2000), Using credit ratings for capital requirements on lending to emerging market economies. Possible impact of a new Basel accord, International Monetary Fund, (IMF Working Paper, 00/ 69).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, Christian B./ Perelli, Roberto (2001), Foreign Currency Credit Ratings for Emerging Market Economies, International Monetary Fund, (IMF Working Paper, 01/ 191).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickell, Pamela/ Perraudin, William/ Varotto, Simone (2000), Stability of rating transitions, in: Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 24, S. 203–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, Uday/ Seru, Amit/ Vig, Vikrant (2008), The Failure of Models that Predict Failure: Distance, Incentives and Defaults, University of Chicago, (GSB Research Paper 08–19).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisen, Helmut/ v. Maltzan, Julia (1999), Boom and Bust and Sovereign Ratings, Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, (OECD Development Centre Working Papers, 148).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sy, Amadou N. R. (2009), The systemic regulation of credit rating agencies and rated markets, International Monetary Fund, (IMF Working Paper 09/ 129).

    Google Scholar 

  • The Economist (2012), A darkening mood, 14.02.2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tichy, Gunther (2011), Credit rating agencies: Part of the solution or part of the problem?, in: Intereconomics, Vol. 46, S. 232–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, Halbert (1980), A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity, in: Econometrica, Vol. 48, S. 817–838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Markus Behn.

Additional information

Wir bedanken uns bei zwei anonymen Gutachtern für wertvolle Kommentare und Anregungen. Außerdem danken wir der Jury des Postbank Finance Awards, Steve Robert, Leif Lengelsen und Seminarteilnehmern an der Universität Bonn. Alle verbleibenden Fehler sind unsere eigenen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Behn, M., Haselmann, R., Sobott, J. et al. Welche Aussagekraft haben Länderratings? Eine empirische Modellierung der Ratingvergabe während der europäischen Staatsschuldenkrise. Schmalenbachs Z betriebswirtsch Forsch 65, 2–31 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03373707

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03373707

JEL-Classification

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation