Abstract
The acoustic-emission (AE) technique has been applied to study scale-damage processes during thermal cycling of a tube, preferentially between 600 and 300°C in air, oxygen, and air + 0.5% SO2. The AE measurements were accompanied by optical and electron-optical investigations on tube rings exposed to the same cycling conditions. During the first period of cycling, a scale rich in hematite is formed. It suffers compressive stresses during cooling. The result is a buckled multilayered scale with separated lamellae. The scaling rate is lower than under isothermal conditions. AE signals start after 175°C cooling. After longer exposure times, the scale contains an increasing amount of magnetite and becomes more compact. The scaling rate increases and is comparable to that under isothermal conditions. AE signals are already observed after 50°C cooling and are correlated with crack formation in the magnetite caused by tensile stresses there. The addition of SO2 to air enhances the crack-healing process due to higher Fe diffusion in FeS. The scale is more compact.
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Christi, W., Rahmel, A. & Schütze, M. Behavior of oxide scales on 2.25Cr-1Mo steel during thermal cycling. I. Scales formed in oxygen and air. Oxid Met 31, 1–34 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00665485
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00665485