Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer with a high mortality rate. CRC is a multistep process that begins with genetic and morphological defects and progresses to a substantial size. Despite advancements in screening, progression, and therapeutic techniques, CRC continues to result in cancer-related mortality due to metastases. There are a variety of CRC screening technologies that have helped to prevent cancer-related deaths and expensive treatment costs by finding lesions early stages of intestinal wall. It is caused by three main mechanisms, i.e., microsatellite instability (MSI), chromosomal instability (CIN), and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). In the progression phase, further genetic and epigenetic alterations lead to the transformation of benign tumor to malignant cancer leading to the cell’s aggressive and malignant characteristics. The progression of normal cells to dysplasia of varying grades, ultimately turning it into cancer. The progression of CRC is influenced by the host immune response. The immune system plays an important role in regulating the immune response against cancer cells. Among the natural derivatives with anticancer and anti-CRC properties like prebiotics and probiotics, the most potent natural compounds with chemo preventive and therapeutic approaches for CRC include curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, kaempferol, wogonin, cucurbitacin B, allicin, and diallyl disulfide (DADS) that targets novel Stat3-regulated gene like Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) and STAT1, caspase-3/9, poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκ-B), protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), cell division cycle 2 (CDC2), p21, p27, and p53 and PD-L1. In sporadic CRC, inflammatory pathway, adenoma-carcinoma sequence, and serrated pathway are the major pathways that have been extensively involved in CRC. In order to get the most out of these new technologies, global accepted standardization of novel techniques, studies, and protocols is necessary that can bridge the gaps in between the underlying obstacles in treatment and CRC mechanism. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of natural compounds in CRC prevention and treatment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Abrams JA, Terry MB, Neugut AI (2008) Cigarette smoking and the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Gastroenterology 134:617–619. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.12.015
Adamina M, Buchs NC, Penna M, Hompes R, St. Gallen Colorectal Consensus Expert Group (2018) St.Gallen consensus on safe implementation of transanal total mesorectal excision. Surg Endosc 32:1091–1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5990-2
Adams KF, Lampe PD, Newton KM, Ylvisaker JT, Feld A, Myerson D et al (2005) Soy protein containing isoflavones does not decrease colorectal epithelial cell proliferation in a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 82:620–626. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn.82.3.620
Addison P, Agnew JL, Martz J (2020) Robotic Colorectal surgery. Surg Clin North Am 100:337–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2019.12.012
Akhtar R, Chandel S, Sarotra P, Medhi B (2014) Current status of pharmacological treatment of colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 6:177–183. https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v6.i6.177
Aleksandrova K, Pischon T, Jenab M, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Fedirko V, Norat T et al (2014) Combined impact of healthy lifestyle factors on colorectal cancer: a large European cohort study. BMC Med 12:168. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0168-4
Alwers E, Jia M, Kloor M, Blaker H, Brenner H, Hoffmeister M (2019) Associations between molecular classifications of Colorectal Cancer and patient survival: A systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 17(402–410):e402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2017.12.038
Arai H, Battaglin F, Wang J, Lo JH, Soni S, Zhang W et al (2019) Molecular insight of regorafenib treatment for colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 81:101912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.101912
Arora SP, Mahalingam D (2018) Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: for the select few or all? J Gastrointest Oncol 9:170–179. https://doi.org/10.21037/jgo.2017.06.10
Arun KB, Madhavan A, Reshmitha TR, Thomas S, Nisha P (2019) Short chain fatty acids enriched fermentation metabolites of soluble dietary fibre from Musa paradisiaca drives HT29 colon cancer cells to apoptosis. PLoS One 14:e0216604. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216604
Athanasiou CD, Markides GA, Kotb A, Jia X, Gonsalves S, Miskovic D (2016) Open compared with laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision with central lymphadenectomy for colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Color Dis 18:O224–O235. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.13385
Bartnik A, Nirmal AJ, Yang SY (2012) Peptide vaccine therapy in Colorectal Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 1:1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines1010001
Becht E, De Reynies A, Giraldo NA, Pilati C, Buttard B, Lacroix L et al (2016) Immune and stromal classification of Colorectal Cancer is associated with molecular subtypes and relevant for precision immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 22:4057–4066. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2879
Berntsson J, Nodin B, Eberhard J, Micke P, Jirstrom K (2016) Prognostic impact of tumour-infiltrating B cells and plasma cells in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 139:1129–1139. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30138
Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, Spigel DR, Steins M, Ready NE et al (2015) Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung Cancer. N Engl J Med 373:1627–1639. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1507643
Borzi AM, Biondi A, Basile F, Luca S, Vicari ESD, Vacante M (2018) Olive oil effects on Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010032
Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P, Crino L, Eberhardt WE, Poddubskaya E et al (2015) Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung Cancer. N Engl J Med 373:123–135. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1504627
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018) Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 68:394–424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492
Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M (2014) Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BMJ 348:g2467. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g2467
Briata IM, Paleari L, Rutigliani M, Petrera M, Caviglia S, Romagnoli P et al (2021) A Presurgical study of curcumin combined with anthocyanin supplements in patients with Colorectal adenomatous polyps. Int J Mol Sci 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011024
Brodsky FM (1988) Monoclonal antibodies as magic bullets. Pharm Res 5:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015860525341
Buchner AM, Lichtenstein GR (2016) Evaluation and detection of dysplasia in IBD: the role of Chromoendoscopy and enhanced imaging techniques. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 14:73–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11938-016-0078-y
Campbell PT, Newton CC, Dehal AN, Jacobs EJ, Patel AV, Gapstur SM (2012) Impact of body mass index on survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis: the Cancer prevention study-II nutrition cohort. J Clin Oncol 30:42–52. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.38.0287
Canon CL (2008) Is there still a role for double-contrast barium enema examination? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 6:389–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.051
Cao R, Zhang S, Ma D, Hu L (2015) A multi-center randomized phase II clinical study of bevacizumab plus irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFIRI) compared with FOLFIRI alone as second-line treatment for Chinese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 32:325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-014-0325-9
Carvalho C, Glynne-Jones R (2017) Challenges behind proving efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Lancet Oncol 18:e354–e363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30346-7
Casadaban L, Rauscher G, Aklilu M, Villenes D, Freels S, Maker AV (2016) Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with improved survival in patients with stage II colon cancer. Cancer 122:3277–3287. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30181
Cerezo-Guisado MI, Zur R, Lorenzo MJ, Risco A, Martin-Serrano MA, Alvarez-Barrientos A et al (2015) Implication of Akt, ERK1/2 and alternative p38MAPK signalling pathways in human colon cancer cell apoptosis induced by green tea EGCG. Food Chem Toxicol 84:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.017
Chan AT, Giovannucci EL (2010) Primary prevention of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 138(2029–2043):e2010. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.057
Chen C, Shen G, Hebbar V, Hu R, Owuor ED, Kong AN (2003) Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced stress signals in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 24:1369–1378. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgg091
Cheng J, Dwyer M, Okolotowicz KJ, Mercola M, Cashman JR (2018) A novel inhibitor targets both Wnt signaling and ATM/p53 in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 78:5072–5083. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-2642
Choi JB, Kim JH, Lee H, Pak JN, Shim BS, Kim SH (2018) Reactive oxygen species and p53 mediated activation of p38 and caspases is critically involved in Kaempferol induced apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem 66:9960–9967. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02656
Collett GP, Campbell FC (2004) Curcumin induces c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent apoptosis in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 25:2183–2189. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgh233
Corcoran RB, Andre T, Atreya CE, Schellens JHM, Yoshino T, Bendell JC et al (2018) Combined BRAF, EGFR, and MEK inhibition in patients with BRAF(V600E)-mutant Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Discov 8:428–443. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-1226
Costea T, Hudita A, Ciolac OA, Galateanu B, Ginghina O, Costache M et al (2018) Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer by dietary compounds. Int J Mol Sci 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123787
Cruz-Correa M, Shoskes DA, Sanchez P, Zhao R, Hylind LM, Wexner SD et al (2006) Combination treatment with curcumin and quercetin of adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:1035–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2006.03.020
Cruz-Correa M, Hylind LM, Marrero JH, Zahurak ML, Murray-Stewart T, Casero RA Jr et al (2018) Efficacy and safety of curcumin in treatment of intestinal adenomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 155:668–673. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.031
Dalerba P, Sahoo D, Paik S, Guo X, Yothers G, Song N et al (2016) CDX2 as a prognostic biomarker in stage II and stage III colon Cancer. N Engl J Med 374:211–222. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506597
De Felice F, Piccioli A, Musio D, Tombolini V (2017) The role of radiation therapy in bone metastases management. Oncotarget 8:25691–25699. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.14823
De Gramont A, Figer A, Seymour M, Homerin M, Hmissi A, Cassidy J et al (2000) Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:2938–2947. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.16.2938
De Haan MC, Van Gelder RE, Graser A, Bipat S, Stoker J (2011) Diagnostic value of CT-colonography as compared to colonoscopy in an asymptomatic screening population: a meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 21:1747–1763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-011-2104-8
De Lacy AM, Rattner DW, Adelsdorfer C, Tasende MM, Fernandez M, Delgado S et al (2013) Transanal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) rectal resection: “down-to-up” total mesorectal excision (TME) – short-term outcomes in the first 20 cases. Surg Endosc 27:3165–3172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-013-2872-0
Deijen CL, Tsai A, Koedam TW, Veltcamp Helbach M, Sietses C, Lacy AM et al (2016) Clinical outcomes and case volume effect of transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a systematic review. Tech Coloproctol 20:811–824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-016-1545-0
Douillard JY, Cunningham D, Roth AD, Navarro M, James RD, Karasek P et al (2000) Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 355:1041–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02034-1
Douillard JY, Siena S, Cassidy J, Tabernero J, Burkes R, Barugel M et al (2014) Final results from PRIME: randomized phase III study of panitumumab with FOLFOX4 for first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 25:1346–1355. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu141
Ermakova SP, Kang BS, Choi BY, Choi HS, Schuster TF, Ma WY et al (2006)(−)-epigallocatechin gallate overcomes resistance to etoposide-induced cell death by targeting the molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78. Cancer Res 66:9260–9269. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1586
Fan L, Li A, Li W, Cai P, Yang B, Zhang M et al (2014) Novel role of Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 in development of colorectal cancer and its regulation by F36, a curcumin analog. Biomed Pharmacother 68:1141–1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.014
Favoriti P, Carbone G, Greco M, Pirozzi F, Pirozzi RE, Corcione F (2016) Worldwide burden of colorectal cancer: a review. Updat Surg 68:7–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-016-0359-y
Fenton JI, Mccaskey SJ (2013) Curcumin and docosahexaenoic acid block insulin-induced colon carcinoma cell proliferation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 88:219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2012.11.010
Fewell SW, Smith CM, Lyon MA, Dumitrescu TP, Wipf P, Day BW et al (2004) Small molecule modulators of endogenous and co-chaperone-stimulated Hsp70 ATPase activity. J Biol Chem 279:51131–51140. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M404857200
Fleming M, Ravula S, Tatishchev SF, Wang HL (2012) Colorectal carcinoma: pathologic aspects. J Gastrointest Oncol 3:153–173. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2012.030
Fletcher RH (2002) Rationale for combining different screening strategies. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 12:53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1052-5157(03)00057-6
Foegeding NJ, Jones ZS, Byndloss MX (2021) Western lifestyle as a driver of dysbiosis in colorectal cancer. Dis Model Mech 14. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.049051
Force, U.S.P.S.T, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW Jr et al (2016) Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US preventive services task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 315:2564–2575. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.5989
Gajewski TF, Schreiber H, Fu YX (2013) Innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Nat Immunol 14:1014–1022. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2703
Geng F, Wang Z, Yin H, Yu J, Cao B (2017) Molecular targeted drugs and treatment of Colorectal Cancer: recent Progress and future perspectives. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 32:149–160. https://doi.org/10.1089/cbr.2017.2210
George TJ, Ivey AM, Ali A, Lee JH, Wang Y, Daily KC et al (2021) Activity of Sorafenib plus Capecitabine in previously treated metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Oncologist 26:362–e724. https://doi.org/10.1002/onco.13689
Gerber DE (2008) Targeted therapies: a new generation of cancer treatments. Am Fam Physician 77:311–319
Ghoncheh M, Mohammadian M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Salehiniya H (2016) The incidence and mortality of Colorectal Cancer and its relationship with the human development index in Asia. Ann Glob Health 82:726–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.10.004
Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, Sobrero A, Siena S, Falcone A, Ychou M et al (2013) Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381:303–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61900-X
Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, De Reynies A, Schlicker A, Soneson C et al (2015) The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer. Nat Med 21:1350–1356. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3967
Hadjipetrou A, Anyfantakis D, Galanakis CG, Kastanakis M, Kastanakis S (2017) Colorectal cancer, screening and primary care: A mini literature review. World J Gastroenterol 23:6049–6058. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i33.6049
Half E, Bercovich D, Rozen P (2009) Familial adenomatous polyposis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 4:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-4-22
Hendler R, Zhang Y (2018) Probiotics in the treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Medicines (Basel) 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030101
Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim DW, Felip E, Perez-Gracia JL, Han JY et al (2016) Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 387:1540–1550. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01281-7
Hijova E, Szabadosova V, Stofilova J, Hrckova G (2013) Chemopreventive and metabolic effects of inulin on colon cancer development. J Vet Sci 14:387–393. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2013.14.4.387
Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, Mcdermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB et al (2010) Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363:711–723. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1003466
Hoensch H, Groh B, Edler L, Kirch W (2008) Prospective cohort comparison of flavonoid treatment in patients with resected colorectal cancer to prevent recurrence. World J Gastroenterol 14:2187–2193. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.2187
Honari M, Shafabakhsh R, Reiter RJ, Mirzaei H, Asemi Z (2019) Resveratrol is a promising agent for colorectal cancer prevention and treatment: focus on molecular mechanisms. Cancer Cell Int 19:180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-019-0906-y
Hong DS, Morris VK, El Osta B, Sorokin AV, Janku F, Fu S et al (2016) Phase IB study of Vemurafenib in combination with irinotecan and Cetuximab in patients with metastatic Colorectal Cancer with BRAFV600E mutation. Cancer Discov 6:1352–1365. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0050
Hoos A, Ibrahim R, Korman A, Abdallah K, Berman D, Shahabi V et al (2010) Development of ipilimumab: contribution to a new paradigm for cancer immunotherapy. Semin Oncol 37:533–546. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.09.015
Howells LM, Berry DP, Elliott PJ, Jacobson EW, Hoffmann E, Hegarty B et al (2011) Phase I randomized, double-blind pilot study of micronized resveratrol (SRT501) in patients with hepatic metastases – safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 4:1419–1425. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0148
Hu Y, Mcintosh GH, Le Leu RK, Somashekar R, Meng XQ, Gopalsamy G et al (2016) Supplementation with Brazil nuts and green tea extract regulates targeted biomarkers related to colorectal cancer risk in humans. Br J Nutr 116:1901–1911. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516003937
Inaba H, Nagaoka Y, Kushima Y, Kumagai A, Matsumoto Y, Sakaguchi M et al (2008) Comparative examination of anti-proliferative activities of(−)-epigallocatechin gallate and(−)-epigallocatechin against HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells. Biol Pharm Bull 31:79–84. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.79
Jacome AA, Eng C (2019) Role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of colorectal cancer: focus on nivolumab. Expert Opin Biol Ther 19:1247–1263. https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2019.1680636
James MI, Iwuji C, Irving G, Karmokar A, Higgins JA, Griffin-Teal N et al (2015) Curcumin inhibits cancer stem cell phenotypes in ex vivo models of colorectal liver metastases, and is clinically safe and tolerable in combination with FOLFOX chemotherapy. Cancer Lett 364:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.005
Jayne DG, Guillou PJ, Thorpe H, Quirke P, Copeland J, Smith AM et al (2007) Randomized trial of laparoscopic-assisted resection of colorectal carcinoma: 3-year results of the UK MRC CLASICC trial group. J Clin Oncol 25:3061–3068. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.09.7758
Jeon CH, Lee HI, Shin IH, Park JW (2008) Genetic alterations of APC, K-ras, p53, MSI, and MAGE in Korean colorectal cancer patients. Int J Color Dis 23:29–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-007-0373-0
Jeong SY, Shin KH, Shin JH, Ku JL, Shin YK, Park SY et al (2003) Microsatellite instability and mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes in sporadic colorectal cancers. Dis Colon Rectum 46:1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10350-004-7282-x
Ji X, Hou C, Gao Y, Xue Y, Yan Y, Guo X (2020) Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota modulatory effects of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba mill.) polysaccharides in a colorectal cancer mouse model. Food Funct 11:163–173. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9fo02171j
Kalyan A, Kircher S, Shah H, Mulcahy M, Benson A (2018) Updates on immunotherapy for colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 9:160–169. https://doi.org/10.21037/jgo.2018.01.17
Karpinski P, Rossowska J, Sasiadek MM (2017) Immunological landscape of consensus clusters in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 8:105299–105311. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.22169
Kay CL, Evangelou HA (1996) A review of the technical and clinical aspects of virtual endoscopy. Endoscopy 28:768–775. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1005603
Kedrin D, Gala MK (2015) Genetics of the serrated pathway to colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 6:e84. https://doi.org/10.1038/ctg.2015.12
Kitano S, Inomata M, Mizusawa J, Katayama H, Watanabe M, Yamamoto S et al (2017) Survival outcomes following laparoscopic versus open D3 dissection for stage II or III colon cancer (JCOG0404): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2:261–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30207-2
Kopetz S, Guthrie KA, Morris VK, Lenz HJ, Magliocco AM, Maru D et al (2021) Randomized trial of irinotecan and Cetuximab with or without Vemurafenib in BRAF-mutant metastatic Colorectal Cancer (SWOG S1406). J Clin Oncol 39:285–294. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.01994
Lacy AM, Tasende MM, Delgado S, Fernandez-Hevia M, Jimenez M, De Lacy B et al (2015) Transanal Total Mesorectal excision for rectal Cancer: outcomes after 140 patients. J Am Coll Surg 221:415–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.03.046
Lao CD, Ruffin MTT, Normolle D, Heath DD, Murray SI, Bailey JM et al (2006) Dose escalation of a curcuminoid formulation. BMC Complement Altern Med 6:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-6-10
Le DT, Uram JN, Wang H, Bartlett BR, Kemberling H, Eyring AD et al (2015) PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch-repair deficiency. N Engl J Med 372:2509–2520. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1500596
Lee JK, Liles EG, Bent S, Levin TR, Corley DA (2014a) Accuracy of fecal immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 160:171. https://doi.org/10.7326/M13-1484
Lee SH, Park YK, Lee DJ, Kim KM (2014b) Colonoscopy procedural skills and training for new beginners. World J Gastroenterol 20:16984–16995. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.16984
Lee YT, Tan YJ, Oon CE (2018) Molecular targeted therapy: treating cancer with specificity. Eur J Pharmacol 834:188–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.034
Leggett B, Whitehall V (2010) Role of the serrated pathway in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 138:2088–2100. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.066
Leto SM, Sassi F, Catalano I, Torri V, Migliardi G, Zanella ER et al (2015) Sustained inhibition of HER3 and EGFR is necessary to induce regression of HER2-amplified gastrointestinal carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 21:5519–5531. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-3066
Li J, Qin S, Xu R, Yau TC, Ma B, Pan H et al (2015) Regorafenib plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care in Asian patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CONCUR): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 16:619–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70156-7
Li C, Cai G, Song D, Gao R, Teng P, Zhou L et al (2019a) Development of EGFR-targeted evodiamine nanoparticles for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Biomater Sci 7:3627–3639. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9BM00613C
Li X, Ni J, Tang Y, Wang X, Tang H, Li H et al (2019b) Allicin inhibits mouse colorectal tumorigenesis through suppressing the activation of STAT3 signaling pathway. Nat Prod Res 33:2722–2725. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1465425
Li S, Fu H, Wang Y, Wang L, Jia B, Bian Y (2020) Curcumin inhibits CT26 cells metastasis by decreasing heparanase expression. J Leukoc Biol 108:1727–1733. https://doi.org/10.1002/JLB.1MA0620-357R
Li G, Fang S, Shao X, Li Y, Tong Q, Kong B et al (2021) Curcumin reverses NNMT-induced 5-fluorouracil resistance via increasing ROS and Cell cycle arrest in Colorectal Cancer cells. Biomol Ther 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091295
Liao W, Khan I, Huang G, Chen S, Liu L, Leong WK et al (2021) Bifidobacterium animalis: the missing link for the cancer-preventive effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Gut Microbes 13:1847629. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1847629
Lindskog EB, Gunnarsdottir KA, Derwinger K, Wettergren Y, Glimelius B, Kodeda K (2014) A population-based cohort study on adherence to practice guidelines for adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 14:948. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-14-948
Liu Z, Xu Y, Xu G, Baklaushev VP, Chekhonin VP, Peltzer K et al (2021) Nomogram for predicting overall survival in colorectal cancer with distant metastasis. BMC Gastroenterol 21:103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-021-01692-x
Lu HF, Yang JS, Lin YT, Tan TW, Ip SW, Li YC et al (2007) Diallyl disulfide induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 expression in human colon cancer Colo 205 cells using differential display RT-PCR. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 4:93–97
Lu X, Wu X, Jing L, Tao L, Zhang Y, Huang R et al (2020) Network pharmacology analysis and experiments validation of the inhibitory effect of JianPi Fu recipe on Colorectal Cancer LoVo cells metastasis and growth. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020:4517483. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4517483
Lucas J, Hsieh TC, Halicka HD, Darzynkiewicz Z, Wu JM (2018) Upregulation of PD-L1 expression by resveratrol and piceatannol in breast and colorectal cancer cells occurs via HDAC3/p300-mediated NF-kappaB signaling. Int J Oncol 53:1469–1480. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4512
Luo KW, Xia J, Cheng BH, Gao HC, Fu LW, Luo XL (2021) Tea polyphenol EGCG inhibited colorectal-cancer-cell proliferation and migration via downregulation of STAT3. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 9:59–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/goaa072
Lykke J, Jess P, Roikjaer O, Danish Colorectal Cancer Group (2015) Increased lymph node yield is associated with improved survival in rectal Cancer irrespective of neoadjuvant treatment: results from a National Cohort Study. Dis Colon Rectum 58:823–830. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000000429
Lynch HT, De La Chapelle A (2003) Hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 348:919–932. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra012242
Lynch D, Murphy A (2016) The emerging role of immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. Ann Transl Med 4:305. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2016.08.29
Ma YS, Li W, Liu Y, Shi Y, Lin QL, Fu D (2020) Targeting Colorectal Cancer stem cells as an effective treatment for Colorectal Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 19:1533033819892261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533033819892261
Mahdavi M, Laforest-Lapointe I, Masse E (2021) Preventing Colorectal Cancer through prebiotics. Microorganisms 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061325
Markman JL, Shiao SL (2015) Impact of the immune system and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 6:208–223. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.077
Markowitz SD, Bertagnolli MM (2009) Molecular origins of cancer: molecular basis of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 361:2449–2460. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0804588
Marmol I, Sanchez-De-Diego C, Pradilla Dieste A, Cerrada E, Rodriguez Yoldi MJ (2017) Colorectal carcinoma: A general overview and future perspectives in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010197
Martínez ME, Willett WC (1998) Calcium, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 7:163–168
Martin-Lopez JE, Beltran-Calvo C, Rodriguez-Lopez R, Molina-Lopez T (2014) Comparison of the accuracy of CT colonography and colonoscopy in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Color Dis 16:O82–O89. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12506
Massey AJ, Williamson DS, Browne H, Murray JB, Dokurno P, Shaw T et al (2010) A novel, small molecule inhibitor of Hsc70/Hsp70 potentiates Hsp90 inhibitor induced apoptosis in HCT116 colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 66:535–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-009-1194-3
Matsuda T, Yamashita K, Hasegawa H, Oshikiri T, Hosono M, Higashino N et al (2018) Recent updates in the surgical treatment of colorectal cancer. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2:129–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/ags3.12061
Mccullough ML, Zoltick ES, Weinstein SJ, Fedirko V, Wang M, Cook NR et al (2019) Circulating vitamin D and Colorectal Cancer risk: an international pooling project of 17 cohorts. J Natl Cancer Inst 111:158–169. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy087
Meric-Bernstam F, Hurwitz H, Raghav KPS, Mcwilliams RR, Fakih M, Vanderwalde A et al (2019) Pertuzumab plus trastuzumab for HER2-amplified metastatic colorectal cancer (MyPathway): an updated report from a multicentre, open-label, phase 2a, multiple basket study. Lancet Oncol 20:518–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30904-5
Mileo AM, Nistico P, Miccadei S (2019) Polyphenols: immunomodulatory and therapeutic implication in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 10:729. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00729
Miura T, Yuan L, Sun B, Fujii H, Yoshida M, Wakame K et al (2002) Isoflavone aglycon produced by culture of soybean extracts with basidiomycetes and its anti-angiogenic activity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66:2626–2631. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.66.2626
Miura K, Satoh M, Kinouchi M, Yamamoto K, Hasegawa Y, Philchenkov A et al (2014) The preclinical development of regorafenib for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 9:1087–1101. https://doi.org/10.1517/17460441.2014.924923
Mizoue T, Inoue M, Wakai K, Nagata C, Shimazu T, Tsuji I et al (2008) Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer in Japanese: a pooled analysis of results from five cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol 167:1397–1406. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn073
Mohapatra P, Preet R, Choudhuri M, Choudhuri T, Kundu CN (2011) 5-fluorouracil increases the chemopreventive potentials of resveratrol through DNA damage and MAPK signaling pathway in human colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Res 19:311–321. https://doi.org/10.3727/096504011x13079697132844
Molska M, Regula J (2019) Potential mechanisms of probiotics action in the prevention and treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102453
Moradi-Marjaneh R, Paseban M, Moradi Marjaneh M (2019) Hsp70 inhibitors: implications for the treatment of colorectal cancer. IUBMB Life 71:1834–1845. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.2157
Motzer RJ, Escudier B, Mcdermott DF, George S, Hammers HJ, Srinivas S et al (2015) Nivolumab versus Everolimus in advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 373:1803–1813. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1510665
Munro MJ, Wickremesekera SK, Peng L, Tan ST, Itinteang T (2018) Cancer stem cells in colorectal cancer: a review. J Clin Pathol 71:110–116. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204739
Murphy N, Ward HA, Jenab M, Rothwell JA, Boutron-Ruault MC, Carbonnel F et al (2019) Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer risk factors by anatomical subsite in 10 European countries: A multinational cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 17(1323–1331):e1326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2018.07.030
Nafees S, Mehdi SH, Zafaryab M, Zeya B, Sarwar T, Rizvi MA (2018) Synergistic interaction of Rutin and Silibinin on human colon Cancer cell line. Arch Med Res 49:226–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.09.008
Ngo SN, Williams DB, Cobiac L, Head RJ (2007) Does garlic reduce risk of colorectal cancer? A systematic review. J Nutr 137:2264–2269. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.10.2264
Nguyen MT, Weinberg DS (2016) Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer screening. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 14:1033–1040. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2016.0109
Nielsen DL, Palshof JA, Larsen FO, Jensen BV, Pfeiffer P (2014) A systematic review of salvage therapy to patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and irinotecan +/− targeted therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 40:701–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.02.006
Nobili S, Lippi D, Witort E, Donnini M, Bausi L, Mini E et al (2009) Natural compounds for cancer treatment and prevention. Pharmacol Res 59:365–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2009.01.017
Norat T, Bingham S, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Jenab M, Mazuir M et al (2005) Meat, fish, and colorectal cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:906–916. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji164
Nowacka-Jechalke N, Nowak R, Juda M, Malm A, Lemieszek M, Rzeski W et al (2018) New biological activity of the polysaccharide fraction from Cantharellus cibarius and its structural characterization. Food Chem 268:355–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.106
O’Leary MP, Choong KC, Thornblade LW, Fakih MG, Fong Y, Kaiser AM (2020) Management considerations for the surgical treatment of Colorectal Cancer during the global Covid-19 pandemic. Ann Surg 272:e98–e105. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004029
O’Neil BH, Wallmark JM, Lorente D, Elez E, Raimbourg J, Gomez-Roca C et al (2017) Safety and antitumor activity of the anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. PLoS One 12:e0189848. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189848
Ohara T, Suzutani T (2018) Intake of Bifidobacterium longum and Fructo-oligosaccharides prevents Colorectal carcinogenesis. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 8:11–17. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1251
Overman MJ, Mcdermott R, Leach JL, Lonardi S, Lenz HJ, Morse MA et al (2017) Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142): an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 18:1182–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30422-9
Panahi Y, Saberi-Karimian M, Valizadeh O, Behnam B, Saadat A, Jamialahmadi T et al (2021) Effects of Curcuminoids on systemic inflammation and quality of life in patients with Colorectal Cancer undergoing chemotherapy: A randomized controlled trial. Adv Exp Med Biol 1328:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_1
Park JH, Kim JK (2018) Pristimerin, a naturally occurring triterpenoid, attenuates tumorigenesis in experimental colitis-associated colon cancer. Phytomedicine 42:164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.033
Patel KR, Brown VA, Jones DJ, Britton RG, Hemingway D, Miller AS et al (2010) Clinical pharmacology of resveratrol and its metabolites in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res 70:7392–7399. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2027
Patel S, Waghela B, Shah K, Vaidya F, Mirza S, Patel S et al (2018) Silibinin, A natural blend in Polytherapy formulation for targeting Cd44v6 expressing colon Cancer stem cells. Sci Rep 8:16985. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35069-0
Patra JK, Das G, Fraceto LF, Campos EVR, Rodriguez-Torres MDP, Acosta-Torres LS et al (2018) Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects. J Nanobiotechnology 16:71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0392-8
Penna M, Hompes R, Arnold S, Wynn G, Austin R, Warusavitarne J et al (2017) Transanal Total Mesorectal excision: international registry results of the first 720 cases. Ann Surg 266:111–117. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000001948
Pino MS, Chung DC (2010) The chromosomal instability pathway in colon cancer. Gastroenterology 138:2059–2072. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.065
Pintova S, Dharmupari S, Moshier E, Zubizarreta N, Ang C, Holcombe RF (2019) Genistein combined with FOLFOX or FOLFOX-bevacizumab for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: phase I/II pilot study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 84:591–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-019-03886-3
Pitot HC (1993) The molecular biology of carcinogenesis. Cancer 72:962–970. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19930801)72:3+<962::aid-cncr2820721303>3.0.co;2-h
Ponz De Leon M, Percesepe A (2000) Pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Dig Liver Dis 32:807–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1590-8658(00)80361-8
Price T, Kim TW, Li J, Cascinu S, Ruff P, Suresh AS et al (2016) Final results and outcomes by prior bevacizumab exposure, skin toxicity, and hypomagnesaemia from ASPECCT: randomized phase 3 non-inferiority study of panitumumab versus cetuximab in chemorefractory wild-type KRAS exon 2 metastatic colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 68:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.08.010
Remšík J, Pícková M, Vacek O, Fedr R, Binó L, Hampl A et al (2020) TGF-β regulates Sca-1 expression and plasticity of pre-neoplastic mammary epithelial stem cells. Sci Rep 10:11396. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67827-4
Rentsch M, Schiergens T, Khandoga A, Werner J (2016) Surgery for Colorectal Cancer - trends, developments, and future perspectives. Visc Med 32:184–191. https://doi.org/10.1159/000446490
Riahi-Chebbi I, Souid S, Othman H, Haoues M, Karoui H, Morel A et al (2019) The phenolic compound Kaempferol overcomes 5-fluorouracil resistance in human resistant LS174 colon cancer cells. Sci Rep 9:195. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36808-z
Ribic CM, Sargent DJ, Moore MJ, Thibodeau SN, French AJ, Goldberg RM et al (2003) Tumor microsatellite-instability status as a predictor of benefit from fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 349:247–257. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022289
Rich T, Gunderson LL, Lew R, Galdibini JJ, Cohen AM, Donaldson G (1983) Patterns of recurrence of rectal cancer after potentially curative surgery. Cancer 52:1317–1329. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19831001)52:7<1317::aid-cncr2820520731>3.0.co;2-6
Riley BD, Culver JO, Skrzynia C, Senter LA, Peters JA, Costalas JW et al (2012) Essential elements of genetic cancer risk assessment, counseling, and testing: updated recommendations of the National Society of genetic counselors. J Genet Couns 21:151–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-011-9462-x
Robert C, Long GV, Brady B, Dutriaux C, Maio M, Mortier L et al (2015a) Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation. N Engl J Med 372:320–330. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1412082
Robert C, Schachter J, Long GV, Arance A, Grob JJ, Mortier L et al (2015b) Pembrolizumab versus Ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med 372:2521–2532. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1503093
Roscio F, Boni L, Clerici F, Frattini P, Cassinotti E, Scandroglio I (2016) Is laparoscopic surgery really effective for the treatment of colon and rectal cancer in very elderly over 80 years old? A prospective multicentric case-control assessment. Surg Endosc 30:4372–4382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-4755-7
Samalin E, Fouchardiere C, Thezenas S, Boige V, Senellart H, Guimbaud R et al (2020) Sorafenib plus irinotecan combination in patients with RAS-mutated metastatic Colorectal Cancer refractory to standard combined chemotherapies: A multicenter, randomized phase 2 trial (NEXIRI-2/PRODIGE 27). Clin Colorectal Cancer 19(301–310):e301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcc.2020.04.008
Sandler RS (1996) Epidemiology and risk factors for colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 25:717–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70271-5
Sartore-Bianchi A, Trusolino L, Martino C, Bencardino K, Lonardi S, Bergamo F et al (2016) Dual-targeted therapy with trastuzumab and lapatinib in treatment-refractory, KRAS codon 12/13 wild-type, HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer (HERACLES): a proof-of-concept, multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 17:738–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16)00150-9
Sarvizadeh M, Ghasemi F, Tavakoli F, Sadat Khatami S, Razi E, Sharifi H et al (2019) Vaccines for colorectal cancer: an update. J Cell Biochem 120:8815–8828. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.28179
Schlecht R, Scholz SR, Dahmen H, Wegener A, Sirrenberg C, Musil D et al (2013) Functional analysis of Hsp70 inhibitors. PLoS One 8:e78443. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078443
Scholefield JH, Moss SM, Mangham CM, Whynes DK, Hardcastle JD (2012) Nottingham trial of faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer: a 20-year follow-up. Gut 61:1036–1040. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300774
Schoofs N, Deviere J, Van Gossum A (2006) PillCam colon capsule endoscopy compared with colonoscopy for colorectal tumor diagnosis: a prospective pilot study. Endoscopy 38:971–977. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-944835
Serra D, Rufino AT, Mendes AF, Almeida LM, Dinis TC (2014) Resveratrol modulates cytokine-induced Jak/STAT activation more efficiently than 5-aminosalicylic acid: an in vitro approach. PLoS One 9:e109048. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109048
Shan JZ, Xuan YY, Zheng S, Dong Q, Zhang SZ (2009) Ursolic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of HT-29 colon cancer cells by inhibiting the EGFR/MAPK pathway. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 10:668–674. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0920149
Shan J, Xuan Y, Zhang Q, Zhu C, Liu Z, Zhang S (2016) Ursolic acid synergistically enhances the therapeutic effects of oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer. Protein Cell 7:571–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-016-0295-0
Shin DY, Lee WS, Lu JN, Kang MH, Ryu CH, Kim GY et al (2009) Induction of apoptosis in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells by anthocyanins through suppression of Akt and activation of p38-MAPK. Int J Oncol 35:1499–1504. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo_00000469
Simon K (2016) Colorectal cancer development and advances in screening. Clin Interv Aging 11:967–976. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S109285
Sinicrope FA, Foster NR, Thibodeau SN, Marsoni S, Monges G, Labianca R et al (2011) DNA mismatch repair status and colon cancer recurrence and survival in clinical trials of 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 103:863–875. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr153
Smit T, Calitz C, Willers C, Svitina H, Hamman J, Fey SJ et al (2020) Characterization of an alginate encapsulated LS180 spheroid model for anti-colorectal Cancer compound screening. ACS Med Chem Lett 11:1014–1021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00076
Sobrero A, Ackland S, Clarke S, Perez-Carrion R, Chiara S, Gapski J et al (2009) Phase IV study of bevacizumab in combination with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) in first-line metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncology 77:113–119. https://doi.org/10.1159/000229787
Spada C, Hassan C, Galmiche JP, Neuhaus H, Dumonceau JM, Adler S et al (2012) Colon capsule endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy 44:527–536. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1291717
Storka A, Vcelar B, Klickovic U, Gouya G, Weisshaar S, Aschauer S et al (2015) Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of liposomal curcumin in healthy humans. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 53:54–65. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP202076
Sylla P, Rattner DW, Delgado S, Lacy AM (2010) NOTES transanal rectal cancer resection using transanal endoscopic microsurgery and laparoscopic assistance. Surg Endosc 24:1205–1210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-010-0965-6
Tabernero J, Yoshino T, Cohn AL, Obermannova R, Bodoky G, Garcia-Carbonero R et al (2015) Ramucirumab versus placebo in combination with second-line FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma that progressed during or after first-line therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and a fluoropyrimidine (RAISE): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 16:499–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70127-0
Tabernero J, Geel RV, Guren TK, Yaeger RD, Spreafico A, Faris JE et al (2016) Phase 2 results: Encorafenib (ENCO) and cetuximab (CETUX) with or without alpelisib (ALP) in patients with advanced BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer (BRAFm CRC). J Clin Oncol 34:3544–3544. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.34.15_suppl.3544
Tan H, Li X, Yang WH, Kang Y (2019) A flavone, Wogonin from Scutellaria baicalensis inhibits the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells by inducing of autophagy, apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest via modulating the PI3K/AKT and STAT3 signalling pathways. J BUON 24:1143–1149
Tang PA, Cohen SJ, Kollmannsberger C, Bjarnason G, Virik K, Mackenzie MJ et al (2012) Phase II clinical and pharmacokinetic study of aflibercept in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 18:6023–6031. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3252
Tariq K, Ghias K (2016) Colorectal cancer carcinogenesis: a review of mechanisms. Cancer Biol Med 13:120–135. https://doi.org/10.28092/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0103
Thanikachalam K, Khan G (2019) Colorectal Cancer and nutrition. Nutrients 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010164
Van Cutsem E, Lenz HJ, Kohne CH, Heinemann V, Tejpar S, Melezinek I et al (2015) Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan plus cetuximab treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 33:692–700. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.59.4812
Van Dross R, Xue Y, Knudson A, Pelling JC (2003) The chemopreventive bioflavonoid apigenin modulates signal transduction pathways in keratinocyte and colon carcinoma cell lines. J Nutr 133:3800S–3804S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.11.3800S
Van Geel R, Tabernero J, Elez E, Bendell JC, Spreafico A, Schuler M et al (2017) A phase Ib dose-escalation study of Encorafenib and Cetuximab with or without Alpelisib in metastatic BRAF-mutant Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Discov 7:610–619. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0795
Veenstra CM, Krauss JC (2018) Emerging systemic therapies for Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 31:179–191. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1602238
Verediano TA, Viana ML, Das Gracas Vaz Tostes M, De Oliveira DS, De Carvalho Nunes L, Costa NM (2020) Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) prevented inflammation, oxidative stress, and intestinal alterations in an animal model of colorectal carcinogenesis. J Sci Food Agric 100:5442–5449. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10595
Wang HB, Yao H, Li CS, Liang LX, Zhang Y, Chen YX et al (2017) Rise of PD-L1 expression during metastasis of colorectal cancer: implications for immunotherapy. J Dig Dis 18:574–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.12538
Wang Y, Bao X, Zhao A, Zhang J, Zhang M, Zhang Q et al (2018) Raddeanin A inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer through downregulating the Wnt/beta-catenin and NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Life Sci 207:532–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.035
Wang M, Liu X, Chen T, Cheng X, Xiao H, Meng X et al (2022) Inhibition and potential treatment of colorectal cancer by natural compounds via various signaling pathways. Front Oncol 12:956793. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.956793
Welch S, Spithoff K, Rumble RB, Maroun J, Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group (2010) Bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy for patients with advanced colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Ann Oncol 21:1152–1162. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdp533
Winawer SJ, Stewart ET, Zauber AG, Bond JH, Ansel H, Waye JD et al (2000) A comparison of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium enema for surveillance after polypectomy. National polyp study work group. N Engl J Med 342:1766–1772. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200006153422401
Wisen S, Bertelsen EB, Thompson AD, Patury S, Ung P, Chang L et al (2010) Binding of a small molecule at a protein-protein interface regulates the chaperone activity of hsp70-hsp40. ACS Chem Biol 5:611–622. https://doi.org/10.1021/cb1000422
Wolf AMD, Fontham ETH, Church TR, Flowers CR, Guerra CE, Lamonte SJ et al (2018) Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin 68:250–281. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21457
Woods D, Turchi JJ (2013) Chemotherapy induced DNA damage response: convergence of drugs and pathways. Cancer Biol Ther 14:379–389. https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.23761
Xavier CP, Lima CF, Preto A, Seruca R, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C (2009) Luteolin, quercetin and ursolic acid are potent inhibitors of proliferation and inducers of apoptosis in both KRAS and BRAF mutated human colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Lett 281:162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.041
Xi Y, Xu P (2021) Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040. Transl Oncol 14:101174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101174
Xie YH, Chen YX, Fang JY (2020) Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0116-z
Xu RH, Li J, Bai Y, Xu J, Liu T, Shen L et al (2017) Safety and efficacy of fruquintinib in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase Ib study and a randomized double-blind phase II study. J Hematol Oncol 10:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-016-0384-9
Yaghoubi N, Soltani A, Ghazvini K, Hassanian SM, Hashemy SI (2019) PD-1/PD-L1 blockade as a novel treatment for colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 110:312–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.105
Yar Saglam AS, Alp E, Elmazoglu Z, Menevse S (2016) Treatment with cucurbitacin B alone and in combination with gefitinib induces cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis via EGFR and JAK/STAT pathway in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Hum Exp Toxicol 35:526–543. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327115595686
Yepes AF, Arias JD, Cardona-G W, Herrera-R A, Moreno G (2021) New class of hybrids based on chalcone and melatonin: a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Med Chem Res 30:2240–2255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-021-02805-7
Yin TF, Wang M, Qing Y, Lin YM, Wu D (2016) Research progress on chemopreventive effects of phytochemicals on colorectal cancer and their mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 22:7058–7068. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7058
Young GP, Cole S (2007) New stool screening tests for colorectal cancer. Digestion 76:26–33. https://doi.org/10.1159/000108391
Yousef BA, Guerram M, Hassan HM, Hamdi AM, Zhang LY, Jiang ZZ (2016) Pristimerin demonstrates anticancer potential in colorectal cancer cells by inducing G1 phase arrest and apoptosis and suppressing various pro-survival signaling proteins. Oncol Rep 35:1091–1100. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4457
Yousef BA, Hassan HM, Zhang LY, Jiang ZZ (2018) Pristimerin exhibits in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities through inhibition of nuclear factor-small ka, CyrillicB signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells. Phytomedicine 40:140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.01.008
Yuan SX, Wang DX, Wu QX, Ren CM, Li Y, Chen QZ et al (2016) BMP9/p38 MAPK is essential for the antiproliferative effect of resveratrol on human colon cancer. Oncol Rep 35:939–947. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4407
Zeng C, Matsuda K, Jia WH, Chang J, Kweon SS, Xiang YB et al (2016) Identification of susceptibility loci and genes for Colorectal Cancer risk. Gastroenterology 150:1633–1645. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.076
Zhang Y, Li Q, Zhou D, Chen H (2013) Genistein, a soya isoflavone, prevents azoxymethane-induced up-regulation of WNT/beta-catenin signalling and reduces colon pre-neoplasia in rats. Br J Nutr 109:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512000876
Zhang Y, Chen Z, Li J (2017) The current status of treatment for colorectal cancer in China: A systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 96:e8242. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000008242
Zhang L, Cai QY, Liu J, Peng J, Chen YQ, Sferra TJ et al (2019) Ursolic acid suppresses the invasive potential of colorectal cancer cells by regulating the TGF-beta1/ZEB1/miR-200c signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 18:3274–3282. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10604
Zhang X, Zhang W, Chen F, Lu Z (2021) Combined effect of chrysin and apigenin on inhibiting the development and progression of colorectal cancer by suppressing the activity of P38-MAPK/AKT pathway. IUBMB Life 73:774–783. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.2456
Zhao Q, Bi Y, Zhong J, Ren Z, Liu Y, Jia J et al (2020) Pristimerin suppresses colorectal cancer through inhibiting inflammatory responses and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 386:114813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2019.114813
Zhou S, Wang X, Zhao C, Liu Q, Zhou H, Zheng Z et al (2019a) Laparoscopic vs open colorectal cancer surgery in elderly patients: short- and long-term outcomes and predictors for overall and disease-free survival. BMC Surg 19:137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-019-0596-3
Zhou Z, Mo S, Dai W, Xiang W, Han L, Li Q et al (2019b) Prognostic nomograms for predicting cause-specific survival and overall survival of stage I-III colon cancer patients: a large population-based study. Cancer Cell Int 19:355. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-019-1079-4
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Chhetri, D., Kaliappan, I., Palaniyandi, K., Gnanasampanthapandian, D. (2023). Recent Advancements in the Inhibition of Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer Using Anticancer Compounds. In: Sobti, R.C., Ganguly, N.K., Kumar, R. (eds) Handbook of Oncobiology: From Basic to Clinical Sciences. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2196-6_48-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2196-6_48-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-2196-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-2196-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences