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Biomarkers in Precision Medicine with Special Reference to Oncology

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Oncology: Genomics, Precision Medicine and Therapeutic Targets

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Abstract

A major global health problem that is growing worse daily is cancer. Globally, there has been a significant rise in cancer cases—19.3 million in total—and deaths—10 million, according to the online database GLOBOCAN. Around the globe, there are numerous cancer awareness campaigns that provide information on the disease's early detection and preventative measures using biomarkers. Through careful patient selection based on likely treatment and prognosis, the discovery of these biomarkers paved the way for precision medicine to better patient outcomes. This chapter discusses the importance of cancer biomarkers in developing therapeutics, as well as their role in precision medicine, emerging approaches, and challenges. Precision medicine may offer greater clinical benefits and reach due to developments in molecular identification methods like genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, as well as the ability to link drug development with multi-therapy approaches.

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Abbreviations

ADC:

Antibody-drug conjugates

ADC:

Apparent diffusion coefficient

ALK:

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase

ALL:

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

BCL2:

B cell lymphoma-2

BCMA:

B cell maturation antigen

BiTEs:

Bispecific T cell engagers

CAR-T:

Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

CDKN2A:

Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A

CLDN:

Claudin

CLL:

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

CTLA-4:

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FET:

18F-Fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine

FISH:

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

GBM:

Glioblastoma multiforme

HER2:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

IDH1:

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1

IDO1:

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1

IHC:

Immuno-histochemistry

ISH:

In situ hybridization

JAK:

Janus kinase

KRAS:

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog

LAG3:

Lymphocyte activating 3

Let-7:

Lethal-7

LncRNA:

Long non-coding RNA

mAb:

Monoclonal antibody

MGMT:

Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase

miRNA:

Micro RNA

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

mRNA:

Messenger RNA

NGS:

Next-generation sequencing

NSCLC:

Non small cell lung cancer

ORR:

Overall response rate

PD-1:

Programmed cell death protein 1

PDL1:

Programmed death-ligand 1

PET-CT:

Positron emission tomography-computed tomography

PPP3CA:

Protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit-α

qPCR:

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction

RB1:

Retinoblastoma 1

ROS1:

c-ros oncogene 1

ShRNA:

Short hairpin RNA

SLAMF7:

Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule F7

STK11:

Serine/Threonine kinase 11

TCGA:

The cancer genome atlas

TIM3:

T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3

TP53:

Tumor protein 53

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Acknowledgement

We acknowledge University of Pittsburgh and Jaypee Institute of information technology for infrastructural support.

Conflict of Interest

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Author notes

  1. Neha Atale and Vibha Rani contributed equally with all other contributors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Lung Transplant and Lung Failure, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Neha Atale

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Vibha Rani

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  1. Neha Atale
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Correspondence to Vibha Rani .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, Haryana, India

    Hardeep Singh Tuli

  2. Department of Pharmacology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Kayseri, Türkiye

    Mükerrem Betül Yerer Aycan

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Atale, N., Rani, V. (2023). Biomarkers in Precision Medicine with Special Reference to Oncology. In: Tuli, H.S., Yerer Aycan, M.B. (eds) Oncology: Genomics, Precision Medicine and Therapeutic Targets. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1529-3_7

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