Abstract
A total of 33 emerging tick-borne agents have been reported in the Chinese mainland from 1980 to 2015, including eight species of spotted fever group rickettsiae, seven species in the family Anaplasmataceae, six genospecies in the complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, 11 species of Babesia, and the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Among them 15 emerging tick-borne agents have been identified to cause human disease, and their clinical characteristics were described and their geographic distributions mapped. The pathogenicity in humans of the other 18 tick-borne agents detected in ticks or animals is yet to be determined. Various factors have contributed to the emergence of emerging tick-borne diseases in China; for example, advances in and application of modern molecular techniques might facilitate the identification of emerging tick-borne agents and improve lab diagnosis of human cases. We anticipate that more emerging tick-borne agents will continue to be identified in ticks and animals and additional emerging tick-borne diseases will be discovered in humans.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Dantas-Torres F, Chomel BB, Otranto D. Ticks and tick-borne diseases: a one health perspective. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28:437–46.
Socolovschi C, Mediannikov O, Raoult D, Parola P. The relationship between spotted fever group rickettsiae and ixodid ticks. Vet Res. 2009;40:34.
Kilpatrick AM, Randolph SE. Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Lancet. 2012;380:1946–55.
Fang LQ, Liu K, Li XL, Liang S, Yang Y, Yao HW, et al. Emerging tick-borne infections in mainland China: an increasing public health threat. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:1467–79.
Lou D, Wu YM, Wang B. A new specie in Rickettsia: isolation and identification of Rickettsia heilongjiangii. Chin J Microbiol Immunol. 1985;5:250. (in Chinese)
Zhang L, Raoult D, Fournier PE. ‘Rickettsia hulinii’ belongs to the Rickettsia heilongjiangensis species. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(Suppl. 2):340–2.
Yu X, Jin Y, Fan M, Xu G, Liu Q, Raoult D. Genotypic and antigenic identification of two new strains of spotted fever group rickettsiae isolated from China. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:83–8.
Li W, Liu L, Jiang X, Guo X, Garnier M, Raoult D, et al. Molecular identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks collected in Central China. Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;15:279–80.
Tian ZC, Liu GY, Shen H, Xie JR, Luo J, Tian MY. First report on the occurrence of Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia raoultii in Dermacentor silvarum in China. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:19.
Zou YX, Wang QY, Fu ZX, Liu PP, Jin HT, Yang HH, et al. Detection of spotted fever group Rickettsia in Haemaphysalis longicornis from Hebei Province, China. J Parasitol. 2011;97:960–2.
Jia N, Zheng YC, Jiang JF, Ma L, Cao WC. Human infection with Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1178–80.
Cao WC, Gao YM, Zhang PH, Zhang XT, Dai QH, Dumler JS, et al. Identification of Ehrlichia chaffeensis by nested PCR in ticks from southern China. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:2778–80.
Pan H, Chen XR, Ma YH, SunY YQ, Tong SD, et al. Ehrlichia canis DNA found in ticks in the south of China. Chin J Zoonosis. 1999;15:3–6. (in Chinese)
Wen BH, Jian R, Zhang YZ, Chen R. Simultaneous detection of Anaplasma marginale and a new Ehrlichia species closely related to Ehrlichia chaffeensis by sequence analyses of 16S ribosomal DNA in Boophilus microplus ticks from Tibet. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3286–90.
Cao WC, Zhao QM, Zhang PH, Dumler JS, Zhang XT, Fang LQ, et al. Granulocytic Ehrlichiae in Ixodes persulcatus ticks from an area in China where Lyme disease is endemic. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:4208–10.
Pan H, Ma YH, Tong SD, Sun Y, Wen BH, Cheng XR. Canine ehrlichiosis caused simultaneously by Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia platys. Microbiol Immunol. 2000;44:737–9.
Li H, Zheng YC, Ma L, Jia N, Jiang BG, Jiang RR, et al. Human infections with a novel tick-borne Anaplasma species in China: a surveillance study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:663–70.
Li H, Jiang JF, Liu W, Zheng YC, Huo QB, Tang K, et al. Human infection with Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1636–9.
Ai CX, Wen YX, Zhang YG, Wang SS, Qiu QC, Shi ZX, et al. Clinical manifestations and epidemiological characteristics of Lyme disease in Hailin county, Heilongjiang Province, China. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;539:302–13.
Masuzawa T, Takada N, Kudeken M, Fukui T, Yano Y, Ishiguro F, et al. Borrelia sinica sp. nov., a Lyme disease-related Borrelia species isolated in China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2001;51:1817–24.
Shi CX, Zhang ZF, Wan KL. Analyzing clinical samples of Lyme disease with 5s-23s rRNA gene spacer RFLP analysis. Chin J Zoonoses. 2000;16:21–3. (in Chinese)
Chu CY, Liu W, Jiang BG, Wang DM, Jiang WJ, Zhao QM, et al. Novel genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from rodents and ticks in southwestern China. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:3130–3.
Hao Q, Hou X, Geng Z, Wan K. Distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in China. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:647–50.
Chen DM. Investigation report on sheep babesiosis with Piroplasma ovis infection. Chin J Vet Sci Tech. 1982;12:31–2. (in Chinese)
Lv WS, Yin H, Lv WX, Yu F, Zhang QC, Dou HF. Detection of Babesia major and the identification of its tick vector in the mainland of China. Chin J Vet Sci Tech. 1988;18:11–4. (in Chinese)
Bai Q, Liu GY, Zhang L, Zhang JY. Discovery and isolation of Babesia ovata in China. Chin J Vet Sci Tech. 1990;20:2–4. (in Chinese)
Liu ZL, Zhao JL, Ma LH, Yao BA. Babesia orientalis sp. nov. parasitized in buffalo bubalus bubalis in China (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae). Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica. 1997;28:84–9. (in Chinese)
Yin H, Luo JX, Lv WS, Lv WX, Zhang QC, Wang YY, et al. Isolation and configuration observation of Babesia motasi and Babesia ovis inthe mainland of China. Chin J Vet Sci Tech. 1997;27:7–9. (in Chinese)
Li YZ, Lu WY, Song JG. Studies on etiology and integrated control measures of difficult equine diseases in Gansu Province, China. J Chin Agric Univ. 1998;S2:130. (in Chinese)
Luo JX, Yin H, Liu ZJ, Yang DY, Guan GQ, Liu AH, et al. Molecular phylogenetic studies on an unnamed bovine Babesia sp. based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Vet Parasitol. 2005;133:1–6.
Liu AH, Yin H, Guan GQ, Schnittger L, Liu ZJ, Ma ML, et al. At least two genetically distinct large Babesia species infective to sheep and goats in China. Vet Parasitol. 2007;147:246–51.
Yang LW, Hou Y, Li M, Wen ZQ, Yang J, Fan DH. Study of tick-borne pathogens at Heilongjiang Port. Chin Front Health Quar. 2007;30:77–82. (in Chinese)
Sun Y, Li SG, Jiang JF, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang H, et al. Babesia venatorum infection in child, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:896–7.
Yu XJ, Liang MF, Zhang SY, Liu Y, Li JD, Sun YL, et al. Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1523–32.
Wu YM, Wei AM, Hu LM, Zhang YG, Zhang JZ, Zhang ZQ, et al. Study on aetiology of Rickettsia heilongianggii tick borne spotted fever. Chin Public Health. 2001;7:28–30. (in Chinese)
Jia N, Jiang JF, Huo QB, Jiang BG, Cao WC. Rickettsia sibirica subspecies sibirica BJ-90 as a cause of human disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1176–8.
Jia N, Zheng YC, Ma L, Huo QB, Ni XB, Jiang BG, et al. Human infections with Rickettsia raoultii, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:866–8.
Gao DQ, Cao WC, Zhang XT. Investigations on human Ehrlichia infectious people in Daxingan Mountains. Chin J Epidemiol. 2001;22:137–41. (in Chinese)
Ni XB, Jia N, Jiang BG, Sun T, Zheng YC, Huo QB, et al. Lyme borreliosis caused by diverse genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in northeastern China. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:808–14.
Qi C, Zhou D, Liu J, Cheng Z, Zhang L, Wang L, et al. Detection of Babesia divergens using molecular methods in anemic patients in Shandong Province, China. Parasitol Res. 2011;109:241–5.
Lei YL, Wang XG, Yao LN, Mei JH, Lan JQ, Zeng CY, et al. Case report of human Babesia infections. Chin J Health Lab Tech. 2012;22:651–2. (in Chinese)
Kim KH, Yi J, Kim G, Choi SJ, Jun KI, Kim NH, et al. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, South Korea, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:1892–4.
Takahashi T, Maeda K, Suzuki T, Ishido A, Shigeoka T, Tominaga T, et al. The first identification and retrospective study of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Japan. J Infect Dis. 2014;209:816–27.
McMullan LK, Folk SF, Kelly AJ, MacNeil A, Goldsmith CS, Metcalfe MG, et al. A new phlebovirus associated with severe febrile illness in Missouri. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:834–41.
Jado I, Oteo JA, Alda’miz M, Gil H, Escudero R, Ibarra V, et al. Rickettsia monacensis and human disease, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1405–7.
Sousa RD, Pereira BI, Nazareth C, Cabral S, Ventura C, Crespo P, et al. Rickettsia slovaca infection in humans, Portugal. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:1627–9.
Pretorius AM, Birtles RJ. Rickettsia mongolotimonae infection in South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:125–6.
Karine RO, Bernard R, Re S, Eric D. Scored antibody reactivity determined by immunoblotting shows an association between clinical manifestations and presence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, B. afzelii, and B. valaisiana in humans. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:4086–92.
van Dam AP, Kuiper H, Vos K, Widjojokusumo A, de Jongh BM, Spanjaard L, et al. Different genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi are associated with distinct clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17:708–17.
Hu MX, Zhang J, Fan DH, Fu WM, Sun XF, Yang LW. Detection of rodent infected by new tick pathogens in Suifenhe and Dongning Ports. Chin J Vector Bio Control. 2009;20:573–6. (in Chinese)
Sun XF, Ding SL, Hu MX, Guo XM, Zhao G. Study on tick-borne Rickettsia dermacentroxenus infection at Heilongjiang Port. Chin Front Health Quar. 2007;30:154–6. (in Chinese)
Wu YM, Liu GP, Wei AM, Hu LM, Zhang ZQ, Cai ZL, et al. Investigation of spotted fever group Rickettsia in the northeastern China. Chin J Public Health. 2003;19:1043–4. (in Chinese)
Hao GF, Li H, Sun Y, Ge RP, Qiao GQ, Li B, et al. Detection of tick and tick-borne pathogen in some ports of Inner Mongolia. Chin J Epidemiol. 2009;30:365–7. (in Chinese)
Li Y, Li ZK, Chen G, Kang M, Liu DX, Zhang YM. Identification and phylogenetic analysis of spotted fever group Rickettsia isolated from Qinghai province. Chin J Vet Sci. 2014;34:1956–61. (in Chinese)
Zhang LJ, Zhang JS, Fu XP, Luan MC. First identification of a Rickettsia closely related to R. heilongjiangii and R. massilliae in South China. Infect Dis Inf. 2006;19:65–7. (in Chinese)
Liang CW, Li J, Chang LT, Yu HL, Zhang LX, Zhang LJ, et al. Spotted fever group Rickettsia in Yunnan Province, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012;12:281–6.
Jin YM, Zhang LJ, Sun LY, Lao SJ, Han J, Huang CH, et al. Epidemiological investigation of emerging spotted fever in Chengmai County, Hainan Province. Dis Surveill. 2011;26:18–22. (in Chinese)
Sun JM, Lin JF, Gong ZY, Chang Y, Ye XD, Gu SP, et al. Detection of spotted fever group Rickettsiae in ticks from Zhejiang Province, China. Exp Appl Acarol. 2015;65:403–11.
Wu YM, Wei AM, Hu LM, Liu XX, Yang Q, Zhang ZQ, et al. Identification of spotted fever group (SFG) H-5 strain isolated from the patient’s blood samples. Chin J Zoonoses. 1998;14:23–6. (in Chinese)
Ye XD, Sun Y, Ju WD, Wang X, Cao WC, Wu MY. Vector competence of the tick Ixodes sinensis (Acari: Ixodidae) for Rickettsia monacensis. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:512–8.
Sun X, Zhang GL, Liu R, Liu XM, Zhao Y, Zheng Z. Molecular epidemiological study of Rickettsia raoultii in ticks from Xinjiang, China. Chin J Epidemiol. 2013;34:756–7. (in Chinese)
Zhuang L, Wang CY, Tong YG, Tang F, Yang H, Liu W, et al. Discovery of Rickettsia species in Dermacentor niveus Neumann ticks by investigating the diversity of bacterial communities. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2014;5:564–8.
Dong X, Chen XP, Liu N, Dumler SJ, Zhang YZ. Co-circulation of multiple species of Rickettsiales bacteria in one single species of hard ticks in Shenyang, China. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2014;5:727–33.
Feng S, Wu H, Zhang LW, Lu ZX, Zhang CL, Li ZP, et al. Molecular epidemiological study of tick-borne spotted fever group Rickettsia in western mountain area of Hebei Province, China. Chin J Vector Bio Control. 2013;24:308–12. (in Chinese)
Sun X, Zhang GL, Liu XM, Zhao Y, Zheng Z. Investigation of tick species and tick-borne pathogens in Hoxud County of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Chin J Vector Biol Control. 2013;24:5–10. (in Chinese)
Dong T, Qu ZY, Zhang LJ. Detection of A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis in patient and mouse blood and ticks by a duplex real-time PCR assay. PLoS One. 2013;8:e74796.
Li HM, Jiang BG, He J, Niu JJ, Wang JX, Sun Y, et al. Detection and identification of Ehrlichia sp. in Boophilus microplus ticks from Xiamen of Fujian Province. J Pathog Biol. 2006;1:174–6. (in Chinese)
Meng QL, Qiao J, Sheng JL, Wang JW, Wang WS, Yao N, et al. Survey on tick-borne Anaplasmataceae in the south edge of Gurbantunggut desert. Chin J Vet Sci. 2012;32:1158–63. (in Chinese)
Chen Z, Liu Q, Liu JQ, Xu BL, Lv S, Xia S, et al. Tick-borne pathogens and associated co-infections in ticks collected from domestic animals in Central China. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:237.
Zhang LJ, Cui F, Wang LL, Zhang LL, Zhang JS, Wang SW, et al. Investigation of anaplasmosis in Yiyuan County, Shandong Province, China. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4:568–72.
Zhao QL, Huang L, Yang X, Meng QL, Li R, Chen PB, et al. 16s rRNA sequence analysis of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia in rodents from parts area of Xinjiang. Chin J Zoonoses. 2013;29:743–7. (in Chinese)
Gao YM, Zhang XT, Cao WC, Dai QH, Zhang PH, Chen ZG, et al. Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in ticks and rodents using semi-nested PCR. Chin J Zoonoses. 2000;16:25–8. (in Chinese)
Xu Z, Xu XH, Zhou YL, Feng L, Hou J, Zhou WQ, et al. Comprehensive surveillance of tick-borne diseases in Jiande, Zhejiang province, China. Chin J Vector Biol Control. 2014;25:350–3. (in Chinese)
Li Y, Chen Z, Liu Z, Liu J, Yang J, Li Q, et al. Molecular survey of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia of red deer and sika deer in Gansu, China in 2013. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2015;63(6):e228–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12335.
Zhang LJ, Wang GQ, Liu QH, Chen CF, Li J, Long B, et al. Molecular analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolated from patients with febrile diseases of unknown etiology in China. PLoS One. 2013;8:e57155.
Zhang LJ, Liu H, Xu BL, Lu QY, Li L, Chang LT, et al. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in domestic animals in ten provinces/cities of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87:185–9.
Li GH, Yu Q, Zhang QX, Pan L, Zhang YN, Yao N, et al. Molecular epidemiology regarding, Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Dermacentor silvarum in Ningwu County, Shanxi Province. Chin J Epidemiol. 2012;33:642–3. (in Chinese)
Jiang JF, Jiang BG, Yu JH, Zhang WY, Gao HW, Zhan L, et al. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks, China–Russia Border. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:932–3.
Li Y, Kang FY, Yang JF, Sun CQ, Liu ZJ, Yin H. Prevalence and coexistence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks in Gansu, Hunan and Guangdong provinces, China. Chin J Zoonoses. 2013;29:117–21. (in Chinese)
Yang JF, Liu ZJ, Guan GQ, Liu Q, Li YQ, Chen Z, et al. Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants, rodents and ticks in Gansu, north-western China. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62:254–8. (in Chinese)
Cao WC, Zhao QM, Zhang PH, Yang H, Wu XM, Wen BH, et al. Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophila and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes persulcatus ticks from northeastern China. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68:547–50.
Zhang HL, Sun Y, Wang JJ. Investigation on foci severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Lujiang County. Chin J Dis Control Prev. 2015;19:273–6. (in Chinese)
Zhang YZ, Wang Y, Yang WH, Zhu XH, Pi ZL, Feng Y, et al. Seroprevalence and molecular biological investigation of commonly known Rickettsia species in rodents in Qujing Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Chin J Zoonoses. 2015;31:35–40. (in Chinese)
Zhang L, Liu Y, Ni D, Li Q, Yu Y, Yu XJ, et al. Nosocomial transmission of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in China. JAMA. 2008;300:2263–70.
Wang S, Kou ZQ, Wang M, Ren YY, Hu B, Fang M, et al. A survey and identification of co-infection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Shandong. Dis Surveill. 2012;27:642–3. (in Chinese)
Li Z, Ding SJ, Lv H, Chen Y, Hou PQ, Wang XJ. Investigation of one case of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Shandong Province. Infect Dis Inf. 2009;22:165–8. (in Chinese)
Li H, Jiang JF, Tang F, Sun Y, Li ZD, Zhang WL, et al. Wide distribution and genetic diversity of “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” in rodents from China. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79:1024–7.
Lu QY, Cheng SY, Peng WL, Zhao JL, Jiang LP, Ge JH. Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis infection on animals and related 16S rRNA gene analysis in Zhejiang Province. Chin J Epidemiol. 2012;33:993–4. (in Chinese)
Li MQ, Masuzawa T, Takada N, Ishiguro F, Fujita H, Iwaki A, et al. Lyme disease Borrelia species in northeastern China resemble those isolated from far eastern Russia and Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64:2705–9.
Jiang BG, Yao HW, Tong YG, Yang XF, Huang Y, Jiang JF, et al. Genome sequence of Borrelia garinii strain NMJW1, isolated from China. J Bacteriol. 2012;194:6660–1.
Chu CY, Jiang BG, He J, Gao Y, Zhang PH, Wu XM, et al. Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from northeastern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011;11:877–82.
Shi SG, Zhang F, Liu ZJ. Molecular epidemiological studies on Borrelia burgdorferii in ticks collected from several provinces and autonomous regions of northwestern China. Chin J Zoonoses. 2011;27:461–3. (in Chinese)
Chu CY, Jiang BG, Liu W, Zhao QM, Wu XM, Zhang PH, et al. Presence of pathogenic Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and rodents in Zhejiang, South-east China. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57:980–5. (in Chinese)
Wang HW, He J, Chu CY, Zhang PH, Wu XM, Huang HN, et al. Detection and genotyping of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks from some areas of China. J Pathog Biol. 2006;1:81–5. (in Chinese)
Zhang JJ, Zhang F, Li L, Liu ZJ. Borrelia burgdorferi infection and their genotypes in ticks and rodents collected from Maijishan region, Gansu Province, China. Chin J Zoonoses. 2015;31:357–60. (in Chinese)
Hou J, Ling F, Chai CL, Lu Y, Yu XH, Lin JF, et al. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks from Eastern China. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;2:262–6.
Chu CY, He J, Zhao QM, Zhang PH, Wu XM, Jiang BG, et al. Molecular epidemiological studies on Borrelia burgdorferi in rodents collected in the forest area of several provinces and autonomous regions of China. Chin J Zoonoses. 2006;22:817–20. (in Chinese)
Hou XX, Geng Z, Hao Q, Zhang Y, Wan KL. Rats, the primary reservoir hosts of Borrelia burgdorferi in six representative provinces, China. Chin J Zoonoses. 2010;26:1034–6. (in Chinese)
Zhan L, Chu CY, Zuo SQ, Wu XM, Dumler JS, Jia N, et al. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi in rabbits from southeastern China. Vet Parasitol. 2009;162:354–6.
Tan YH, Liu Y, Wan KL, Hao Q, Sun H, Yu LH, et al. Molecular epidemiological study of Borrelia burgdorferi infection among population in Xinjiang, China. Chin J Vector Bio Control. 2013;24:297–300. (in Chinese)
Zhu X, Zhang L, Hou XB, Geng Z, Chen H, Chen T, et al. Investigation on Lyme disease of patients with arthritis or neurological disorders in Hainan province, China. Chin J Zoonoses. 2015;31:353–6. (in Chinese)
Zhang L, Wang ZY, Chen CF, Li YX, Zhang K, Du JY, et al. Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes from four counties, in North Xinjiang. Chin J Epidemiol. 2014;35:262–5. (in Chinese)
Li W, Peng HS, Li XM. Diagnosis and treatment of a goat infected with Babesia ovis. Contemp Ani Hus. 2015;1:12–3. (in Chinese)
Luo JX, Yin H, Liu GY, Guan GQ, Liu ZJ, Liu AH, et al. Collection and identification of Piroplasma infected to cattle and sheep in China. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 2006;24:S48–52. (in Chinese)
Bai Q, Liu G, Han G, Hui Y. Isolation and complementary transmission of Babesia ovata in Zhangjiachuan of Gansu Province. Chin J Vet Sci Tech. 1994;24:9–10. (in Chinese)
He L, Feng HH, Zhang WJ, Zhang QL, Fang R, Xia L, et al. Occurrence of Theileria and Babesia species in water buffalo (Bubalus babalis, Linnaeus, 1758) in the Hubei Province, South China. Vet Parasitol. 2011;186:490–6.
Liu Q, Zhou YQ, Zhou DN, Liu EY, Du K, Chen SG, et al. Semi-nested PCR detection of Babesia orientalis in its natural hosts Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and buffalo. Vet Parasitol. 2006;143:260–6.
Niu QL, Luo JX, Guan GQ, Ma ML, Liu ZJ, Liu AH, et al. Detection and differentiation of ovine Theileria and Babesia by reverse line blotting in China. Parasitol Res. 2009;104:1417–23.
Sun CQ, Liu ZJ, Gao JL, Guan GQ, Ma ML, Luo JX, et al. Investigations into the natural infection rate of Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis with Piroplasma using a nested PCR. Exp Appl Acarol. 2008;44:107–14.
He SD, Che FM, Liu WQ. Investigation of Babesia caballi in areas around Qinghai Lake, China. Chin Animal Health Insp. 2007;24:28. (in Chinese)
Wang XS, Liu JY, Zhang L, Feng LG. Case report of horse Babesia caballi infection. J Quacul Feed. 2014;12:56–7. (in Chinese)
Yi CY, Guo QY, Xue H, Peng C, Ba YCH. Detection of pathogen DNA of Babesia caballi from Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor nuttalli. Heilongjiang Animal Sci Vet Med. 2014;11:38–40. (in Chinese)
Guan GQ, Ma ML, Moreau E, Liu JL, Lu BY, Bai Q, et al. A new ovine Babesia species transmitted by Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Exp Parasit. 2009;122:261–7.
Sun Y, Liu GP, Yang LW, Xu RM, Cao WC. Babesia microti-like rodent parasites isolated from Ixodes persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Heilongjiang Province, China. Vet Parasitol. 2008;156:333–9.
Zhao XG, Li H, Sun Y, Zhang YY, Jiang JF, Liu W, et al. Dual infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti in a Rattus norvegicus, China. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013;4:399–402.
Zhou X, Li SG, Chen SB, Wang JZ, Xu B, Zhou HJ, et al. Co-infections with Babesia microti and Plasmodium parasites along the China-Myanmar border. Infect Dis Poverty. 2013;2:24.
Jiang JF, Zheng YC, Jiang RR, Li H, Huo QB, Sun Y, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of 48 cases with “Babesia venatorum” infection in China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:196–203.
Zhang YZ, Zhou DJ, Qin XC, Tian JH, Xiong YW, Wang JB, et al. The ecology, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of Huaiyangshan virus in China. J Virol. 2011;86:2864–8.
Zhao L, Zhai SY, Wen HL, Cui F, Chi YY, Wang L, et al. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, Shandong Province, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:963–5.
Li ZF, Liu JL, Bao CJ, Li PF, Qi X, Qin YF, et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies against SFTS virus infection in farmers and animals, Jiangsu, China. J Clin Virol. 2014;60:185–9.
Ding F, Zhang WY, Wang L, Hu W, Soares MR, Sun J, et al. Epidemiologic features of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China, 2011–2012. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:1682–3.
Gai ZT, Liang MF, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Jin C, Wang SW, et al. Person-to-person transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome Bunyavirus through blood contact. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:249–52.
Yu L, Yu P, Liu DH, Hou J, Chen YF. Surveillance of syndrome of fever with thrombocytopenia in Dalian, 2012–2013. Study Trace Eleme Health. 2014;31:5–6. (in Chinese)
Bao CJ, Guo XL, Qi X, Hu JL, Zhou MH, Varma JK, et al. A family cluster of infections by a newly recognized Bunyavirus in eastern China, 2007: further evidence of person-to-person transmission. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:1208–14.
Gai ZT, Zhang Y, Liang MF, Jin C, Zhang S, Zhu CB, et al. Clinical progress and risk factors for death in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome patients. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:1095–102.
Liu K, Zhou H, Sun RX, Yao HW, Yu L, Wang LP, et al. A national assessment of the epidemiology of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, China. Sci Rep. 2015;5:9679.
Fan MY, Walker DH, Liu QH, Li H, Bai HC, Zhang JK, et al. Rickettsial and serologic evidence for prevalent spotted fever rickettsiosis in Inner Mongolia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987;36:615–20.
Lin BH, Sun XJ, Zhan ZN, Lin YZ, Li WG. Serological and etiological studies on undefined rickettsiosis on Hainan Island. J Hainan Med College. 1997;3:97–102. (in Chinese)
Lin YZ, Sun XJ, Zhan ZN, Li WG, Wang HM, Lin BH, et al. Serological and etiological studies on rickettsiosis in Hainan Island. Chin J Zoonoses. 1999;15:90–1. (in Chinese)
Shi H, Wang Y, Han H, Gao XL, Zhang YM, Zhang WJ, et al. Analysis of 92 patients with tick-borne diseases in Mudanjiang. Chin J Vector Bio Control. 2013;24:295–300. (in Chinese)
Fan MY, Wang JG, Jiang YX, Zong DG, Lenz B, Walker DH. Isolation of a spotted fever group Rickettsia from a patient and related ecological investigation in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Am Soc Microbiol. 1987;25:628–32.
Wu J, Wang SL, Jin YM, Ma Y, Zeng XJ, Jia PB, et al. Detection of groEL gene in spotted fever group Rickettsia of patients with fever in Hainan province. Mod Pre Med. 2014;41:2417–9. (in Chinese)
Jiang BG, Zheng YC, Tong YG, Jia N, Huo QB, Fan H, et al. Genome sequence of Borrelia afzelii strain HLJ01, isolated from a patient in China. J Bacteriol. 2012;194:7014–5.
Geng Z, Hou XX, Hao Q, Hu GL, Wan KL. Anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibody response in 827 patients with suspected Lyme disease. Chin J Vector Bio Control. 2007;18:219–21. (in Chinese)
Zhou XY. The epidemiological and clinical analysis of Lyme disease in Mudanjiang from 1996 to 2003. Chin J Parasit Dis Control. 2005;18:159. (in Chinese)
Peng FB, Zhang WF, Zhou GP, Zhang SY, Yuan YM, Wu YY. The detection and clinical study on Lyme disease in Beijing. Chin J Epidemiol. 1994;15:10–3. (in Chinese)
Huang ZY, Hou XX, Wan KL. An investigation of Lyme disease in Pingjiang County, Hunan Province, China. Chin J Vector Bio Control. 2001;12:293–4. (in Chinese)
Li YL, Hao JG, Zhang ZF, Wan KL, Xia XZ, Zhang JS, et al. The investigation of Lyme disease in Nanchuan County, Sichuan Province, China. Chin J Vector Bio Control. 1991;2:54–6. (in Chinese)
Jin SW, Hao Q, Tian Z, Hou XX, Geng Z, Jiang Y, et al. Analysis of surveillance on Lyme disease in Xinjiang prospecting region of Henan oil prospecting bureau. Chin J Zoonoses. 2005;21:501–2. (in Chinese)
Li JF, Meng DB, Wang QF, Dong XR, Wang JY. The discovery of human babesiosis. Chin Vet. 1984;6:19–20. (in Chinese)
Wang HX. A case of human babesiosis in southwest region of China. Int J Med Parasit Dis. 2012;39:190–2. (in Chinese)
Zhang HL, Yang H, Zhang PH, Cao WC, Zhang YZ, Yuan QH, et al. Spotted fever group Rickettsia DNA was detected in wild rodents and ticks in Dali, Yunnan Province, China. Chin J Vector Bio Control. 2004;15:461–2. (in Chinese)
Huang HN, Ding Z, He J, Wu XM, Jiang BG, Gao Y, et al. Study on the coinfection status of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and spotted fever group Rickettsia in ticks from Hunchun, Jinlin Province. Chin J Epidemiol. 2006;27:379–83. (in Chinese)
Jiang LP, Mo SH, Zheng SG, Meng Z, Chen SY, Xie SY, et al. Spotted fever group rickettsiae DNA was first detected in ticks in Zhejiang Province. Chin J Vector Bio Control. 2006;17:484–5. (in Chinese)
Wang Z, Liu XG, Luo Y, Li B, Yu D, Xu P, et al. Investigation of tick-borne spotted fever group Rickettsia in northwestern Liaoning Province, China. Animal Husbandry Vet Med. 2015;47:143–4. (in Chinese)
Chai CL, Sun JM, Lu QY, Ling F, Jiang LP, Ge JH, et al. A cross-sectional study on tick-borne Rickettsiae infections among murine-like animals. Zhejiang Prev Med. 2014;26:659–63. (in Chinese)
Wang Z, Yu M, Yang SJ, Qiu GB, Zhai RB, Guo ZY, et al. Epidemiological survey of spotted fever group Rickettsia in rodents in northeastern China. Chin Pre Med. 2015;16:184–6. (in Chinese)
Wang DM, Hao Q, Cai XH, Wan KL, Wang ZX, Chen J. Study on ribotyping of Lyme borreliosis spirochete in Guizhou Province. Chin J Epidemiol. 2003;24:1129–31. (in Chinese)
Yang Y, Zhang XL, Qiao S, Cao XM, Wang L, Hao GF, et al. Investigation on tick-borne pathogens at Ganqimaodu Port between Sino-Mongolia border. Chin Front Health Quar. 2011;34:339–42. (in Chinese)
Zuo SY, Tang K, Li Y, Yu JH, Zhang Y, Ni X, et al. DNA detection and sequence analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in rodents from Helongjiang forest region. Chin J Epidemiol. 2012;33:643–4. (in Chinese)
Yang XF, Wan KL, Lu JP, Temu QH, Zhang ZF, Han XZ, et al. Investigation of geographical epidemiology and etiological studies on Lyme disease in Inner Mongolia. Chin J Zoonosis. 1999;15:98. (in Chinese)
Yang XJ, Wan KL, Wang CS, Hao Q, Wang YH, Hou XX, et al. Etiological studies on Lyme disease in Jilin Province. Chin J Health Lab Tech. 2006;16:1355–62. (in Chinese)
Zhang DC, Hong Y, Zhang ZQ, Sun GJ, Dong SD, Zhang ZF, et al. Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi in ticks and rodents in Liaoning Province. Chin J Vector Bio Control. 1992;3:19. (in Chinese)
Tian WC, Moldenhauer S, Li MQ, Zhang ZK, Guo YX, Wang LN, et al. The first detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in H. japonica. Chin J Zoonosis. 1995;11:22–5. (in Chinese)
Zhang ZC, Tian WC, Guo YX, Wang LN, Yu QL, Li YP, et al. Investigation of Lyme disease in Hebei Province. Chin J Public Health. 1995;11:253–4. (in Chinese)
Wang LJ, Chen ZL, Wan KL, Liu SL, Tao XY, Zhang JS, et al. First isolation and identification of Lyme disease spirochete in Shandong Province. Chin J Vector Bio Control. 1997;8:127–8. (in Chinese)
Liu Q, He B, Huang SY, Feng W, Zhou XQ. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, an emerging tick-borne zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:763–72.
Lambin EF, Tran A, Vanwambeke SO, Linard C, Soti V. Pathogenic landscapes: interactions between land, people, disease vectors, and their animal hosts. Int J Health Geogr. 2010;9:54.
Barbour AG, Fish D. The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease. Science. 1993;260:1610–6.
Levi T, Kilpatrick AM, Mangel M, Wilmers CC. Deer, predators, and the emergence of Lyme disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:10942–7.
LoGiudice K, Duerr ST, Newhouse MJ, Schmidt KA, Killilea ME, Ostfeld RS. Impact of host community composition on Lyme disease risk. Ecology. 2008;89:2841–9.
Liu JG, Li SX, Ouyang ZY, Tam C, Chen XD. Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China’s policies for ecosystem services. Proc Natl Aacd Sci USA. 2008;105:9477–82.
Liu K, Cui N, Fang LQ, Wang BJ, Lu QB, Peng W, et al. Epidemiologic features and environmental risk factors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Xinyang, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2820.
Uspensky I. Tick pests and vectors (Acari: Ixodoidea) in European towns: introduction, persistence and management. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2014;5:41–7.
Uspensky I. Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) as urban pests and vectors with special emphasis on ticks outside their geographical range. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests 2008:333–47.
Gong P, Liang S, Carlton EJ, Jiang QW, Wu JY, Wang L, et al. Urbanisation and health in China. Lancet. 2012;379:843–52.
Parola P. Tick-borne rickettsial diseases: emerging risks in Europe. Comp Immun Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;27:297–304.
Altizer S, Ostfeld RS, Johnson PT, Kutz S, Harvell CD. Climate change and infectious diseases: from evidence to a predictive framework. Science. 2013;341:514–9.
Harrus S, Baneth G. Drivers for the emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne protozoal and bacterial diseases. Int J Parasitol. 2005;35:1309–18.
Parola P, Raoult D. Ticks and tickborne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:897–928.
Yang XJ, Chen Z, Liu JZ. Advances in systematics of ticks. Acta Entomol Sin. 2007;50:941–9. (in Chinese)
Meng YC. Ticks, acari, and human diseases. 1st ed. Hefei: Chin Sci Tech Press; 1995. p. 43. (in Chinese)
Cao WC, Zhang XT, Xu RM. The medical significance of tick and tick-borne disease in public health. Chin J Public Health. 1999;15:221–2. (in Chinese)
Wu XB, Na RH, Wei SS, Zhu JS, Peng HJ. Distribution of tick-borne diseases in China. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:119.
Zhao JW, Wang HY, Wang Y. Regional distribution profiles of tick-borne pathogens in China. Chin J Bio Control. 2012;18:45–8. (in Chinese)
Zhan L, Cao WC, Jiang JF, Zhang XA, Liu YX, Wu XM, et al. Anaplasma phagocytophilum from rodents and sheep, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:764–8.
Wang YY, Li J, Wang S, Hu M, Lu FL. Tick-borne infectious diseases. Infect Dis Inf. 2011;24:58–61. (in Chinese)
Lu Z, Broker M, Liang G. Tick-borne encephalitis inthe mainland of China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008;8:713–20.
Xia H, Li P, Yang J, Pan L, Zhao J, Wang Z, et al. Epidemiological survey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Yunnan, China, 2008. Int J Infect Dis. 2011;15:e459–63.
Wang Y, Peng Y, Hai R, Xia L, Li H, Zhang Z, et al. Diversity of Francisella tularensis Subsp. holarctica lineages, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1191–4.
Chen M, Fan MY. A review on the research of North-Asia tick-borne spotted fever. Chin Public Health. 1997;6:373–6. (in Chinese)
Liu YF, Zhang Y. The study progress of Q fever and Ehrlichiosis. Med Recap. 2008;6:864–7. (in Chinese)
Suss J. Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia–an overview. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2011;2:2–15.
Philippe P, Paddock CD, Socolovschi C, Labruna MB, Mediannikov O, Kernif T, et al. Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26:657–702.
Colwella DD, Dantas-Torresb F, Otranto D. Vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: emerging scenarios and new perspectives. Vet Parasitol. 2011;182:14–21.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 People's Medical Publishing House, PR of China
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fang, LQ., Chen, WJ., Cao, WC. (2022). Progress in Epidemiology of Emerging Tick-Borne Infections in China. In: Ye, DQ. (eds) Progress in China Epidemiology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2199-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2199-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-2198-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-2199-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)