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Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Sjögren’s Syndrome

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Role of Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Diseases

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Abstract

Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration of exocrine glands, leading to loss of function and progressive destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands, with subsequent dryness of the eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and dryness of the mouth (xerostomia). In addition to these typical clinical signs, SS is associated with multiple systemic manifestations and an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Pathogenesis of SS is not yet fully understood. Aberrant immune responses to environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals are considered the main cause of disease development. In this context, innate immune system and type I interferon pathways seem particularly involved in the early stages of disease. Infections are probably the most important environmental factor in the pathogenesis of SS. Some viruses, such as EBV, HCV, coxsackievirus, HTLV-1, and HIV, seem to be associated with higher risk of developing SS or SS-like manifestations. Recently, increasing evidences suggest that the microbiota imbalance could also contribute to the development of mucosal inflammation in SS.

In this chapter, we explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of SS and their impact on disease management, particularly focusing on the interaction between immune system and microorganisms.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Luca Di Bartolomeo, Paolo Custurone & Fabrizio Guarneri

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  1. Luca Di Bartolomeo
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  2. Paolo Custurone
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  3. Fabrizio Guarneri
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Correspondence to Fabrizio Guarneri .

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  1. C.G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, Gujarat, India

    Mitesh Kumar Dwivedi

  2. C.G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat, Gujarat, India

    N. Amaresan

  3. Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    E. Helen Kemp

  4. Zabludowizc Center for Autoimmunity, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel

    Yehuda Shoenfeld

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Di Bartolomeo, L., Custurone, P., Guarneri, F. (2022). Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Sjögren’s Syndrome. In: Dwivedi, M.K., Amaresan, N., Kemp, E.H., Shoenfeld, Y. (eds) Role of Microorganisms in Pathogenesis and Management of Autoimmune Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1946-6_21

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