Skip to main content

Yogic Diet and its Anti-inflammatory Effect in Relation to CVD

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Principles and Practice of Yoga in Cardiovascular Medicine
  • 479 Accesses

Abstract

Chronic inflammation is one of the major factors involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic noncommunicable disorders such as obesity, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diet in the modern lifestyle has many refined, processed, and preservative added ingredients detrimental to health, leading to increased CVD risk. It is thus essential that an appropriate diet be used as part of the yogic lifestyle. Indian spices, which are commonly used as dietary ingredients in daily food such as ginger, garlic, onion, cinnamon, and turmeric have been anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial antioxidant properties. Staple Indian dietary spices such as Turmeric, Cinnamon, Chili, pepper, and garlic have been reported to reduce atherosclerosis incidence through their various constituting active compounds. In this chapter, the scientific basis of the medicinal values of different Indian spices has been discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Willerson JT, Ridker PM. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation. 2004; https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000129535.04194.38.

  2. Katsiari CG, Bogdanos DP, Sakkas LI. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease. World J Transl Med. 2019;8:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Cardiovascular diseases. https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases/#tab=tab_1. Accessed 13 Mar 2020.

  4. Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P, Roy A. Cardiovascular diseases in India: current epidemiology and future directions. Circulation. 2016;133:1605–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Whiteford H, Ferrari A, Degenhardt L. Global burden of disease studies: implications for mental and substance use disorders. Health Aff. 2016;35:1114–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Vasanthi HR, Parameswari RP. Indian spices for healthy heart - an overview. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2010;6:274–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Gupta M. Pharmacological properties and traditional therapeutic uses of important Indian spices: a review. Int J Food Prop. 2010;13:1092–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Tsui PF, Lin CS, Ho LJ, Lai JH. Spices and atherosclerosis. Nutrients. 2018; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111724.

  9. Kochhar KP. Dietary spices in health and diseases (II). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;52(4):327–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kochhar KP (1996) An experimental study on some physiological effects of dietary spices. AIIMS.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kochhar KP. Dietary spices in health and diseases: I. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 52:106–22.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kunnumakkara AB, Sailo BL, Banik K, Harsha C, Prasad S, Gupta SC, Bharti AC, Aggarwal BB. Chronic diseases, inflammation, and spices: how are they linked? J Transl Med. 2018;16:14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature. 2000;407:233–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Li W, Zhi W, Zhao J, Li W, Zang L, Liu F, Niu X. Cinnamaldehyde attenuates atherosclerosis: via targeting the IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway in high fat diet-induced ApoE−/− mice. Food Funct. 2019;10:4001–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Stabler SN, Tejani AM, Huynh F, Fowkes C. Garlic for the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd007653.pub2.

  16. Kim CS, Kawada T, Kim BS, Han IS, Choe SY, Kurata T, Yu R. Capsaicin exhibits anti-inflammatory property by inhibiting IkB-a degradation in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Cell Signal. 2003;15:299–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rao PV, Gan SH. Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014; https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/642942.

  18. Shimizu K, Funamoto M, Sunagawa Y, Shimizu S, Katanasaka Y, Miyazaki Y, Wada H, Hasegawa K, Morimoto T. Anti-inflammatory action of curcumin and its use in the treatment of lifestyle-related diseases. Eur Cardiol Rev. 2019;14:117–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Li H, Sureda A, Devkota HP, Pittalà V, Barreca D, Silva AS, Tewari D, Xu S, Nabavi SM. Curcumin, the golden spice in treating cardiovascular diseases. Biotechnol Adv. 2020;38:107343.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sahebkar A. Dual effect of curcumin in preventing atherosclerosis: the potential role of pro-oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms. Nat Prod Res. 2015;29:491–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Coban D, Milenkovic D, Chanet A, Khallou-Laschet J, Sabbe L, Palagani A, Vanden Berghe W, Mazur A, Morand C. Dietary curcumin inhibits atherosclerosis by affecting the expression of genes involved in leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012;56:1270–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang L, Li N, Lin D, Zang Y. Curcumin protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion induced injury through inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Oncotarget. 2017;8:65414–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Kang H, Park SH, Yun JM, Nam TG, Kim YE, Kim DO, Kim YJ. Effect of cinnamon water extract on monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and scavenger receptor activity. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014; https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-90.

  24. Li X, Lu Y, Sun Y, Zhang Q. Effect of curcumin on permeability of coronary artery and expression of related proteins in rat coronary atherosclerosis heart disease model. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8:7247–53.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Bharti S, Golechha M, Kumari S, Siddiqui KM, Arya DS. Akt/GSK-3β/eNOS phosphorylation arbitrates safranal-induced myocardial protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Eur J Nutr. 2012;51:719–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Qin Y, Ran L, Wang J, Yu L, Lang HD, Wang XL, Mi MT, Zhu JD. Capsaicin supplementation improved risk factors of coronary heart disease in individuals with low HDL-C levels. Nutrients. 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091037.

  27. Sobenin IA, Andrianova IV, Lakunin KY, Karagodin VP, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. Anti-atherosclerotic effects of garlic preparation in freeze injury model of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Phytomedicine. 2016;23:1235–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Duggan KA. Management of hypertension. Med Today. 2010;11:16–23.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Al Disi SS, Anwar MA, Eid AH. Anti-hypertensive herbs and their mechanisms of action: part I. Front Pharmacol. 2016;6:323.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Vazquez-Prieto MA, González RE, Renna NF, Galmarini CR, Miatello RM. Aqueous garlic extracts prevent oxidative stress and vascular remodeling in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:6630–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Banerjee SK, Maulik M, Mancahanda SC, Dinda AK, Gupta SK, Maulik SK. Dose-dependent induction of endogenous antioxidants in rat heart by chronic administration of garlic. Life Sci. 2002;70:1509–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Castro C, Lorenzo AG, González A, Cruzado M. Garlic components inhibit angiotensin II-induced cell-cycle progression and migration: involvement of cell-cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54:781–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pan LL, Liu XH, Gong QH, Yang HB, Zhu YZ. Role of cystathionine γ-Lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway in cardiovascular disease: a novel therapeutic strategy? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012;17:106–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Jungbauer A, Medjakovic S. Anti-inflammatory properties of culinary herbs and spices that ameliorate the effects of metabolic syndrome. Maturitas. 2012;71:227–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Nam KN, Park Y-M, Jung H-J, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of crocin and crocetin in rat brain microglial cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;648:110–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Verma SK, Jain V, Katewa SS. Blood pressure lowering, fibrinolysis enhancing and antioxidant activities of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2009;46:503–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Anwar MA, Al Disi SS, Eid AH. Anti-hypertensive herbs and their mechanisms of action: part II. Front Pharmacol. 2016; https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00050.

  38. Horimoto M, Takenaka T, Igarashi K, Fujiwara M, Batra S. Coronary spasm as a cause of coronary tllrombosis and myocardial infarction. Jpn Heart J. 1993;34:627–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Martin JF, Kristensen SD, Mathur A, Grove EL, Choudry FA. The causal role of megakaryocyte-platelet hyperactivity in acute coronary syndromes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012;9:658–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ueda SI, Yamagishi SI, Matsui T, Jinnouchi Y, Imaizumi T. Administration of pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits left ventricular remodeling and improves cardiac function in rats with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Pathol. 2011;178:591–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Upaganlawar A, Gandhi H, Balaraman R. Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction: protective role of natural products. J Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;6:1–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Banewal L, Khanna D, Mehan S. Spices, fruits, nuts and vitamins: preventive interventions for myocardial infarction. Pharmacologia. 2013;4:553–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Guh J-H, Ko F-N, Jong T-T, Teng C-M. Antiplatelet effect of gingerol isolated from Zingiber officinale. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1995;47:329–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bordia A, Verma SK, Srivastava KC. Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) on blood lipids, blood sugar and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1997;56:379–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Soni KB, Kuttan R. Effect of oral curcumin administration on serum peroxides and cholesterol levels in human volunteers. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1992;36:273–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Azimi P, Ghiasvand R, Feizi A, Hariri M, Abbasi B. Effects of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron, and ginger consumption on markers of glycemic control, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation in type 2 diabetes patients. Rev Diabet Stud. 2014;11:258–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Qin B, Panickar KS, Anderson RA. Cinnamon: potential role in the prevention of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2010;4:685–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Majdalawieh AF, Carr RI. In vitro investigation of the potential immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). J Med Food. 2010;13:371–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ahmad S, Israf DA, Lajis NH, et al. Cardamonin, inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators in activated RAW 264.7 cells and whole blood. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;538:188–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hosseinzadeh H, Younesi HM. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice. BMC Pharmacol. 2002;2:7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Rahimi HR, Mohammadpour AH, Dastani M, Jaafari MR, Abnous K, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Kazemi Oskuee R. The effect of nano-curcumin on HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile in diabetic subjects: a randomized clinical trial. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016;6:567–77.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors express their sincere gratitude to the Departments of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India for their assistance and motivation. The authors are thankful to Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav, Ms. Shweta Sharma, Mr. Sunil, Mr. Aman Tilak, Ms. Riya Madan, and Mr. Kushankur Pandit for their help in drafting the manuscript.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

 This was an investigator-initiated non-funded study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kochhar, K.P., Sunil, Ghosh, T., Arora, J. (2022). Yogic Diet and its Anti-inflammatory Effect in Relation to CVD. In: Basu-Ray, I., Mehta, D. (eds) The Principles and Practice of Yoga in Cardiovascular Medicine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6913-2_31

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6913-2_31

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-16-6912-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-16-6913-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics