Abstract
Fibre reinforced polymer composite materials have been widely used in industries owing to their good strength, light weight nature and their remarkable mechanical properties. The increased use of synthetic fibre based composites have led to a large amount of composite waste being produced annually and that too globally and their management is becoming an important issue. The conservation of resources and environment is having a negative impact due to the current increasing amount and recycling of composite waste at their end of life cycle. This chapter focuses on the classification of various composites materials, recycling methods of fibre reinforced materials and their waste management.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Åkesson D, Foltynowicz Z, Christéen J, Skrifvars M (2012) Microwave pyrolysis as a method of recycling glass fibre from used blades of wind turbines. J Reinf Plast Compos. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684412453512
Allred RE, Gosau JM (2016) Plant requirements for large-scale chemical recycling of composite materials. In: CAMX 2016—composites and advanced materials expo
Arancon RAD, Lin CSK, Chan KM, Kwan TH, Luque R (2013) Advances on waste valorization: new horizons for a more sustainable society. Energy Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.9
Asmatulu E, Twomey J, Overcash M (2014) Recycling of fiber-reinforced composites and direct structural composite recycling concept. J Compos Mater. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998313476325
Bernasconi A, Rossin D, Armanni C (2007) Analysis of the effect of mechanical recycling upon tensile strength of a short glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6. Eng Fract Mech. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.10.002
Bluhm H, Frey W, Giese H, Hoppé P, Schultheiß C, Sträßner R (2000) Application of pulsed HV discharges to material fragmentation and recycling. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul. https://doi.org/10.1109/94.879358
Bommala VK, Krishna MG, Rao CT (2019) Magnesium matrix composites for biomedical applications: a review. J Magnes Alloys. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2018.11.001
Broekel J, Scharr G (2005) The specialities of fibre-reinforced plastics in terms of product lifecycle management. J Mater Process Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.226
Canopoli L, Fidalgo B, Coulon F, Wagland ST (2018) Physico-chemical properties of excavated plastic from landfill mining and current recycling routes. Waste Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.043
Canopoli L, Coulon F, Wagland ST (2020) Degradation of excavated polyethylene and polypropylene waste from landfill. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134125
Chawla K (2003) Ceramic matrix compositese, 2nd edn. Kluwer Academic Publishers
Chou TW, Kelly A, Okura A (1985) Fibre-reinforced metal-matrix composites. Composites. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(85)90603-2
Conroy A, Halliwell S, Reynolds T (2006) Composite recycling in the construction industry. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.05.031
Cooper RF, Chyung K (1987) Structure and chemistry of fibre-matrix interfaces in silicon carbide fibre-reinforced glass-ceramic composites: an electron microscopy study. J Mater Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01161176
Cunliffe AM, Jones N, Williams PT (2003) Recycling of fibre-reinforced polymeric waste by pyrolysis: thermo-gravimetric and bench-scale investigations. J Anal Appl Pyrol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(02)00161-4
Cunliffe AM, Williams PT (2003) Characterisation of products from the recycling of glass fibre reinforced polyester waste by pyrolysis. Fuel. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00129-7
Dey A, Pandey KM (2015) Magnesium metal matrix composites-a review. Rev Adv Mater Sci
Dutta S, Gupta S, Roy M (2020) Recent developments in magnesium metal-matrix composites for biomedical applications: a review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00678
Feih S, Boiocchi E, Mathys G, Mathys Z, Gibson AG, Mouritz AP (2011) Mechanical properties of thermally-treated and recycled glass fibres. Compos Part B: Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.12.020
Feih S, Mouritz AP, Case SW (2015) Determining the mechanism controlling glass fibre strength loss during thermal recycling of waste composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.006
GarcÃa D, Vegas I, Cacho I (2014) Mechanical recycling of GFRP waste as short-fiber reinforcements in microconcrete. Constr Build Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.068
Gautam YK, Somani N, Kumar M, Sharma SK (2018) A review on fabrication and characterization of copper metal matrix composite (CMMC). AIP Conf Proc. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5058254
Halliwell S (2010) FRPs—the environmental agenda. Adv Struct Eng. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.13.5.783
Hischier R (2014) Framework for LCI modelling of releases of manufactured nanomaterials along their life cycle. Int J Life Cycl Assess 19(4):838–849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-013-0688-8
Jamwal A, Mittal P, Agrawal R, Gupta S, Kumar D, Sadasivuni KK, Gupta P (2020) Towards sustainable copper matrix composites: manufacturing routes with structural, mechanical, electrical and corrosion behaviour. J Compos Mater. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998319900655
Job S (2013) Recycling glass fibre reinforced composites—history and progress. Reinf Plast. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-3617(13)70151-6
Kamimura A, Yamada K, Kuratani T, Taguchi Y, Tomonaga F (2006) Effective depolymerization waste FRPs by treatment with DMAP and supercritical alcohol. Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2006.586
Karuppannan Gopalraj S, Kärki T (2020) A review on the recycling of waste carbon fibre/glass fibre-reinforced composites: fibre recovery, properties and life-cycle analysis. SN Appl Sci 2(3):433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2195-4
King DS, Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE (2013) Silicon carbide-titanium diboride ceramic composites. J Eur Ceram Soc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.03.031
Kumar V, Chibuzo EN, Garza-Reyes JA, Kumari A, Rocha-Lona L, Lopez-Torres GC (2017) No Title. Procedia Manuf 178–182
Kwon H, Park DH, Silvain JF, Kawasaki A (2010) Investigation of carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum matrix composite materials. Compos Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.11.025
Leyens C, Hausmann J, Kumpfert J (2003) Continuous fiber reinforced titanium matrix composites: fabrication, properties and applications. Adv Eng Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200310093
Li X, Bai R, McKechnie J (2016) Environmental and financial performance of mechanical recycling of carbon fibre reinforced polymers and comparison with conventional disposal routes. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.139
Lin CSK, Pfaltzgraff LA, Herrero-Davila L, Mubofu EB, Abderrahim S, Clark JH, Koutinas AA, Kopsahelis N, Stamatelatou K, Dickson F, Thankappan S, Mohamed Z, Brocklesby R, Luque R (2013) Food waste as a valuable resource for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels. current situation and global perspective. Energy Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee23440h
Liu Y, Meng L, Huang Y, Du J (2004) Recycling of carbon/epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci 94(5):1912–1916. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20990
Lütjering G, Williams JC (2003) Titanium matrix composites BT—titanium In: Lütjering G, Williams JC (eds). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71398-2_9
Mativenga PT, Shuaib NA, Howarth J, Pestalozzi F, Woidasky J (2016) High voltage fragmentation and mechanical recycling of glass fibre thermoset composite. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.04.107
Meira Castro AC, Carvalho JP, Ribeiro MCS, Meixedo JP, Silva FJG, Fiúza A, Dinis ML (2014) An integrated recycling approach for GFRP pultrusion wastes: recycling and reuse assessment into new composite materials using Fuzzy Boolean Nets. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.030
Njuguna J, Wambua P, Pielichowski K, Kayvantash K (2011) Natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites and nanocomposites for automotive applications. In: Cellulose fibers: bio- and nano-polymer composites. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17370-7_23
Oliveux G, Bailleul JL, Salle EL, La G (2012) Chemical recycling of glass fibre reinforced composites using subcritical water. In: Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.06.008
Park BG, Crosky AG, Hellier AK (2008) Fracture toughness of microsphere Al2O3-Al particulate metal matrix composites. Compos Part B: Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.01.005
Pender K, Yang L (2017) Investigation of the potential for catalysed thermal recycling in glass fibre reinforced polymer composites by using metal oxides. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.05.016
Pickering SJ (2006) Recycling technologies for thermoset composite materials-current status. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.05.030
Pickering SJ, Kelly RM, Kennerley JR, Rudd CD, Fenwick NJ (2000) A fluidised-bed process for the recovery of glass fibres from scrap thermoset composites. Compos Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00154-2
Pickering SJ (2012) Recycling thermoset composite materials. In: Wiley encyclopedia of composites, pp 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118097298.weoc214
Pimenta S, Pinho ST (2011) Recycling carbon fibre reinforced polymers for structural applications: technology review and market outlook. Waste Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.09.019
Piñero-Hernanz R, Dodds C, Hyde J, GarcÃa-Serna J, Poliakoff M, Lester E, Cocero MJ, Kingman S, Pickering S, Wong KH (2008) Chemical recycling of carbon fibre reinforced composites in nearcritical and supercritical water. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.01.001
Riedel U, Nickel J (1999) Natural fibre-reinforced biopolymers as construction materials—new discoveries. Angew Makromol Chem. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-9505(19991201)272:1%3c34::aid-apmc34%3e3.3.co;2-8
Saba F, Zhang F, Liu S, Liu T (2019) Reinforcement size dependence of mechanical properties and strengthening mechanisms in diamond reinforced titanium metal matrix composites. Compos Part B: Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.12.014
Samal SS, Lanka M (2012) Ceramic matrix composites: carbon fiber reinforced. In: Wiley encyclopedia of composites, pp 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118097298.weoc029
Schubert T, Trindade B, Weißgärber T, Kieback B (2008) Interfacial design of Cu-based composites prepared by powder metallurgy for heat sink applications. Mater Sci Eng A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.12.146
Soutis C (2005) Fibre reinforced composites in aircraft construction. Prog Aerosp Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2005.02.004
Subramanian PM (2000) Plastics recycling and waste management in the US. Resour Conserv Recycl. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(99)00049-X
Thomason JL, Yang L, Meier R (2014). The properties of glass fibres after conditioning at composite recycling temperatures. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.03.001
Tu JP, Wang NY, Yang YZ, Qi WX, Liu F, Zhang XB, Lu HM, Liu MS (2002) Preparation and properties of TiB2 nanoparticle reinforced copper matrix composites by in situ processing. Mater Lett. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(01)00442-6
Wang B, Ma S, Yan S, Zhu J (2019) Readily recyclable carbon fiber reinforced composites based on degradable thermosets: a review. Green Chem. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9gc01760g
Windhorst T, Blount G (1997) Carbon-carbon composites: a summary of recent developments and applications. Mater Des. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3069(97)00024-1
Xie Y, Yang C, Chen P, Yuan D, Guo K (2019) MnO2-decorated hierarchical porous carbon composites for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. J Power Sour. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.03.122
Yazdanbakhsh A, Bank LC (2014) A critical review of research on reuse of mechanically recycled FRP production and end-of-life waste for construction. Polymers. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym6061810
Yun YM, Seo MW, Koo GH, Ra HW, Yoon SJ, Kim YK, Lee JG, Kim JH (2014) Pyrolysis characteristics of GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic) under non-isothermal conditions. Fuel. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.08.001
Yun YM, Seo MW, Ra HW, Koo GH, Oh JS, Yoon SJ, Kim YK, Lee JG, Kim JH (2015) Pyrolysis characteristics of glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) under isothermal conditions. J Anal Appl Pyrol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2015.04.013
Zaman AU, Gutub SA, Soliman MF, Wafa MA (2014) Sustainability and human health issues pertinent to fibre reinforced polymer composites usage: a review. J Reinf Plast Compos. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684414521087
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wilson, R., George, G., E, T.J., Joseph, K. (2021). Recycling of Synthetic Fibre Reinforced Plastics. In: Parameswaranpillai, J., Mavinkere Rangappa, S., Gulihonnehalli Rajkumar, A., Siengchin, S. (eds) Recent Developments in Plastic Recycling. Composites Science and Technology . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3627-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3627-1_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-3626-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-3627-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)