Abstract
GPS-based forest survey is being increasingly popular over the conventional methods; signals from other operational GNSS constellations are also being used for the purpose. The forest environment is different from the open-sky and urban environments as the type, height, density of the trees and the season-dependent foliage properties degrade the GPS/GNSS signals passing through the foliage within a dense multipath environment. This manuscript presents the results of a study on the solution quality of standalone and hybrid constellation GNSS (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo) operation within an Indian forest predominantly containing evergreen or dry-session deciduous Sal (Shorea Robusta) trees of the Dipterocarpaceae family, abundantly found all over India. The results show that in the single-frequency, static operation, single constellation GNSS solution quality degrades in comparison to open-sky operation with intense fluctuations in received signal strength reaching the GNSS antenna. Multi-constellation, hybrid GNSS operation improves the situation and GPS + GLONASS + Galileo provides better than 1.5 m horizontal (2DRMS) precision. The results of the study would be useful for the survey, especially for the forest survey community.
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi (Project Code: ERIP/ER/DG-MSS/990516601/M/01/1658) and University Grants Commission (UGC) through CAS-II program for the financial support to carry out the study.
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Dan, S., Santra, A., Mahato, S., Dey, S., Koley, C., Bose, A. (2022). Multi-constellation GNSS Performance Study Under Indian Forest Canopy. In: Dhar, S., Mukhopadhyay, S.C., Sur, S.N., Liu, CM. (eds) Advances in Communication, Devices and Networking. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 776. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2911-2_19
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