Skip to main content

Covid-19 Classification Based on Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix and Support Vector Machine

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
COVID-19: Prediction, Decision-Making, and its Impacts

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies ((LNDECT,volume 60))

Abstract

Covid-19 is a new epidemic recently. Early diagnosis of related diseases relies on the analysis of the patient’s clinical symptoms and kit testing. To identify this disease efficiently and automatically, we proposed an effective classification system by identifying CT images of chest based on Histogram Equalization (HE), Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. We collected 148 CT images of healthy people and 148 CT images of patients as our first-hand dataset, the size of which is 512*512*3. To enhance the features of the images, we center cropped the images to 400*400*3. GLCM is an efficient method to extract features focusing on the texture features and SVM can be accurately utilized to classify. In our experiment, we proposed a 10-fold Cross-Validation (CV) to ensure the reliability of experimental results. The results show that the average accuracy of our system is better than other common methods. The performance of our proposed method is effective for Covid-19 identification.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Xu Z et al (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respirat Medic 8(4):420–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Fong SJ, Dey N, Chaki J, Artificial intelligence for coronavirus outbreak

    Google Scholar 

  3. Fang Y et al (2020) Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: comparison to RT-PCR. Radiology, p 200432

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chai HY et al (2011) GLCM based adaptive crossed reconstructed (ACR) k-mean clustering hand bone segmentation. Book GLCM based adaptive crossed reconstructed (ACR) k-mean clustering hand bone segmentation, 192–197

    Google Scholar 

  5. Reddy DJ et al (2019) Brain and pancreatic tumor classification based on GLCM—k-NN approaches. In: International conference on intelligent computing and applications. Springer

    Google Scholar 

  6. Singh VP et al (2016) Mammogram classification using selected GLCM features and random forest classifier. Int J Comput Sci Inform Secur 14(6):82

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bernheim A et al (2020) Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection. Radiology, 200463

    Google Scholar 

  8. Das D, Santosh K, Pal U (2020) Truncated inception net: COVID-19 outbreak screening using chest X-rays. Physical and engineering sciences in medicine, 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  9. Singh K et al (2016) Contrast enhancement via texture region based histogram equalization. J Modern Opt 63(15):1444–1450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Wu X (2016) Smart detection on abnormal breasts in digital mammography based on contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization and chaotic adaptive real-coded biogeography-based optimization. Simulation 92(9):873–885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sebastian V, Unnikrishnan A, Balakrishnan K (2012) Gray level co-occurrence matrices: generalisation and some new features. arXiv preprint arXiv:1205.4831

  12. Li W (2020) Gingivitis identification via multichannel gray-level co-occurrence matrix and particle swarm optimization neural network. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 30(2):401–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Suykens JA, Vandewalle J (1999) Least squares support vector machine classifiers. Neural Process Lett 9(3):293–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Li Y (2017) Detection of dendritic spines using wavelet packet entropy and fuzzy support vector machine. CNS & Neurological Disorders—Drug Targets 16(2):116–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Lu HM (2016) Facial emotion recognition based on biorthogonal wavelet entropy, fuzzy support vector machine, and stratified cross validation. IEEE Access 4:8375–8385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Li L et al (2020) Artificial intelligence distinguishes COVID-19 from community acquired pneumonia on chest CT. Radiology, 200905

    Google Scholar 

  17. Jiang X (2020) Fingerspelling identification for Chinese sign language via AlexNet-based transfer learning and Adam optimizer. Scient Programm, 2020

    Google Scholar 

  18. Jiang X, Chang L (2020) Classification of Alzheimer’s disease via eight-layer convolutional neural network with batch normalization and dropout techniques. J Med Imaging Health Inform 10(5):1040–1048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Chen Y (2020) Cerebral micro-bleeding identification based on a nine-layer convolutional neural network with stochastic pooling. Concurr Comput: Practice Exp 31(1):e5130

    Google Scholar 

  20. Sangaiah AK (2020) Alcoholism identification via convolutional neural network based on parametric ReLU, dropout, and batch normalization. Neural Comput Appl 32:665–680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Govindaraj VV (2019) High performance multiple sclerosis classification by data augmentation and AlexNet transfer learning model. J Med Imaging Health Inform 9(9):2012–2021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. De Bruijne M (2016) Machine learning approaches in medical image analysis: From detection to diagnosis. Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  23. Nanni L, Lumini A, Brahnam S (2010) Local binary patterns variants as texture descriptors for medical image analysis. Artif Intelligence Med 49(2):117–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Hua B, Fu-Long M, Li-Cheng J (2006) Research on computation of GLCM of image texture. Acta Electronica Sinica 1(1):155–158

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kekre H et al (2010) Image Retrieval using Texture Features extracted from GLCM, LBG and KPE. Int J Comput Theory Eng 2(5):695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gorriz JM, RamĂ­rez J (2016) Wavelet entropy and directed acyclic graph support vector machine for detection of patients with unilateral hearing loss in MRI scanning. Front Comput Neurosc 10

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zhou X-X (2016) Comparison of machine learning methods for stationary wavelet entropy-based multiple sclerosis detection: decision tree, k-nearest neighbors, and support vector machine. Simulation 92(9):861–871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Chen M (2016) Morphological analysis of dendrites and spines by hybridization of ridge detection with twin support vector machine. PeerJ 4

    Google Scholar 

  29. Yang M (2016) dual-tree complex wavelet transform and twin support vector machine for pathological brain detection. Appl Sci 6(6)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Koestinger M et al (2012) Large scale metric learning from equivalence constraints. In: 2012 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. IEEE

    Google Scholar 

  31. Veropoulos K, Campbell C, Cristianini N (1999) Controlling the sensitivity of support vector machines. In: Proceedings of the international joint conference on AI

    Google Scholar 

  32. Liu G, Pathological brain detection in MRI scanning by wavelet packet Tsallis entropy and fuzzy support vector machine. SpringerPlus 4(1)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Chen S, Yang J-F, Phillips P (2015) Magnetic resonance brain image classification based on weighted-type fractional Fourier transform and nonparallel support vector machine. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 25(4):317–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Yang J (2015) Identification of green, Oolong and black teas in China via wavelet packet entropy and fuzzy support vector machine. Entropy 17(10):6663–6682

    Google Scholar 

  35. Liu A (2015) Magnetic resonance brain image classification via stationary wavelet transform and generalized eigenvalue proximal support vector machine. J Med Imaging Health Inform 5(7):1395–1403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Jiang X (2019) Chinese Sign language fingerspelling recognition via six-layer convolutional neural network with leaky rectified linear units for therapy and rehabilitation. J Med Imaging Health Inform 9(9):2031–2038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Tang C (2019) Cerebral micro-bleeding detection based on densely connected neural network. Front Neurosci 13

    Google Scholar 

  38. Xie S (2019) Alcoholism identification based on an AlexNet transfer learning model. Front Psychiatry 10

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yihao Chen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Chen, Y. (2021). Covid-19 Classification Based on Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix and Support Vector Machine. In: Santosh, K., Joshi, A. (eds) COVID-19: Prediction, Decision-Making, and its Impacts. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 60. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9682-7_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics