Skip to main content

How Has Samoa’s Mental Health System Developed Over Time?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mental Health Public Policy in Global Context

Abstract

This chapter explores the establishment of Samoa’s mental health system. Firstly, I outline Samoa’s key governmental and health system institutions and provide a historical overview to the mental health policy setting. This section includes consideration of Samoa’s indigenous governance institutions and the period of German colonialism with its introduction of state structures, law and regulation. These have both contributed significantly to the contemporary mental health policy context by introducing official attitudes and indigenous constructions of mental health and German colonial introduction of the hospital, prison and public health ordinances, including the government’s right to confine individuals under the guise of quarantine regulations. New Zealand’s administration of Samoa is also considered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • 1News. (2018, 28 September). Family of Kiwi man killed in Samoan prison holding on to hope for justice, six years on from death. https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/family-kiwi-man-killed-in-samoan-prison-holding-hope-justice-six-years-death

  • Aiono-Le Tagaloa, F. (2003). Ola, Aitu, Mauli – the inner person. In Tapua’i: Samoan worship. Apia: Malua Printing Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargatzky, T. (1997). ‘The Kava Ceremony is a Prophecy’ An interpretation of the transition to Christianity in Samoa. In H. J. Hiery & J. M. Mackenzie (Eds.), European impact & Pacific influence: British & German colonial policy in the Pacific Islands & the indigenous response. London: Tauris Academic Studies in Association with the German Historical Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clement, D. (1982). Samoan Folk Knowledge of Mental Disorders, In: Marsella, A, J, White, Geoffrey M, ed, Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health & Therapy, Dordrecht: D, Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrin, C. J., & Paterson, D. (2011). Introduction to South Pacific law. London: Routledge-Cavendish.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enoka, M. (2000). Lalagaina o le tausiga o le soifua o le mafaufau (‘Weaving mental health care in Samoa’). In T. Lafotanoa (Ed.), Measina a Samoa 2000: papers presented to the ‘Measina a Samoa 2000 & Beyond’ Conference, 11–14 December, Lepapaigalagala (Vol. 1). Apia: National University of Samoa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enoka, M., Tenari, A., Sili, T., Peteru, L., Tago, P., & Blignault, I. (2012). Developing a culturally appropriate mental health care service for Samoa. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 5(2), 108–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadgen, T. (2019). ‘Explaining policy change in Samoa’s mental health system’. Journal of Pacific Studies, 39(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairbairn-Dunlop, P. (2000). Women’s NGOs within the new governance agenda: Are they still based on alofa. In E. Huffer & A. So’o (Eds.), Governance in Samoa Pulegai Samoa. Canberra: Asia Pacific Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, M. (1984). Mau: Samoa’s struggle against New Zealand oppression. Wellington: AH & AW Reed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M., & Howard, A. (1990). Aspects of social Organization in Three Samoan Communities. Pacific Studies, 14, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gay, E. (2018, 13 December). Psychiatrist a no-show at inquest into Auckland man’s death in Samoan custody. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/109316274/death-of-new-zealander-in-samoan-prison-cell-was-suspicious-former-cop-says

  • Government of New Zealand. (1911). Mental Defectives Act.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of New Zealand. (1921). Mental Defective Amendment Act 1921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of New Zealand. (1961). Mental Health Amendment Act 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Samoa. (1961a). Mental Health Ordinance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Samoa. (1961b). Samoa legislative assembly record of debate on mental health bill, Apia, pp. 118–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Samoa. (1999). Health sector strategic plan (pp. 1998–2003). Apia: Ministry of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Samoa. (2006). Parliament of Samoa Legislative Proceedings Transcript, Apia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Samoa. (2006). Samoa parliamentary debate records. Apia: Government of Samoa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Samoa. (2006c). Samoa parliamentary debate records (pp. 942–948). Apia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Samoa. (2007). Samoa Parliamentary Debate Records, Apia, (pp. 1010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Samoa. (2007a). Samoa Mental Health Act 2007, Apia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of Samoa. (2007b). Samoa Mental Health Bill 2006, Explanatory Memorandum, Apia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hempenstall, P. (1997). The colonial imagination and the making & remaking of the Samoan people. In H. Hiery & Mackenzie (Eds.), British & German policy in the Pacific Islands and the indigenous response (European impact & pacific influence). London: Tauris Academic Studies in association with the German Historical Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiery, H. J., & Mackenzie, J. M. (Eds.). (1997). European impact & Pacific influence: British & German colonial policy in the Pacific Islands & the indigenous response. London: Tauris Academic Studies in Association with the German Historical Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hills, R. (1993). Predicaments in Polynesia: Culture & constitutions in Western Samoa & Tonga. Pacific Studies, 16, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iati, I. (2000). The good governance agenda for civil society in Samoa. In H. Elise & A. So’o (Eds.), Governance in Samoa/pulega I Samoa. Canberra: Asia Pacific Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macpherson, C., & Macpherson, L. (1990). Samoan medical belief & practice. Auckland: Auckland University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mageo, J. (1998). Theorizing self in Samoa: Emotions, genders, & sexualities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, A. (1949). Trusteeship in the Pacific. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meleisea, M. (1987). The making of modern Samoa: Traditional authority and colonial administration in the history of Western Samoa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meleisea, M. (1992). Change and adaptations in Western Samoa. Christchurch: M, Meleisea.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meti, L. (2002). Samoa: The making of the constitution. Lepapaigalagaloa: National University of Samoa.

    Google Scholar 

  • New Zealand National Archives. (2011). Archives of German Samoa, Wellington (New Zealand).

    Google Scholar 

  • Petaia, L. (2003). Summary of recommendations, National symposium on mental health issues in Samoa. Apia: Government of Samoa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peteru, C. (1996). With mad abandon, Pacific Islands Monthly.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radio New Zealand International. (2012, 15 October). Survey hoped to assess mental healthcare. In: Samoa, Radio New Zealand International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samoa Act. (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  • Samoa Government Press Secretariat. (2006). Press Release: Cabinet Approval of the Mental Health Bill 2005, Apia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samoa Ministry of Health Policy Team (SMHPT). (2006). Mental health policy consultations report. Apia: Government of Samoa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samoa Observer. (2005). Moves to improve mental health care, Samoa Observer, 05 February 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samoa Parliamentary Committee on Health and Social Services, Community & Social Development. (2006). Samoa parliamentary committee on health & social services, internal affairs, community & social development report on mental health bill. Apia: Government of Samoa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeffel, P. (1977). The origin of development & women’ association in W, Samoa. Journal of Pacific Studies, 6, 1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, F. (2001). Counselling against all the odds: The Samoan way. Pacific Health Dialogue, 8, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • So’o, A. (2006). More than 20 years of political stability in Samoa under the human rights protection party. In S. Firth (Ed.), Globalisation & Governance in the Pacific Islands. Canberra: ANU E Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinmetz, G. (2007). The devil’s handwriting precoloniality and the German colonial state in Qingdao. In Samoa, & Southwest Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamasese, K., Peteru, C., Waldegrave, C., & Bush, A. (2005). OleTaeaoAfua: the new morning, A qualitative investigation into Samoan perspectives on mental health & culturally appropriate services. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Victorian Health Promotion Foundation. (1999). VicHealth mental health promotion plan, 1999–2002. Melbourne: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (1991). Principles for the protection of persons with Mental Illness & Improvement of mental health care (the MI principles). New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (WB). (2008). Program appraisal document on a proposed credit in the amount of SDR 1,9 million (US$3 Million Equivalent) to the Independent State of Samoa in Support of Health Sector Management Support Project, 41130-WS.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2002). Draft executive summary of mental health promotion consultancy visit to Samoa. Manila: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization-Western Pacific Region. (2003). Country cooperation strategy for Samoa, Manila.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fadgen, T.P. (2020). How Has Samoa’s Mental Health System Developed Over Time?. In: Mental Health Public Policy in Global Context . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6479-6_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics