Abstract
Confronting the Southern and Northern Song dynasty, the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty and the Western Xia Regime established by the northern nomadic people had an important impact in Chinese history. Khitan nationality established the Liao dynasty; Dongxiang people established the Western Xia Regime and Jurchen established the Jin dynasty. These three cities and their history won a place in the history of Chinese cities.
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Notes
- 1.
Wei Chan. See Minister Lu Pan off to Linwu, The Complete Collection of Tang Poems, Volume 566.
- 2.
Hailing Record, History of Jin Dynasty, Volume 5.
- 3.
Lou Yue (Song). Daily Records of Journey to North, Part One, the Collection of Gong Huai, Volume 111.
- 4.
Monograph on Food and Currency, Part One, The History of Liao, Volume 59.
- 5.
liushou si was a government office set up in the auxiliary capital from China’s Song dynasty to the Ming dynasty.
- 6.
yan means salt.
- 7.
tie means iron.
- 8.
yantiesi was a ministry of the government in ancient China, which was in charge of the resources.
- 9.
Long means dragons.
- 10.
Guan means Taoist temples.
- 11.
Neixing Department was a government office in ancient China.
- 12.
Ba was a government office in charge of renovation in and outside of the capital.
- 13.
Monograph on Geography, The History of Liao, Volume 37.
- 14.
Monograph of Geography, History of the Liao, Volume 37.
- 15.
The same as Footnote 11.
- 16.
Li E (Qing). The Biography of Emperor Tianzuo, Supplement to the History of Liao Dynasty, Volume 12.
- 17.
The same as Footnote 5 in Chapter 2.
- 18.
Taoyuan means a peach orchard in Chinese.
- 19.
Dong means a cave in Chinese.
- 20.
Gong means a palace in Chinese.
- 21.
Dian means a hall in Chinese.
- 22.
Xu Mengshen (Song). Zheng Xuan Shang Zhi, San Chao Bei Meng Hui Bian, Volume 20.
- 23.
Mamian means a horse’s face in Chinese.
- 24.
Monograph on Food and Currency, The History of Jin, Volume 46.
- 25.
Please refer to Footnote 21 in Chapter 13.
- 26.
Xu Mengshen (Song), Zheng Xuan Shang Zhi, San Chao Bei Meng Hui Bian, Volume XX.
- 27.
Taihu stone, also known as porous stone or rockery stone, is a kind of limestone produced at the foot of Dongting Mountain in Suzhou, which is close to Taihu Lake. Due to long-term surging by water, this kind of stone is featured by pores and holes. These stones are very popular in gardening, following the concepts of traditional daoism and juxtaposition, themes very popular in that style of decoration. (Taihu stone, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia was referred to during the compilation of this footnote.)
- 28.
The Palace, Rixia Jiuwen Kao, Volume 29. The Chinese character “坐 (sit)” comprises two “人 (people)” and “土 (earth).” The two “人” are sitting on “土”. So Emperor Zhangzong of Jin’s line “Two people are sitting on earth” not only displays a beautiful scene, but it also expresses the formation of the character “坐”. Then his concubine Li Fei blurted out “One moon is shining beside the sun.” In Chinese, the moon is called “月” and the sun “日”. That “月” is shining beside “日” will constitute another Chinese character “明”. Li Fei also achieves equally satisfactory results of “killing two birds with one stone” as the emperor did. In the meantime, Li Fei pointed out the relationship between her and the emperor, with her being yin (月) and the emperor being yang. Anyway, the two lines of poetry form a perfect match. So hearing his concubine’s line, the emperor was very pleased.
- 29.
Jinshi was a type of degree offered by ancient Chinese Imperial Examination.
- 30.
Shoushan stones, also known as agalmatolite, are mined in the Shoushan village in northern Fujian. They are popular in carving. Use of the stone for carving can be traced back as far as the Southern dynasties and have long been used to produce handicrafts and later on in the Ming Dynasty, seals. (Shoushan stone carvings, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia was referred to during the compilation of this footnote.)
- 31.
The City, Rixia Jiuwen Kao, Volume 61. Jiju, a kind of recreational and sport activity in ancient China, was similar to modern polo. Players rode a horse and hit a ball the size of a fist with a stick.
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Fu, C., Cao, W. (2019). Springing up of Cities of Liao, Jin and Western Xia and Transformation of the History of Minorities. In: Introduction to the Urban History of China. China Connections. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8207-9_19
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