Abstract
Secondary lithium cells initially had a metallic lithium foil as an anode (negative electrode) [1]. Pure lithium has a very high specific capacity (3,860 mAh/g) and a very negative potential, resulting in very high cell voltage. However, cycling efficiency decreases as lithium dissolves repeatedly while the cell is discharging and lithium is deposited as it is charging. This means that two or three times the normal amount of lithium must be used. In addition, lithium can be deposited as foam and as dendrites. The latter might grow through the separator [2, 3]. These dendrites can cause local short circuits, which might result in the cell completely self-discharging or, in the worst case, lead to an internal thermal chain reaction, fire, or explosion.
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Wurm, C., Oettinger, O., Wittkaemper, S., Zauter, R., Vuorilehto, K. (2018). Anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In: Korthauer, R. (eds) Lithium-Ion Batteries: Basics and Applications. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53071-9_5
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