Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Remote Sensing and Modelling of Atmospheric Chemistry and Sea Ice Parameters

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Earth System Science: Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences ((BRIEFSEARTHSYST))

  • 1548 Accesses

Abstract

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO2 + NO) are air pollutants emerging mainly from fossil fuel combustion, i.e. traffic, power generation, and industry. Apart from being hazardous to human health, they contribute to acid rain and play a major role in tropospheric ozone formation. While NOx concentrations can most accurately be monitored using ground-based in-situ measurements, remote sensing techniques in general and satellite instruments in particular have proven invaluable to obtain long and consistent time series with global coverage. These data sets facilitate studying the temporal evolution of atmospheric pollutants like NO2, as they allow applying identical measurement techniques to all investigated regions, yielding comparable results. In this study, we present an assessment of the evolution of tropospheric NO2 for the 1996–2010 time period. Satellite measurements from the GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, and GOME-2 instruments are used in an ensemble approach to investigate trends in tropospheric NO2. The focus is on large urban agglomerations, where air quality is most important for human health. Our findings show generally decreasing NO2 levels for most urban agglomerations of the developed world, while annual growth rates for developing cities can be as high as 9 % annually.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This process of NO formation is called Zeldovich mechanism. While for road transport, it accounts for 90–95 % of all emitted NO, this fraction depends strongly on the fuel type and is considerably lower for, e.g., combustion of coal.

  2. 2.

    \( \eta_{1} \equiv 1. \)

  3. 3.

    In this study, all trend estimators are given relative to the average value over the whole time period 1996–2010.

  4. 4.

    In urban areas, the diurnal cycle of NO2 is dominated by rush hour traffic peaks.

References

  • Aguirre-Gomez R, Weeks AR, Boxall SR (2001) The identification of phytoplankton pigments from absorption spectra. Int J Remote Sens 22(2):315–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andreae MO (1990) Ocean–atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle. Marine Chem 30:1–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andreae MO, Merlet P (2001) Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Global Biogeochem Cycles 15:955–966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki T, Hori M, Motoyoshi H, Tanikawa T, Hachikubo A, Sugiura K, Yasunari T, Storvold R, Eide H, Stamnes K, Li W, Nieke J, Nakajima Y, Takahashi F (2007) ADEOS-II/GLI snow/ice products—part II: validation results using GLI and MODIS data. Remote Sens Environ 111:274–290. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson A, Whitehouse MJ, Priddle J, Cripps GC, Ward P, Brandon MA (2001) South Georgia, Antarctica: a productive, cold water, pelagic ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 216. doi:10.3354/meps216279

  • Aumont O, Bopp L (2006) Globalizing results from ocean in situ iron fertilization studies. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 20. doi:10.1029/2005GB002591

  • Balch WM (2004) Re-evaluation of the physiological ecology of coccolithophores. In: Thierstein HR, Young JR (eds) Coccolithophores. From molecular processes to global impact. Springer, Berlin, pp 165–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Balch WM, Gordon HR, Bowler BC, Drapeau DT, Booth ES (2005) Calcium carbonate measurements in the surface global ocean based on moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer data. J Geophys Res 110:C07001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bey I, Jacob DJ, Yantosca RM, Logan JA, Field BD, Fiore AM, Li Q, Liu HY, Mickley LJ, Schultz MG (2001) Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation. J Geophys Res 106:23073–23095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bovensmann H, Burrows JP, Buchwitz M, Frerick F, Noël S, Rozanov VV (1999) SCIAMACHY: mission objectives and measurement modes. J Atm Sci 56:127–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bracher A, Vountas M, Dinter T, Burrows JP, Röttgers R, Peeken I (2009) Quantitative observation of cyanobacteria and diatoms from space using PhytoDOAS on SCIAMACHY data. Biogeosciences 6:751–764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt R, Gerland S, Pedersen C, Berntsen T, Borgar A (2008) Spectral albedo of the snow surface: Elson Lagoon, Barrow, AK. http://www.atmos.washington.edu/sootinsnow/PDF_Documents/Brandt_et_al_2005.pdf. Accessed 18 Oct 2010

  • Breon FM, Henriot N (2006) Spaceborne observations of sun glint reflectance and modeling of wave slope distributions. J Geophys Res 111:C06005. doi:10.129/2005JC003343

  • Brown CW (1995) Global distribution of coccolithophore blooms. Oceanography 8(2):59–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buitevald H, Hakvoort JHM, Donze M (1994) The optical properties of pure water. SPIE Ocean Optics XII 2258:174–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows JP, Weber M, Buchwitz M, Rozanov VV, Ladstaetter-Weissenmayer A, Richter A, DeBeek R, Hoogen R, Bramstedt K, Eichmann K-U, Eisinger M (1999) The global ozone monitoring experiment (GOME): mission concept and first scientific results. J Atm Sci 56:151–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callies J, Corpaccioli E, Eisinger M, Hahne A, Lefebvre A (2000) GOME-2—Metop’s second-generation sensor for operational ozone monitoring. ESA Bulletin 102:28–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Carder KL, Chen FR, Cannizzaro JW, Campbell JW, Mitchell BG (2004) Performance of the MODIS semi-analytical ocean color algorithm for chlorophyll-a. Adv Space Res 33:1152–1159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavalieri DJ, Parkinson CL (2008) Antarctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979–2006. J Geophys Res (Oceans) 113:C07004. doi:10.1029/2007JC004564

  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) (2005) Columbia University, United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (FAO), and Centro International de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). Gridded Population of the World: Future Estimates (GPWFE). Palisades, NY: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Columbia University

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlson RJ, Lovelock JE, Andreae MO, Warren SG (1987) Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326:655–661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clilverd MA, Seppälä A, Rodger CJ, Mlynczak MG, Kozyra JU (2009) Additional stratospheric NOx production by relativistic electron precipitation during the 2004 spring NOx descent event. J Geophys Res 114:A04305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comiso J (1999) Bootstrap sea ice concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I, 1979–2007. National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder. Digital media (1999, updated 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox C, Munk W (1954a) Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter. J Mar Res 13(N2):198–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox C, Munk W (1954b) Measurement of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the Sun’s glitter. J Opt Soc Am 44(11):838–850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dee DP, Uppala SM, Simmons AJ, Berrisford P, Poli P, Kobayashi S, Andrae U, Balmaseda MA, Balsamo G, Bauer P, Bechtold P, Beljaars ACM, van de Berg L, Bidlot J, Bormann N, Delsol C, Dragani R, Fuentes M, Geer AJ, Haimberger L, Healy SB, Hersbach H, Hólm EV, Isaksen L, Kållberg P, Köhler M, Matricardi M, McNally AP, Monge-Sanz BM, Morcrette J–J, Park B-K, Peubey C, de Rosnay P, Tavolato C, Thépaut J-N, Vitart F (2011) The ERA-interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart J R Met Soc 137:553–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyring V, Köhler HW, van Aardenne J, Lauer A (2005) Emissions from international shipping: 1. The last 50 years. J Geophys Res 110:D17305

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski PG, Barber RT, Smetacek V (1998) Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science 281:200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler C (2003) Polar Pathfinder Daily 25 km EASE-grid Sea Ice Motion Vectors, 1979–2006. National snow and ice data center, Boulder. Digital media (2003, updated 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Funke B, López-Puertas M, Gil-López S, von Clarmann T, Stiller GP, Fischer H, Kellmann S (2005) Downward transport of upper atmospheric NOx into the polar stratosphere and lower mesosphere during the Antarctic 2003 and Arctic 2002/2003 winters. J Geophys Res 110:D24308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Funke B, Baumgaertner A, Calisto M, Egorova T, Jackman CH, Kieser J, Krivolutsky A, López-Puertas M, Marsh DR, Reddmann T, Rozanov E, Salmi S-M, Sinnhuber M, Stiller GP, Verronen PT, Versick S, von Clarmann T, Vyushkova TY, Wieters N, Wissing JM (2011) Composition changes after the “Halloween” solar proton event: the high energy particle precipitation in the atmosphere (HEPPA) model versus MIPAS data intercomparison study. Atmos Chem Phys 11:9089–9139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallet J-C, Dominé F, Arnaud L, Picard G, Savarino J (2010) Vertical profiles of the specific surface area of the snow at Dome C, Antarctica. The Cryosphere Discuss 4:1647–1708. doi:10.5194/tcd-4-1647-2010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia RR, Marsh DR, Kinnison DE, Boville BA, Sassi F (2007) Simulation of secular trends in the middle atmosphere, 1950–2003. J Geophys Res 112:D09301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg WW, Casey NW (2007) Modeling coccolithophores in the global oceans. Deep Sea Res Pt. II, 54(5–7), 447–477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haltrin VI (2006) Absorption and scattering of light in natural waters. In: Kokhanovsky AA (ed) Light scattering reviews. Springer, Praxis Publishing, Chichester, pp 445–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann CG, Raffalski U, Palm M, Funke B, Golchert SHW, Hochschild G, Notholt J (2011) Observation of strato-mesospheric CO above Kiruna with ground-based microwave radiometry—retrieval and satellite comparison. Atmos Meas Tech 4:2389–2408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann CG, Kinnison DE, Garcia RR, Palm M, Notholt J, Raffalski U, Hochschild G (2012) CO at 40-80 km above Kiruna observed by the ground-based microwave radiometer KIMRA and simulated by the whole atmosphere community climate model. Atmos Chem Phys 12:3261–3271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holligan PM, Fernandez E, Aiken J, Balch WM, Boyd P, Burkill PH, Finch M, Groom SB, Malin G, Muller K, Purdie DA, Robinson C, Trees CC, Turner SM, Van der Wal P (1993) A biogeochemical study of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in the North Atlantic. Global Biogeochem Cyc 7(4):879–900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holton JR, Haynes PH, McIntyre ME, Douglass AR, Rood RB, Pfister L (1995) Stratosphere–troposphere exchange. Rev Geophys 33:403–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huijnen V, Eskes HJ, Poupkou A, Elbern H, Boersma KF, Foret G, Sofiev M, Valdebenito A, Flemming J, Stein O, Gross A et al (2010) Comparison of OMI NO2 tropospheric columns with an ensemble of global and European regional air quality models. Atmos Chem Phys 10:3273–3296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackman CH, DeLand MT, Labow GJ, Fleming EL, Weisenstein DK, Ko MKW, Sinnhuber M, Russell JM (2005) Neutral atmospheric influences of the solar proton events in October–November 2003. J Geophys Res 110:A09S27

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob DJ, Crawford JH, Kleb MM, Connors VS, Bendura RJ, Raper JL, Sachse GW, Gille JC, Emmons L, Heald CL (2003) Transport and chemical evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft mission: design, execution, and first results. J Geophys Res 108:9000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konovalov IB, Beekmann M, Richter A, Burrows JP, Hilboll A (2010) Multi-annual changes of NOx emissions in megacity regions: nonlinear trend analysis of satellite measurement based estimates. Atmos Chem Phys 10:8481–8498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kopelevich OV (1983) Small-parameter model of optical properties of seawater. In: Monin AS (ed) Ocean optics, physical ocean optics, vol 1. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian), pp 208–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Korb RE, Whitehouse MJ (2004) Contrasting primary production regimes around South Georgia, Southern Ocean: large blooms versus high nutrient, low chlorophyll waters. Deep-Sea Res I 51(5). doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2004.02.006

  • Lannuzel D, Shoemann V, de Jong J, Tison JL, Chou L (2007) Distribution and biogeochemical behaviour of iron in the East Antarctic sea ice. Mar Chem 106. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2006.06.010

  • Lary DJ (1997) Catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone. J Geophys Res 102:21515–21526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levelt PF, van den Oord GHJ, Dobber MR, Malkki A, Huib Visser H, Johan de Vries G, Stammes P, Lundell JOV, Saari H (2006) The ozone monitoring instrument. IEEE Trans Geosci Rem Sens 44:1093–1101

    Google Scholar 

  • Longhurst AR (1998) Ecological geography of the sea, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Puertas M, Funke B, Gil-López S, von Clarmann T, Stiller GP, Höpfner M, Kellmann S, Fischer H, Jackman CH (2005) Observation of NOx enhancement and ozone depletion in the northern and southern hemispheres after the October–November 2003 solar proton events. J Geophys Res 110:A09S43

    Google Scholar 

  • Lövblad G, Tarrasón L, Tørseth K, Dutchak S (2004) EMEP assessment part I European perspective. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey MD, Mackey DJ, Higgins HW, Wright SW (1996) CHEMTAX—a program for estimating class abundances from chemical markers: application to HPLC measurements of phytoplankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 144:265–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marinov I, Gnanadesikan A, Toggweiler JR, Sarmiento JL (2006) The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide. Nature 441. doi:10.1038/nature04883

  • Milliman JD (1993) Production and accumulation of calcium in the ocean. Global Biogeochem Cyc 7:927–957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mobley CD (1994) Light and water. Radiative transfer in natural waters. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Morel A (1974) Optical properties of pure water and pure seawater. In: Jerlov NG, Steemann Nielsen E (eds) Optical aspects of oceanography. Academic, New York, pp 1–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Morel A, Maritorena S (2001) Bio-optical properties of oceanic waters: a reappraisal. J Geophys Res 106(C4):7163–7180

    Google Scholar 

  • Mudelsee M (2010) Climate time series analysis. Springer, Dordrecht

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nair A, Sathyendranath S, Platt T, Morales J, Stuart V, Forget M, Devred E, Bouman H (2008) Remote sensing of phytoplankton functional types. Remote Sens Environ 112:3366–3375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nolin A, Dozier J (2000) A hyperspectral method for remotely sensing the grain size of snow. Remote Sens Environ 74:207–216. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00111-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nüß JH (2005) Improvements of the retrieval of tropospheric NO2 from GOME and SCIAMACHY data. Ph D thesis, University of Bremen

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly JE, Maritorena S, Mitchell BG, Siegel DA, Carder KL, Garver SA, Kahru M, McClain C (1998) Color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS. J Geophys Res 103(C11):24937–24953

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter T, Molotch N, Cassidy M, Flanner M, Steffen K (2007) Contact spectroscopy for determination of stratigraphy of snow optical grain size. J Glaciol 53:121–127. doi:10.3189/172756507781833947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park J, Oh I-S, Kim H-C, Yoo S (2010) Variability of SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a in the southwest Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean: strong topographic effects and weak seasonality. Deep-Sea Res I 57. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.01.004

  • Parkinson CL, Cavalieri DJ (2002) A 21 year record of Antarctic sea-ice extents and their regional, seasonal and monthly variability and trends. Ann Glac 34:441–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perner D, Platt U (1979) Detection of nitrous acid in the atmosphere by differential optical absorption. Geophys Res Lett 93:917–920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Platt U, Stutz J (2008) Differential optical absorption spectroscopy. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope RM, Fry ES (1994) Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements. Appl Optics 36(33):8710–8723

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter HS, Jackman CH, Green AES (1976) Efficiencies for production of atomic nitrogen and oxygen by relativistic proton impact in air. J Chem Phys 65:154–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell MJD (1964) An efficient method for finding the minimum of a function of several variables without calculating derivatives. Comput J 7(2):155–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prieur L, Sathyendranath S (1981) An optical classification of coastal and oceanic waters based on the specific absorption curves of phytoplankton pigments, dissolved organic matter, and other particulate materials. Limnol Oceanogr 26:671–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raitsos DE, Lavender SJ, Pradhan Y, Tyrrell T, Reid PC, Edwards M (2006) Coccolithophore bloom size variation in response to the regional environment of the subarctic North Atlantic. Limnol Oceanogr 51:2122–2130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall D, Wood R, Bony S, Colman R, Fichefet T, Fyfe J, Kattsov V, Pitman A, Shukla J, Srinivasan J, Stouer R, Sumi A, Taylor K (2007a) Climate models and their evaluation. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt K, Tignor M, Miller H (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall CE, Harvey VL, Singleton CS, Bailey SM, Bernath PF, Codrescu M, Nakajima H, Russell JM III (2007b) Energetic particle precipitation effects on the Southern hemisphere stratosphere in 1992–2005. J Geophys Res 112:D08308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall CE, Harvey VL, Siskind DE, France J, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Walker KA (2009) NOx descent in the Arctic middle atmosphere in early 2009. Geophys Res Lett 36:L18811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao KN, Weber A (1992) Spectroscopy of the Earth’s atmosphere and interstellar medium. Academic Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter A, Burrows JP, Nusz H, Granier C, Niemeier U (2005) Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space. Nature 437:129–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridder T, Gerbig C, Notholt J, Rex M, Schrems O, Warneke T, Zhang L (2011) Ship-borne FTIR measurements of CO and O3 in the western pacific from 43°N to 35°S: an evaluation of the sources. Atmos Chem Phys 12:815–828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Röttgers R, Haese C, Dörffer R (2007) Determination of the particulate absorption of microalgae using a point-source integrating-cavity absorption meter: verification with a photometric technique, improvements for pigment bleaching, and correction for chl. fluorescence. Limnol Oceanogr Methods 5:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rozanov A (2008) SCIATRAN 2.X: radiative transfer model and retrieval software package. URL = http://www.iup.physik.uni-bremen.de/sciatran

  • Rozanov VV, Buchwitz M, Eichmann K-U, de Beek R, Burrows JP (2002) Sciatran—a new radiative transfer model for geophysical applications in the 240–2400 nm spectral region: the pseudo-spherical version. Adv Space Res 29:1831–1835

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozanov A, Rozanov VV, Buchwitz M, Kokhanovsky A, Burrows JP (2005) SCIATRAN 2.0—a new radiative transfer model for geophysical applications in the 175–2400 nm spectral region. Adv Space Res 36:1015–1019

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusch DW, Gerard JC, Solomon S, Crutzen PJ, Reid GC (1981) The effect of particle precipitation events on the neutral and ion chemistry of the middle atmosphere—I Odd nitrogen. Planet Space Sci 29:767–774

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarmiento JL, Gruber N (2006) Ocean biogeochemical dynamics. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Sathyendranath S, Watts L, Devred E, Platt T, Caverhill C, Maass H (2004) Discrimination of diatoms from other phytoplankton using ocean-colour data. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 272:59–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scambos T, Haran T, Fahnestock M, Painter T, Bohlander J (2007) MODIS-based mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) data sets: continent-wide surface morphology and snow grain size. Remote Sens Environ 111:242–257. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.12.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlitzer R (2002) Carbon export fluxes in the Southern Ocean: results from inverse modeling and comparison with satellite-based estimates, Deep-Sea Res II 49. doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00004-8

  • Schwegmann S, Haas C, Fowler C, Gerdes R (2011) A comparison of satellite-derived sea-ice motion with drifting-buoy data in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Ann Glac 52(57):103–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2006) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. 2nd edn. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  • Seppälä A, Verronen PT, Kyrölä E, Hassinen S, Backman L, Hauchecorne A, Bertaux JL, Fussen D (2004) Solar proton events of October–November 2003: ozone depletion in the northern hemisphere polar winter as seen by GOMOS/Envisat. Geophys Res Lett 31:L19107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shchepetkin AF, McWilliams JC (2005) The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model. Ocean Mod 9. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.08.002

  • Shifrin KS (1988) Physical optics of ocean water. AIP translation series. Amer Inst Phys N Y 285

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinnhuber B-M, Weber M, Amankwah A, Burrows JP (2003a) Total ozone during the unusual Antarctic winter of 2002. Geophys Res Lett 30(11):1580–1584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinnhuber M, Burrows JP, Chipperfield MP, Jackman CH, Kallenrode M-B, Künzi KF, Quack M (2003b) A model study of the impact of magnetic field structure on atmospheric composition during solar proton events. Geophys Res Lett 30:1818–1821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinnhuber B-M, Weber M, Amankwah A, Burrows JP (2003c) Total ozone during the unusual Antarctic winter of 2002. Geophys Res Lett 30:1580–1583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinnhuber M, Kazeminejad S, Wissing JM (2011) Interannual variation of NOx from the lower thermosphere to the upper stratosphere in the years 1991–2005. J Geophys Res 116:A02312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith KR (1993) Fuel combustion, air pollution exposure, and health: the situation in developing countries. Annu Rev Energy Environ 18:529–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon S, Rusch D, Gerard J, Reid G, Crutzen P (1981) The effect of particle-precipitation events on the neutral and ion chemistry of the middle atmosphere—2 Odd hydrogen. Planet Space Sci 29:885–892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon S, Garcia RR, Olivero JJ, Bevilacqua RM, Schwartz PR, Clancy RT, Muhleman DO (1985) Photochemistry and transport of carbon monoxide in the middle atmosphere. J Atmos Sci 42:1072–1083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (2007) Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamnes K, Li W, Eide H, Aoki T, Hori M, Storvold R (2007) ADEOSII/GLI snow/ice products—part I: scientific basis. Remote Sens Environ 111:258–273. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.03.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stroeve JC, Serreze MC, Fetterer F, Arbetter T, Meier W, Maslanik J, Knowles K (2005) Tracking the Arctic’s shrinking ice cover: another extreme September minimum in 2004. Geophys Res Lett 32. doi:10.1029/2004GL021810

  • Swider W, Keneshea TJ (1973) Decrease of ozone and atomic oxygen in lower mesosphere during a PCA event. Planet Space Sci 21:1969–1973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliabue A, Bopp L, Aumont O (2009) Evaluating the importance of atmospheric and sedimentary iron sources to Southern Ocean biogeochemistry. Geophys Res Lett 36. doi:10.1029/2009GL038914

  • Thompson DWJ, Solomon S (2002) Interpretation of recent Southern hemisphere climate change. Science 296:895–899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timmermann R, Danilov S, Schröter J, Böning C, Sidorenko D, Rollenhagen K (2009) Ocean circulation and sea ice distribution in a finite element global sea ice-ocean model. Ocean Model. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.10.009

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyrrell T, Holligan PM, Mobley CD (1999) Optical impacts of oceanic coccolithophore blooms. J Geophys Res 104(C2):3223–3241

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Geological Survey: Global Digital Elevation Model (GTOPO30) (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2010) World urbanization prospects—the 2009 revision: highlights. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • van der ARJ, Eskes HJ, Boersma KF, van Noije TPC, Roozendael MV, Smedt ID, Peters DHMU, Meijer EW (2008) Trends, seasonal variability and dominant NOx source derived from a ten year record of NO2 measured from space. J Geophys Res 113:D04302

    Google Scholar 

  • Verronen PT, Funke B, López-Puertas M, Stiller GP, von Clarmann T, Glatthor N, Enell C-F, Turunen E, Tamminen J (2008) About the increase of HNO3 in the stratopause region during the Halloween 2003 solar proton event. Geophys Res Lett 35:L20809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vountas M, Dinter T, Bracher A, Burrows JP, Sierk B (2007) Spectral studies of ocean water with space-borne sensor SCIAMACHY using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). Ocean Sci 3:429–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang P, Stammes P, van der AR, Pinardi G, van Roozendael M (2008) FRESCO+: an improved O2 A-band cloud retrieval algorithm for tropospheric trace gas retrievals. Atmos Chem Phys 8:6565–6576

    Google Scholar 

  • Westbroek P, De Vring-De Jong EW, Van Der Wal P, Borman AH, De Vring JPM (1985) Biopolymer-mediated Ca and Mn accumulation and biomineralization. Geol Mijnbouw 64:5–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiebe H (2011) Implementation and validation of the snow grain size retrieval SGSP from spectral reflectances of the satellite sensor MODIS. Ph D thesis, p 106

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiebe H, Heygster G, Zege E (2011) Snow grain size retrieval SGSP from optical satellite data: validation with ground measurements and detection of snow fall events. Rem Sens Environ (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Winder M, Cloernet JE (2010) The annual cycles of phytoplankton biomass. Phil Trans R Soc 365:3215–3226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler H, Sinnhuber M, Notholt J, Kallenrode M-B, Steinhilber F, Vogt J, Zieger B, Glassmeier K-H, Stadelmann A (2008) Modeling impacts of geomagnetic field variations on middle atmospheric ozone responses to solar proton events on long timescales. J Geophys Res 113:D02302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler H, Kazeminejad S, Sinnhuber M, Kallenrode M-B, Notholt J (2009) Conversion of mesospheric HCl into active chlorine during the solar proton event in July 2000 in the northern polar region. J Geophys Res 114:D00I03

    Google Scholar 

  • Wissing JM, Kallenrode M-B (2009) Atmospheric Ionization Module Osnabrück (AIMOS): a 3-D model to determine atmospheric ionization by energetic charged particles from different populations. J Geophys Res 114:A06104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wissing JM, Kallenrode M-B, Wieters N, Winkler H, Sinnhuber M (2010) Atmospheric ionization module Osnabrück (AIMOS): 2. Total particle inventory in the October–November 2003 event and ozone. J Geophys Res 115:A02308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (2007) Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2006, global ozone research and monitoring project—report no. 50. Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoder JA, McClain CR, Feldman GC, Esaias WE (1993) Annual cycles of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations in the global ocean: a satellite view. Global Biogeochem Cycles 7(1):181–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zege E, Kokhanovsky A, Katsev I, Polonsky I, Prikhach A (1998) The retrieval of the effective radius of snow grains and control of snow pollution with GLI data. In: Mishchenko M, Travis L, Hovenier J (eds) Proceedings of conference on light scattering by nonspherical particles: theory, measurements, and applications. American Meteorological Society, Boston, pp 288–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Zege E, Katsev I, Malinka A, Prikhach A, Polonsky I (2008) New algorithm to retrieve the effective snow grain size and pollution amount from satellite data. Ann Glaciol 49:139–144. doi:10.3189/172756408787815004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zege EP, Katsev IL, Malinka AV, Prikhach AS, Heygster G, Wiebe H (2011) Algorithm for retrieval of the effective snow grain size and pollution amount from satellite measurements. Remote Sens Environ 115(10):2674–2685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Streets DG, He K, Wang Y, Richter A, Burrows JP, Uno I, Jang CJ, Chen D, Yao Z, Lei Y (2007) NOx emission trends for China, 1995–2004: the view from the ground and the view from space. J Geophys Res 112:D22306

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar und Meeresforschung, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Gerrit Lohmann, Klaus Grosfeld, Dieter Wolf-Gladrow & Anna Wegner

  2. Institut für Umweltwissenschaften Universität Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Justus Notholt

  3. Earth and Space Science School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Vikram Unnithan

Authors
  1. Gerrit Lohmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Klaus Grosfeld
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dieter Wolf-Gladrow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anna Wegner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Justus Notholt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Vikram Unnithan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Gerrit Lohmann , Andreas Hilboll , Christoph G. Hoffmann , Nadine Wieters , Mirjam Blum , Alireza Sadeghi , Ines Borrione , Sandra Schwegmann or Heidrun Wiebe .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Climate Sciences, Paleo-climate Dynamic, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Bussestrasse 24, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany

    Gerrit Lohmann

  2. , Climate Sciences, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bussestrasse 24, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany

    Klaus Grosfeld

  3. , Biosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany

    Dieter Wolf-Gladrow

  4. , School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, Bremen, 28759, Germany

    Vikram Unnithan

  5. , Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28334, Germany

    Justus Notholt

  6. , Geosciences, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, 27568, Germany

    Anna Wegner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lohmann, G., Grosfeld, K., Wolf-Gladrow, D., Wegner, A., Notholt, J., Unnithan, V. (2013). Remote Sensing and Modelling of Atmospheric Chemistry and Sea Ice Parameters. In: Lohmann, G., Grosfeld, K., Wolf-Gladrow, D., Unnithan, V., Notholt, J., Wegner, A. (eds) Earth System Science: Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines. SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32235-8_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation