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Tea, Coffee and Health Benefits

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Bioactive Molecules in Food

Part of the book series: Reference Series in Phytochemistry ((RSP))

Abstract

A number of epidemiological studies and clinical trials have reported the beneficial effects of both green tea and coffee on human health, including anticancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and hepatoprotective effects. Furthermore, these findings in humans are supported by cell-based and animal experiments. These effects have been attributed to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in green tea and chlorogenic acid (CGA) in coffee, which have been proposed to function via various mechanisms of action, the most important of which appears to implicate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both EGCG and CGA can exert conflicting dual actions as an antioxidant and a prooxidant. Their antioxidative action can scavenge ROS, leading to downregulation of nuclear factor-κB to produce various favorable effects such as anti-inflammatory effects and cancer cell apoptosis. The prooxidant actions, however, can promote the generation of ROS leading to the activation of 5’AMP-dependent protein kinase, which modulates various enzymes and factors with beneficial roles. At present, it remains unclear how EGCG and CGA can be directed to act as either a prooxidant or an antioxidant, although their cellular concentrations, the presence of metal cations such as Cu+ and Fe++, and the redox state of the cells appear to be important factors. Notably, several human studies did not report the beneficial health effects of green tea and coffee. The inconsistent results may have been caused by various confounding factors including smoking, intestinal microbiota, and genetic factors. This chapter examines the current information on these properties of green tea and coffee with the aim of improving the understanding of a way to enjoy healthy longevity.

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Abbreviations

ACC:

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

ACE:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

ACF:

Aberrant crypt foci

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

AMPK:

5′-AMP-activated protein kinase

ANI:

α-Naphthylisothiocyanate

AOM:

Azoxymethane

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

BBN:

N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine

BMI:

Body mass index

C/EBP:

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein

CGA:

Chlorogenic acid

CLL:

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

CPP:

Coffee polyphenols

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DBP:

Diastolic blood pressure

EC:

(−)-Epicatechin

EGCG:

(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 

FASN:

Fatty acid synthase

G6Pase:

Glucose-6-phosphatase

GCE:

Green coffee extract

GLUT:

Glucose transporter

GST:

Glutathione S-transferase

GTC:

Green tea catechin

GTE:

Green tea extract

GTP:

Green tea polyphenol

HbA1c:

Hemoglobin A1c

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

HFD:

High-fat diet

HNF:

Hepatocyte nuclear factor

HO:

Heme oxygenase

HR:

Hazard ratio

HuR:

Human antigen R

IFN:

Interferon

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IL:

Interleukin

IRS:

Insulin receptor substrate

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

LXR:

Liver X receptor

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

mTOR:

Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase

NAFLD:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-kappa B

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2

OR:

Odds ratio

PCa:

Prostate cancer

PEPCK:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PPAR:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

PPE:

Polyphenon E

QHD:

Qushi Huayu Decoction

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RR:

Relative risk

RXR:

Retinoid X receptor

SBP:

Systolic blood pressure

SHR:

Spontaneously hypertensive rats

SREBP:

Sterol-responsive element-binding protein

STAT:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription

STZ:

Streptozotocin

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

Treg:

Regulatory T

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    Sumio Hayakawa & Yumiko Oishi

  2. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Nayoro City University, Nayoro-City, Hokkaido, Japan

    Hiroki Tanabe

  3. Tea Science Research Center, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan

    Mamoru Isemura

  4. Department of Nutrition Management, Faculty of Health Science, Hyogo University, Kakogawa, Hyogo, Japan

    Yasuo Suzuki

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  1. Sumio Hayakawa
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  2. Yumiko Oishi
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  3. Hiroki Tanabe
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  4. Mamoru Isemura
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  5. Yasuo Suzuki
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Correspondence to Sumio Hayakawa .

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  1. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France

    Jean-Michel Mérillon

  2. Department of Botany, University College of Science, M. L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

    Kishan Gopal Ramawat

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Hayakawa, S., Oishi, Y., Tanabe, H., Isemura, M., Suzuki, Y. (2019). Tea, Coffee and Health Benefits. In: Mérillon, JM., Ramawat, K.G. (eds) Bioactive Molecules in Food. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78030-6_14

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